TAC 2

ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 Sheinna Claire C. Bustamante

BASIC PLUMBING SYSTEM

TOPIC #4
SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM
OBJECTIVES
• Discussion of Septic Tank

• Analyze Sewage and It’s Disposal

• Public Sewer Line

OUTLINE
❖ SEWAGE AND DISPOSAL INTRODUCTION
❖ TYPES OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM
❖ TYPES OF SANITARY SEWER
❖ BASIC PIPE ESTIMATE
❖ SEWAGE EJECTOR
❖ SEPTIC TANK – INTRODUCTION, GASES, CONSTRUCTION, SIZE, ESTIMATE,
LOCATION AND REQUIREMENTS
SEWAGE AND ITS DISPOSAL
❖ mostcritical problems of environmental health is in the collection
and safe disposal of human wastes
❖ harmful organisms are carried somewhere through water flows,
flies, rodents, cockroaches and other vermin which causes
contamination
❖ the daily average volume of human waste or excreta per capita
is about 80 grams of feces and 950 grams of urine (Results
showed that the median fecal wet mass production was
128 g/cap/day)
TYPES OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM
1. The CESSPOOL
2. The PRIVY
3. The SEPTIC TANK
4. The PUBLIC SEWER LINE
CESSPOOL
PRIVY
 SEPTIC TANK
❖ to expedite the
decomposition of the
elements contained in
a raw sewage waste.
 PUBLIC SEWER LINE
❖ operated and
maintained by the
government consisting
of a sewage treatment
plants
TYPES OF PUBLIC SEWER LINE
1. COMBINATION PUBLIC SEWER
2. SANITARY SEWER
 INTERCEPTING OR TRUNK LINE SEWER
 TRIBUTARY OR CONTRIBUTING SEWER
3. STORM DRAIN
1. COMBINATION PUBLIC SEWER – oldest type, conveys both
storm water and sanitary wastes, obsolete
2. SANITARY SEWER – carries regular sanitary wastes only, no
rainwater
3. STORM DRAIN – carries stormwater, terminates in a natural
drain such as canals, lakes or rivers
 TYPES OF SANITARY SEWER
1. INTERCEPTING OR TRUNK LINE SEWER – conveys sanitary waste to a
dispersal plant, made of concrete from 0.6 to 3 meters, laid at about 3m
2. TRIBUTARY SEWER – made of either vitrified clay or concrete pipe laid in
an open trench, terminate into the intercepting sewer.
STORM DRAIN – carries storm
water, terminates in natural
drain
MANHOLE- device of main
and storm sewer, access for
inspection, cleaning and
repair, with interval distance
of 75 to 150cm, with iron
rungs to serve as ladder, with
well-fitted cover on top
SEWAGE EJECTOR
-refers to the pump that will
discharge waste in the sump
and transfer it to the house
drain installed overhead.
-for buildings with basement
 SEPTIC TANK
- receptacle or vault used
to collect organic waste
discharged from the house
sewer
- to liquefy and
precipitate solid waste
purifying odorous
materials
TERMS
SLUDGE – semi-liquid substance from suspended solid of sewage,
accumulates at the bottom of the septic tank
SCUM – part of the solids, floats
DIGESTION – the scum and sludge are processed by anaerobic
bacteria and transforms it to liquid and gases
SEDIMENTATION – process at the upper portion
ANAEROBIC DECOMPOSITION – process for the accumulated
sludge at the bottom
DECOMPOSITION OR ORGANIC MATTER FROM HUMAN
WASTE IS A BACTERIOLOGICAL PROCESS CAUSED BY:
1. Aerobic bacteria called AEROBES – needs the presence of
material oxygen
2. Anaerobic bacteria called ANAEROBES – absence of free
oxygen
3. Facultative bacteria – with or without oxygen

These bacterias thrive naturally in sewage, and will function when

conditions are favorable in terms of food supply, temperature, and
moisture.
STABILIZATION – process of decomposition
PUTREFACTION – decomposition caused by anaerobic bacteria
Aerobic decomposition is not accompanied by unpleasant odor.
SEPTIC – a sewage that turns dark and smell unpleasantly due to
anaerobic decompoition
WHICH PRIMARY GASES ARE PRESENT IN A
SEPTIC TANK?
1: Methane gas: Methane gas is produced when organic matter in the waste
decomposes in the absence of oxygen. As a result, the septic tank's confined
area fills with methane, creating an oxygen-deficient environment. In this case,
methane - a colourless, explosive, and highly combustible gas – builds up in
the septic tank, perhaps resulting in an explosion.
2: Hydrogen Sulphide: Another by-product of septage digestion in the
absence of oxygen is hydrogen sulphide. It is easily soluble in water, and it's
dissolved in sewage inside sludge and silt that forms gas pockets in the septic
tank. The dissolved gas is produced when someone disturbs the sludge or
sediment, causing injury to the individual. Hydrogen sulphide usually has a
rotten egg odour.
Aside from the gases listed above, sewage may contain harmful
gases such as ammonia, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide,
sulphur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide, depending on temperature,
pH, composition performance, and time.
Septic tank system failure can result in the development and
accumulation of poisonous gases due to a lack of gas exhausts, lack
of maintenance, drain backups, pipe leaks, and excessive chemical
use.
Long-term exposure to septic tank gas poisoning can cause irritation
of the eyes, respiratory problems, coughing, and loss of
consciousness, asphyxiation, and even death. It is frequently an
irreversible medical disorder that causes hypoxic damage to essential
body organs that cannot be repaired.
SEPTIC TANK MATERIALS
1. Reinforced concerte
2. Plastered concrete hollow blocks
3. Prefabricated asbestos
4. Thin metal and plastic
GENERAL CONDITIONS IN CONSTRUCTION
- in rectangular form to retard even flow of waste, to avoid disturbing the
decomposition process inside
- 90cm x 150 cm minimum dimension
- 120 cm depth of the liquid content for effective decomposition, may be
deeper but not deeper than ground water table
- inlet and outlet shall be long sanitary tee, 120cm from bottom floor both
sides
- invert is extended down the liquid of the tank not more than 30cm, to assure
smooth delivery
- bottom should be sloped to one low point, to gather the settled organic materials
for propagation of anaerobic bacteria
- with manhole, extended a few centimeters above the surface of soil to avoid
infiltration of surface water.
- for large plumbing installations, provide suspended compartment
attached to the ceiling slab of the tank. The baffle plate is
extended down the bottom of the tank about 40 cm below scum
line
- constructed near surface, waste depends upon the extent of
oxidation and the existence of anaerobic bacteria. Aerobic
bacteria survive only in the subsoil not more than 150cm below the
surface
SIZE OF TANK
- 6 persons, 1.3cubic m, 90cm x 150cm, 120cm deep
- volume of the tank has a rational proportion with the volume of
incoming waste for bacterial activities to be in favorable condition
- allow 5 to 6 cubic feet of tank volume per person
ESTIMATE
Determine the size of a septic tank to serve 200 persons in a commercial
establishment.
VOLUME: 200 persons x 0.057 = 11.4 cu.m
WIDTH: 200 x 1.2 = 2.4 m width
DEPTH: L X W X DEPTH = VOLUME; LENGTH = VOLUME/(WIDTH X DEPTH)=3.2 m
TOTAL LENGTH = L + (L/2) = 4.8m
Refer to book
LOCATION OF SEPTIC TANK
1. should be located closer to the building it will serve,
with minimum distance of 2m from outside wall
2. should not be located closer to the doors or windows
3. at least 15m away from any source of water supply
REQUIREMENTS FOR A SATISFACTORY DISPOSAL
OF HUMAN WASTE
1. no contamination of ground surface that may enter into the springs or wells
2. no contamination of surface water
3. surface soil should not be contaminated
4. excreta should not be accessible to animals, flies, cockroaches, vermin and
the like
5. should be no odor and unsightly conditions
6. methods used should be simple and economical in terms of construction
operation
The detailed scientific analysis of sewage treatment is beyond the scope of
this subject in plumbing. But in passing, it is worth mentioning that the treatment
of municipal sewage is a complex problem involving scientific aspects outside
the sphere of plumbing.
This requires engineering training in all the phases of natural science. Civil
works for the design and construction of the structure, mechanical for the
construction of equipment plus an extended knowledge of chemistry, physics
and bacteriology.
NEXT TOPICS
DOMESTIC WATER HEATING

HOUSE DRAIN

STORM DRAIN