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Science
Quarter 3
Self Learning Module 7
Periodic Table of Elements:
Periodic Trends

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Science - Grade 8
Self-Learning Module
Quarter 3 – Module 7 – Periodic Table of Elements: Periodic Trends
Second Edition, 2021

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Writers:
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 I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
use the periodic table to predict the chemical behavior of an element (S8MT-
IIIi-j12). The scope of this module allows you to use it in many different learning
situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students.
The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the
order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you
are now using. This module will cover lessons on the Periodic Trends.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe the trends of the elements according to their atomic size.
2. compare and contrast the different periodic trends
3. appreciate the importance of the periodic trends

Lesson Periodic Trends

Lesson Overview
The following properties of elements may change within a group as you move
through in the periodic table. Learning how to interpret the periodic table allows us
to understand these variations called periodic trends. Periodic trends are specific
patterns that are present in the periodic table that illustrate different aspects of a
certain element, including its size and its electronic properties. Among these major
periodic trends include atomic size, ionization energy, electronegativity, and
metallic properties.

Periodic trends, arising from the arrangement of the periodic table, provide
chemists with a tool to quickly predict an element's properties. These trends exist
because of the similar atomic structure of the elements within their respective
group families or periods, and because of the periodic nature of the elements.

Atomic radius is defined as one-half of the distance between the two nuclei
of two adjacent atoms that are bonded together. Illustrated below is the atomic radius
of hydrogen atoms in Figure 1.

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 Figure 1. Atomic Radius of hydrogen Figure 2. Atomic radius increases from right to left
and from top to bottom.

The atomic radius is used in determining the atomic volume in which atoms
with larger atomic radii (plural for radius) have larger atomic size or atomic volume.
It increases as it goes down because there are more energy levels of electrons and
therefore more shielding. Electron shielding refers to the electrons in the inner core
shielding of the outer electrons from some positive charge of the protons in the
nucleus. It increases as it goes to the left because as you move across a period
right-to-left, an atom loses a positively charged proton and therefore its electrons
become slightly less tight and compact.

Ionization energy is the energy needed to remove an electron from a

gaseous atom. When the nucleus holds tightly an electron, it needs more energy to
remove it. Ionization energy increases going right because there are more protons
in the nucleus pulling in electrons, so it requires more energy to remove an outer
electron. Increases going up because there are fewer energy levels and less
shielding, so the outer electrons are more tightly held by the nucleus.

Figure 3. Ionization energy increases from left to right and from bottom to top

Electronegativity of an element is the attractive force of an atom to attract

electrons. The higher the electronegativity, the stronger the force of attraction
between bonded electron and the atom nucleus. Electronegativity Increases going
right because there are more protons in the nucleus attracting outer electrons and
increases going up because there are fewer energy levels of electrons
shielding/repelling new outer electrons as shown below Figure 4.

Figure 4.Electronegativity increases from left to right within a period and increases from bottom to
top within a group.

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 In the periodic table, metals are separated from nonmetals by a zigzag line.
In terms of electron distribution, elements with three or less electrons in the outer
energy level are classified as metals while with five or more electrons in the outer
level shell are nonmetals. The physical properties of metals include metallic luster,
shiny appearance, high density, high thermal conductivity, and high electrical
conductivity. Most metals are malleable and ductile and can be deformed without
breaking)

Metallic property is the name given to the set of chemical properties

associated with elements that are metals. These chemical properties result from how
readily metals lose their electrons to form cations (positively charged ions).

The trends in metallic character increases going left because metals are on the
left side of the periodic table and they have fewer protons in their nucleus that are
holding in the atom’s electrons. Moving from top to bottom within a group, metallic
trends increases because it loses electrons as the atomic radius increases. Periodic
trends in metallic character is the same as the trend in metallic activity such as the
elements become more metallic at the same time become more reactive. Trends
illustrated in Figure 5.

Figure 5. Metallic properties increase from right to left across a period of the periodic table and
increases from top to bottom within a group.

Activity 1 would allow you to learn the pattern of the different periodic trends.
Let us get to know them.

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 I Will Do This

Activity 1: What is the New Trend?

In the activity below, you will be able to complete the different periodic
trends basing on their characteristics.

Atomic radius Electronegativity

Ionization Energy Metallic Character

Materials:
• Periodic Table
• Colors (green, red, yellow and blue)

Procedure
1. Read the overview of the module about the periodic trends
2. Using the picture provided, identify the periodic trends direction where it
increases.
3. Assign 1 Color on each periodic trends and color the arrows where you label the
periodic trends.
4. After identifying the direction of the periodic trends, answer the analysis
questions in your answer sheet.

Analysis Questions:
1. What are the 4 periodic trends?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

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2. Based on the activity, which of the following trends have the same condition?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

3. Which periodic trend increases if the direction of the group is from right to left?
A. Atomic radius and ionization energy C. ionization energy and electronegativity
B. Atomic radius and metallic character D. metallic character and electronegativity

4. Which periodic trend increases if the direction of the period is from bottom to
top?
A. Atomic radius and ionization energy C. ionization energy and electronegativity
B. Atomic radius and metallic character D. metallic character and electronegativity

I Will Practice

Direction: Complete the table below by writing the trend based on the given
condition. Write only increases or decreases.

Atomic Ionization Metallic

Condition Electronegativity
radius energy property
Trend from
top to bottom

Trend from
left to right

I Will Apply

Using your periodic table of elements, arrange the following metallic elements
according to reactivity with the most active as the first in the list.

1. Mg, Mn, Cu - ____, ____, ____ 4. K, Sr, Be - ____, ____, ____

2. Al, Li, Rb - ____, ____, ____ 5. Ca, Ni, Sc - ____, ____, ____
3. Na, Ra, Zn - ____, ____, ____

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References
Addison-Wesley Publishing Company
City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Department of Education (2014), Science 8 Learner’s Module, pp.209-213.
Department of Education (2014), Science 9 Teacher’s Guide, pp.191-200.
https://www.mentalfloss.com/search?term=periodic%20table
https://betterlesson.com/lesson/resource/3128810/ptablebasics-pdf
https://www.brighthubbededucation.com/science-homework-help/106549-function-
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=history+of+periodic+table
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=history+of+periodic+table+timeline
Science Learner’s Material 8

Answer Key

Module 7: Periodic Table of Elements: Periodic Trends

I Will Do This
Analysis Questions:_________
1. The 4 periodic trends are electronegativity,
atomic radius, metallic character and
ionization energy
2. Based on the activity, the atomic radius
and metallic character are increasing from
right to left and top to bottom while metallic
character and ionization energy increases
from left to right and bottom to the top.
3.B_______________________
4.C_______________________

I Will Practice
Metallic
Condition Atomic radius Electronegativity Ionization energy
property
Trend from top to
increases decreases decreases increases
bottom
Trend from left to right decreases increases increases decreases
I Will Apply
1. Mg, Mn, Cu 3. Ra, Na, Zn 5. Ca, Sc, Ni
2. Rb, Li, Al 4. Sr, K, Be

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 GRADE 8
Written Assessment Worksheet No. 7

Name:__________________________ Grade & Section: ________

MELC: use the periodic table to predict the chemical behavior of an element (S8MT-IIIi-j12)
Multiple Choice. Read each item carefully. Select the letter of the best answer.

1. Which of the following statements below describes electronegativity?

A. how good an atom in attracting electrons
B. the ability of an atom to lose electrons
C. the energy required to remove an electron from a specific atom
D. how easy for atoms to bond with other elements

2. Which of the following is NOT a trend that varies systematically in the periodic table?
A. electronegativity B. symbols of elements C. ionization energy D. atomic radius

3. Electronegativity ________ from left to right within a period and ________ from top to bottom within
a group.
A. decreases, increases C. increases, decreases
B. increases, increases D. stays the same, increases

4. Of the elements below, which of them is the most metallic?

A. Al B. Mg C. Na D. K

5. Which trend is the amount of energy needed to remove an electron?

A. atomic radius B. electronegativity C. ionization energy D. metallic property

6. Which among the following elements have the MOST ionization energy?
A. Co B. Ge C. Na D. O

7. Predict which element has the LARGEST atomic radius using your periodic table.
A. C B. Fr C. Mn D. N

8. Predict which element has the LEAST electronegativity value using your periodic table.
A. C B. Fr C. Mn D. Na

9. Jake has gold (Au), silver (Ag), Nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu) material in his workshop. Based on
what you learned about the trend on metallic character. Which has the most metallic character
between the following elements that Jake have?
A. Ag B. Au C. Cu D. Zn

10. Based on your answer on number 9. How did you predict the metallic character basing on the
periodic table?
A. The elements metallic character increases from left to right of the period and increases from bottom
to top of the group.
B. The elements metallic character increases from right to left of the period and increases from bottom
to top of the group.
C. The elements metallic character increases from right to left of the period and increases from top
to bottom of the group.
D. The elements metallic character increases from left to right of the period and increases from top
to bottom of the group.

Reflection: (Please answer at the BACK PORTION of this paper)

How periodic trends does helps in predicting the chemical behavior of an element in the periodic table?

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 Answer Key to Concept Check

FOR TEACHER’S USE ONLY. Do not attach this portion to the SLM for students

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. A 6. D
2. B 7. B
3. C 8. A
4. D 9. B
5. C 10. C

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