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Trends in The Periodic Table

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15 views28 pages

Trends in The Periodic Table

Uploaded by

JPHijastro15
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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TRENDS IN THE

PERIODIC TABLE
Prepared by:
JHON RYAN P. HIJASTRO
WH What is Periodic
Trend? • Periodic trends are
specific patterns that
are present in the
periodic table that
illustrate different
aspects of a certain
element, including its
size and its electronic
properties.
❑ Electronegativity
is defined as an
atom’s ability to
attract electrons
towards it in a
chemical bond.
the most common scale for
quantifying electronegativity
is the Pauling scale.
• Electronegativity measures
an atom's tendency to attract
and form bonds with
electrons. This property
exists due to the electronic
configuration of atoms. Most
atoms follow the octet rule
(having the valence, or outer,
shell comprise of 8
electrons).
• Because elements on the left
side of the periodic table
have less than a half-full
valence shell, the energy
required to gain electrons is
significantly higher compared
with the energy required to
lose electrons.
7 electron shells:

1st – 2 electrons
2nd – 8 electrons
3rd – 18 electrons
4th – 32 electrons
5th – 18 electrons
6th – 8 electrons
7th – 1 electron
6 electron shells:

1st – 2 electrons
2nd – 8 electrons
3rd – 18 electrons
4th – 18 electrons
5th – 8 electrons
6th – 1 electron
Conversely, elements
on the right side of the
periodic table are more
energy-efficient in
gaining electrons to
create a complete
valence shell of 8
electrons. The nature of
electronegativity is
effectively described
thus: the more inclined
an atom is to gain
electrons, the more
likely that atom will pull
electrons toward itself.
❑ Ionization Energy
is the energy required to
remove an electron from a
neutral atom in its gaseous
phase. Conceptually,
ionization energy is the
opposite of electronegativity.
The lower this energy is, the
more readily the atom
becomes a cation. Therefore,
the higher this energy is, the
more unlikely it is the atom
becomes a cation.
Generally, elements on the
right side of the periodic
table have a higher
ionization energy because
their valence shell is nearly
filled. Elements on the left
side of the periodic table
have low ionization
energies because of their
willingness to lose
electrons and become
cations. Thus, ionization
energy increases from left
to right on the periodic
table.
Trends
❑ The ionization energy of the elements
within a period generally increases from
left to right. This is due to valence shell
stability.
❑ The ionization energy of the elements
within a group generally decreases from
top to bottom. This is due to electron
shielding.
❑ The noble gases possess very high
ionization energies because of their full
valence shells as indicated in the graph.
Note that helium has the highest
ionization energy of all the elements.
❑ Electron Affinity
As the name suggests,
electron affinity is the ability of
an atom to accept an electron.
Unlike electronegativity,
electron affinity is a
quantitative measurement of
the energy change that occurs
when an electron is added to a
neutral gas atom. The more
negative the electron affinity
value, the higher an atom's
affinity for electrons.
•Electron affinity
increases from left to
right within a period. This
is caused by the
decrease in atomic
radius.

•Electron affinity
decreases from top to
bottom within a group.
This is caused by the
increase in atomic radius
-349 kJ/mole -328 kJ/mole
17 electrons 9 electrons
1s22s22p63s23p5 1s22s22p5
• Ionization energy deals with neutral atom losing
an electron and becoming positive ion.
• Electron affinity deals with a neutral atom
gaining an electron becoming a negative ion.
• Electronegativity describes an atom the ability
to attract and bind with electrons.
Atomic Radius Trends
❑ One way to think about atomic size is to look at the units that
form when atoms of the same element are joined to one
another.
Atomic Radius Trends
Atomic Radius Trends

∙ Atomic radius decreases from left to right


within a period. This is caused by
the increase in the number of protons and
electrons across a period. One proton has
a greater effect than one electron; thus,
electrons are pulled towards the nucleus,
resulting in a smaller radius.
∙ Atomic radius increases from top to
bottom within a group. This is caused by
electron shielding.
Metallic Character Trends
Metallic Character Trends
✔ Metallic characteristics decrease from left to right
across a period. This is caused by the decrease in
radius of the atom that allows the outer electrons to
ionize more readily.
✔ Metallic characteristics increase down a group.
Electron shielding causes the atomic radius to increase
thus the outer electrons ionizes more readily than
electrons in smaller atoms.
✔ Metallic character relates to the ability to lose
electrons, and nonmetallic character relates to the
ability to gain electrons.
Metallic Character Trends

✔ Move left across period and down the


group: increase metallic character
(heading towards alkali and alkaline
metals)
✔ Move right across period and up the
group: decrease metallic character
(heading towards nonmetals like noble
gases)
Melting Point Trends
✔ The melting points is the amount of energy required to break a
bond(s) to change the solid phase of a substance to a liquid.
Melting Point Trends
✔ Metals generally possess a high
melting point.
✔ Most non-metals possess low melting
points.
✔ The non-
metal carbon possesses the highest
melting point of all the elements. The
semi-metal boron also possesses a
high melting point.
Reactivity of Elements
The reactivity of metals depends on their electropositive
character.
Valence Electrons
✔ Electrons present in the outermost shell of an atom are
called valence electrons of that atom.
Valency
✔ Valency is the combining capacity of an atom.
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