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Alternating Current All Derivations

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4K views5 pages

Alternating Current All Derivations

Uploaded by

a81437558
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ALTERNATING CURRENT

All derivations

AC CIRCUIT CONTAINING RESISTOR ONLY (IMP)


Consider a resistor of resistance R connected to an alternating emf source as shown.

Let the applied emf be E  E o sin ωt .

Dividing both sides by R, we get

E Eo
 sinωt
R R

E Eo
 sinωt
R R
 I  Io sinωt

Therefore, current and voltage are in same


phase.

AC CIRCUIT CONTAINING INDUCTOR


ONLY (V IMP)
Consider an inductor of inductance L connected to an AC source as shown
Let the applied emf be E  E o sin ωt .

dI
Since E  L
dt

E
Therefore dI  dt
L

E
dI  dt
L
E sinωt
 dI  o dt
L
Integrating both sides we get
E
  dI   o sinωtdt
L
Eo
L 
I sinωtdt

E
 I  o   cosωt 
ωL

π 
 cosθ  sin   θ 
2 
E  π 
 I   o sin   ωt  
ωL   2 
As ωL  XL
Eo   π 
I sin  ωt  2  
XL   
  π 
 I  Io sin  ωt   
  2 

Eo
where Io 
XL

Thus, current lags behind voltage in a 9purely inductive circuit.

AC CIRCUIT CONTAINING CAPACITOR ONLY (V IMP)


Consider an inductor of inductance L connected to an AC source as shown
Let the applied emf be E  E o sin ωt .

Since Q = CE

Q  CEo sinωt

Q  CEo sinωt
dQ d
I  CEo sinωt 
dt dt
 I  ωCEo cos ωt
Eo
I cosωt
1
ωC
π
 I  Io sin(ωt  )
2
Eo
where  Io
1
ωC

Thus current leads the voltage by a phase of


π
in a purely capacitive circuit.
2

IMPEDANCE IN SERIES LCR


CIRCUIT (M IMP)
Consider a resistor of resistance R, inductor of inductance L and capacitor of capacitance C
connected in series to an alternating EMF source as shown:

Voltage across all the components is shown in the diagram below. Net voltage V is given by

 VL  VC 
2
V  VR2
 VL  IXL , VR  IR, VC  IXC

IXL  IXC   IR 


2 2
V 

 V  I2  X L  XC   R 2
2

 V I  XL  XC   R 2
2


V
I
  XL  XC 
2
R 2

 XL  XC 
2
 Z  R2

Where Z is called the impedance of the circuit.


RESONATING FREQUENCY IN SERIES LCR CIRCUIT (IMP)
Resonance occurs when inductive reactance becomes equal to capacitive reactance

XL  XC
1
 2πν rL 
2πv r C
1
  2πν r  
2

LC
1
 2πv r 
LC
1
 vr  , ν r is called resonance frequency.
2π LC

ENERGY STORED IN AN INDUCTOR (M IMP)


Consider an inductor of inductance L connected to a voltage source E as shown in figure above.
Let current at any instant be I.
As we know that instantaneous power is given by

P  EI
dI
As E  L
dt
dI
so, P  LI
dt
dW
P 
dt

dW dI
  LI
dt dt
 dW  LIdI
So, total work done by source to build a max. current Io in the circuit is
Io
 W   LIdI
0
Io
 I2 
 W L 
 2 0
 I2 
 W  L  0  0
2 
1
 W  LIo2
2

This work is stored in the circuit as magnetic potential energy. So,


1
UB  LIo2
2

POWER IN SERIES LCR CIRCUIT (M IMP)


Let a voltage E  E o sin ωt be applied to a series LCR circuit and current flowing through it is

Io sin  ωt  φ  , so instantaneous power supplied to the source is

P  EI  Eo sinωt  Io sin  ωt  φ 
EoIo
 cos φ  cos  2ωt  φ  
2 

The average power over a cycle is given by the average of the two terms in RHS of above
equation. It is only the second term which is time dependent. Its average is zero (the positive half
of the cosine cancels the negative half). Therefore

EoIo E I
P cos φ  o o cos φ
2 2 2
 P  ErmsIrms cos φ

For purely inductive or purely capacitive circuit

φ  90o  cos φ  0  P  0

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