Control and Coordination 7] Fastracl« Revision » Coordination in Animals: In animals, control and coordinationis provided by nervoustissues which are made Lp of an organised network of nerve cells or neurons, and, are specialised for conducting information via electrical impulses from one part of the body to another. » Neurons: These are the structural and functional units of ‘nervous system. A neuron comprises of dendrite (acquires, information), cell body (acquired information travels as an, electrical impulse) and axon (transmits electrical impulse From cell body to dendrite of next neuron). » Synapse: It is a small gap between two neurons where nerve impulse passes From one neuron to another. ts the junction between the nerve ending of axon of one neuron and the dendrite of next neuron. Here, electrical impulse ‘converted into chemical signal for onward transmission. » Reflex Action: It is an involuntary and rapid response to a stimuli that is controlled through the spinal cord via relay neuron. eg. withdrawal of hand on touching hot object. > Reflex Arc: itis the pathway through which nerve impulses pass during a reflex action, Reflex arcs are formed in the spinal cord. This provides. more active reflex actions to happen by stimulating spinal ‘motor neurons, without the suspension of routing signals, through the brain The following flow chart shows the flow of signal in a reflex are Receptor —> Sensory neuron —> Spinal cord (Relay neuron), — Motor neuron —> Effector muscle. » Central Nervous System (CNS): It includes the brain and spinal cord » Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): It consists of all the nerves, fe, the cranial and spinal nerves, connecting the central nervous system with different parts of the body. » Brain: It is the main coordinating centre of the body which enables an organism to think and take decisions. Forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain are three parts of the brain. Brain is protected by a fluid filled balloon that acts 2a shock absorber and is enclosed in a bony case known as cranium (skull or brain box). > Forebrain: t isthe main thinking part ofthe brain. it is specialised in hearing, smell, sight etc. it controls, the movement of voluntary muscles (leg muscles) and the centre associated with hunger is also located init. > Involuntary actions like blood pressure, salivation and vomiting are controlled by the medulla in the hindbrain, > Cerebellum, a part of hindbrain, is responsible For precision of voluntary actions and maintaining the posture and balance of the body. > Coordination in Plants: It occurs via electrochemical means to convey information from one cell to another. > Sensitivity of Plants: It refers to the ability of a plant to detect changes in water content and responding by changing their shapes such as swelling or shrinking of cells e.g, drooping of leaves of “Touch-me-not’ plant on touching it. » Plant Movements: It occurs in response to a stimuli and ‘can be oF two types, Le, tropic or nastic. > Tropic Movements: These movements of plant ‘occur in the direction of stimulus, eg., phototropism (stimulustight), geotropism —(stimulus-gravity), hydrotropism (stimulus-water) and chemotropism (growth oF pollen tube towards ovule) > Nastic Movements: These movements occur irrespective of direction of stimulus, e.g, drooping Of leaves of touch-me-not plant on touching it. > chemical coordination involves chemical compounds or hormones that are released For coordination. > Plant Hormones: These are the chemical substances naturally produced in plants for regulation of growth, development and responses to the environment. They are also called phyto-hormones. Main planthormones are: > Auxin, synthesised at shoot tip, helps the cells to grow longer. > Gibberellins help in the growth of the stem. > Cytokinins promote cell division and are present in greater concentration in fruits and seeds. > Abscisic acid inhibits growth and causes wilting of leaves. It isa stress hormone. MNEMONICS Concept : Plant Hormones ‘Mnemonics: A CAGE Interpretation: ‘A~Auxins C- Gitokinins A~AbscisicAcid G~ Gibbereltins E- Ethylene > Animat Hormones: These are chemical compounds or messengers, secreted in small quantities by endocrine glands, to coordinate their activities and growth, > Endocrine Glands: These are ductless glands which act at distant sites on target organs. These include pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands, testis and ovaries.List of different endocrine glands and their Functions are given below: Endocrine Glands Functions Thyroid gland Produces thyroxine hormone that regulates carbohydrate, protein and Fat metabolism in the body. Adrenal gland Produces adrenaline that prepares the body for emergency situations. Pancreas Produces insulin which regulates blood sugar levels in our body. Testis Produces testosterone required for development of male secondary sexual characteristics such as beard and moustaches during puberty. Pituitary gland Secretes growth hormone that regulates the growth and development of the body. Ovaries Produces oestrogen needed for development of Female sex organs, regulates menstrual cycle. > Hormonal Disorders: They occur when lands malfunction and hormone production is affected. > Dwarfism: Deficiency of growth hormone. > Gigantism: Excessive secretion of growth hormone. > Diabetes: Reduced amount of insulin is secreted by pancreas which is responsible to control blood sugar levels, > Goltre: Deficiency oF iodine causing less secretion of thyroxine hormone. > Feedback Mechanism: itis the regulation of amount and the timing of hormonal secretion ‘of hormones has a harmful effect on our body. xB Practice Exercise \ce the excess or de Receptors -> Spinal cord + Sensory neuron © Muttiple choice Questions ie taivor: Mods y — 4. Receptors > Sensory neuron -> Spinal cord QL. Receptors are usually located in sense organs. + Motor neuron > Muscle Gustatory receptors are present in: Q6. Which of the following statements are true about (CBSE Sop 2023-24) the brain? @ tongue b. nose (i) The main thinking part of brain is hindbrain. cee dear (ii) Centres of hearing, smell, memory, sight, etc., Q2. Ina neuron, conversion of electrical signal to a are located in forebrain. chemical signal occurs at/in: (ii) Involuntary actions like salivation, vomiting, a. call body b. axonal end blood pressure are controlled by the medulla c dendritic end @. axon __ inthe hind brain. Q3. What is the correct direction of flow of electrical (iv) Cerebellum does not control posture and impulses? balance of the body. a. (and (i) . (i), (andl (i) = . (ii) and (ii) (ill) and (iv) — te Q7. Spinal cord originates from: a. cerebrum b, medulla — Ay _ © pons d. cerebellum b me So 8. Involuntary actions in the body are controlled by: a, medulla in forebrain b, medulla in midbrain c — —— medulla in hindbrain d, medulla in spinal cord Q9. The growth of tendrit in pea plants is due to: —y a. effect of tight d b. effect of gravity © rapid cell divisions in tendrillar cells that are away from the support 4. Sensory nerve of a reflex arc carries information 4. rapid cell divisions in tendrilar cells in contact from the receptor cells to the: (case 2023) with the support pean ond Q10. Observe the three figures given below. Which © musctes of the effector organ of the following depicts tropic movements . bones of the receptor organ appropriately? (CBSE S0P 2022-23) Q5. Which is the correct sequence of the components . of a reflex are? aR aque 2: Receptors -» Muscle -» Sensory neuron + Motor neuron» Spinal cord A 8 ¢ b Receptors -» Motor neuron -» Spinal cord a. Band C b. Aandc ~ Sensory neuron ~» Muscle © Only d. Only CQ13. In plants, the role of cytokinin is: QL The growth of pollen tubes towards ovules is due to: a, hydrotropism b. chemotropism ©. geotropism d. phototrapism, Q12, The substance that triggers the fall of mature eaves and fruits from plants is due to: a. auxin b. gibberellins ©. abscisic acid d. cytokinin (cese 2023) a. promote cell division b. wilting of leaves promate the opening of stomatal pore 4. help in the growth of stem Q14. The directional movement in plants as shown in figure is due to which plant hormone? Be, ft eer b. Abstisic acid dd Auxin a. Cytokinins Ethylene Q15. Choose the incorrect statement about insulin. a, Ibis produced from pancreas b. It regulates growth and development of the body It regulates blood sugar level 4. Insufficient secretion of insulin will cause diabetes 16. Dramatic changes of body features associated with puberty are mainly because of secretion of: a. oestrogen from testes and testosterone from ovary b. oestrogen fram adrenal gland and testosterone from pituitary gland testosterone from testes and oestrogen from ovary d, testosterone from thyroid gland and oestrogen from pituitary gland Q17. Select the mis-matched pair: Adrenaline: Pituitary gland b. Testosterone : Testes © Oestrogen: Ovary . Thyroxin —: Thyroid gland 18. Refer to the given figure depicting locations of several endocrine glands in a human female and answer the following questions. Identify the Labelled glands and select the option with any four correct labels. Qu. Q20. a. u-Pancreas, w-Ovary. p-Hypothalamus, ¢-Pineal ». p-Pituitary t-Thyroid, u-Adrenal, w-Ovary ¢ s-Parathyroid, q-Pineal. v-Ovary, u-Thyroid d. Pituitary, t Adrenal, p-Hypothalamus, v-Pancreas Which of the following endocrine glands is unpaired? a Adrenal b. Testes ¢ Pituitary d. Ovary In humans, the life processes are controlled and regulated by: ‘a. reproductive and endocrine systems ». respiratory and nervous systems endocrine and digestive systems nervous and endocrine systems -® Assertion & Reason type Questions y Directions (Q, Nos. 21-25): Each of the following questions consists of two statements, one is Assertion (A) and the other is Reason (R). Give answer: Qa. gz. Qzs. Q24. Q25. ‘a Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A), Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A), c. Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false, 4d. Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true. Assertion (A): A neuron transmits message in both directions. Reason (R): Neuron is specialised for conducting information via electrical impulses from one part of body to another. Assertion (A): Cerebellum controls the coordination of body movement and posture. Reason (R): Medulla oblongata controls and regulates the centre for coughing, sneezing and vomiting. Assertion (A): Movernent of leaves of sensitive plant is different from movement of a shoot towards light. Reason (R): Sensitive plant shows seismonastic movements which are due to turgidity of cells whereas the movement of shoot is a tropic movement, Assertion (A): Adrenaline makes the heartbeat faster, resulting in supply of more oxygen to our muscles. Reason (R): Adrenaline is secreted directly Into the blood and carried to different parts of the body. Assertion (A): Amount and timing of hormones released are regulated by feedback mechanisms. Reason (R): Hypersecretion or hyposecretion of any hormone can tead to different disorders.Answers 1. (a) tongue 2. (b) axonal end 2 ROK 4. (a) spinal cord 55. (d) Receptors —» Sensory neuran > Spinal cord = Motor neuron > Muscle 6. (c) (ii) and (ii) 7. (b) medulla 8. (c) medulla in hindbrain 9. (c) rapid cell divisions in tendrillar cells that are away from the support 10. (a) Only C 11 (b) chematropism 12. (c) abscisic acid 13. (a) promote cell division V6. (@) Auxin 15. ()Itregulates growth and development of the body 16. (c) testosterone from testes and oestrogen from ovary 77. (a) Adrenaline : Pituitary gland 18. (a) u-Pancreas, w-Ovary, p-Hypothalamus, q-Pineal Here, p is Hypothalamus, q is Pineal gland, r is Pituitary gland, s is parathyroid gland, tis thyroid land, u is pancreas, v is adrenal gland and w is ovary. 19. (c) Pituitary 20. (d) nervous and endocrine systems 21. (0) Assertion is false because neurons are unidirec- tional. ie, electrical imputses enter from one end and leave through the other. 2. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A). 23. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A) 24, (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A), 25. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A), -@ Case Study Based Questions y Case Study 1 Endocrine glands are ductless glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood. The major glands of the endocrine system include the pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, hypothalamus and adrenal glands. Qu a2 Q3. a4 95. Glands Hormones Pituitary gland Growth hormone Thyroid gland Thyroxine Pancreas Insulin Testes Testosterone Adrenal gland Adrenaline Adrenal | \ glands: ty | Endocrine glands in male Read the above passage carefully and give the answer of the following questions: Dwarfism results due to: a. excess secretion of thyroxine b. less secretion of growth hormone less secretion of adrenaline 4d, excess secretion of growth hormone Which of the following endocrine glands is not present in males? a. Adrenal b. Testes Pituitary d. Ovary Which of the following endocrine glands secretes digestive enzyme as well as hormones? a, Pancreas b. Thyroxine ©. Adrenaline 4. Insulin Which of the following statements are true about the endocrine glands? (i) They are ductless glands, (ii) They retease their hormones into a duct. {ili) They produce chemical messengers called hormones. (iv) They retease their hormones directly into the bloodstream. a. (and (i) b. (i), (i) and (iv) «c. (0. (i and (i) . () and (iv) Which of the following hormone is responsible for regulation of blood pressure? a. Thyroxine ©. Testosterone b. Insulin d. AdrenalineAnswers 1. (b) less secretion of growth hormone 2. (a) Ovary 3. (a) Pancreas 4, (b) (0). (il and (iv) 5. (@) Adrenaline Case Study 2 Study the figure related to human brain and answer the questions that follow. 1. Name the parts A,B, Cand D of human brain. Q2. What is the function of the fluid filled in the brain? Q.3. Name the endocrine gland associated with brain. Q4. What constitutes the central nervous system? 5. What constitutes Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)? Answers 1. A-Cerebrum: B- Spinal cord CMedulla; D- Cerebellum 2. It prevents the brain from mechanical shocks. 3. Pituitary gland 4, The brain and spinal cord constitute the central nervous system, 5. PNS contains the cranial nerves arising from the brain and spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord. Case Study 3 ‘Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroxine. Study the table given below: Table: TSH levels during pregnancy Normat | Low | High (must) | (mU/L) | (musL) First trimester | 0225 | <02 | 2510 Second trimester | 03:30 | <03 | 30-45 Third trimester | 0852| 52 It with a doctor is required to regulate/control the proper functioning of the thyroid gland. (case 2020) nportant to monitor TSH levels during pregnancy. High TSH levels and hypothyroidism can especially affect chances of miscarriage. Therefore, proper medication in consultation Read the above passage carefully and give the answer of the following questions: QL Give the full form of TSH. Q2. Where is thyroid gland situated in our body? Q3. State the main function of TSH. Q4, Why do TSH levels in pregnant women need to be monitored? Q5. A pregnant woman has TSH level of 8.95 mU/L. ‘What care is needed for her? Answers 1. The full form of TSH is Thyroid Stimulating Hormone. 2. The thyroid gland is present in the neck region. 3. TSH regulates the production of thyroid hormone, ie. thyroxine by the thyroid gland. 4, Itis because high and low TSH level may increase the chances of miscarriage. 5. A proper medication in consultation with a doctor is required to bring the TSH level down. Case Study 4 Study the table related to blood thyroxine levels ‘and answer the questions that follow. QL. What do you analyse from this blood test report? 2. Which gland secretes thyroxine and TSH hormone? Q3. Which diet would you recommend to the affected patient? Q4. Enlist the alternative name for “hormones”. Answers 1. TSH levels high and thyroxine level is low. 2. Thyroid gland secretes thyroxine and pituitary gland secretes TSH hormone. 3, lodine rich diet ‘4, Chemical coordinators (messengers) q Very Short Answer type Questions y QL. Name the part of the neuron through which information travels as an electrical impulse. ‘Ans. Axon 2. What is a nerve impulse? ‘Ans. Nerve impulse is an electrical signal transmitted along a nerve fibre (axon)Q.3. Whatis reflex action? Ans. Aninvoluntary or instantaneousactionbythehuman “¢) Short ANSWEF Type-! Questions ¥ body parts in response to a stimulus is called reflex ae action. Q1. Label the parts of a neuron in the given figure: Q4. Which system facilitates communication between (NCERT EXEMPLAR) central nervous system and other parts of the body? a 5 te) Ans. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) YY Q5. Name the major parts of the brain. e- L Ans, The brain is composed of three main parts: the > = - forebrain, midbain and hindbrain Ay yy # a Q6. Mention the part of brain which controls the involuntary action like blood pressure. ) Ans, All involuntary actions such as blood pressure are donald he meta heh fom (ooeemte cay Q7. Write the function of vertebrat column. ‘Ans, The major function of the vertebral column is 92. (i) Name one gustatory receptor and one olfactory protection of the spinal cord, receptor present in human beings. Q8. Whats a tropic movement? (CERT EXEMPLAR) (li) Write (a) and (b) in the given flow chart of Ans. The directional growth movements of plants due to neuron through which information travels as external stimuli are called tropic movements. It can an electrical impulse. be either towards the stimulus or away from it Seana —> [2] —> [5] —- fetes atone 9. In figures (a), (b) and (c), which appears more accurate and why? (NCERTEXEMPLAR) gag (cBse2018) TiP The basic concepts should be learnt thoroughly. Gustatory receptors and olfactory receptors are the Sensory receptors tat are related to sense of tate and sense of smel! respectively. () Gustatory receptor is tongue and olfactory receptor is nose in the human beings. ‘Ans. Figure (a) is more appropriate because in a plant (i) The electric impulse travels from the dendrite shoots are negatively geotropic. hence grow to the cell body, and then along the axon to its upwards and roots are positively geotropic, so they end, Thus, ‘ais cell body and bis axon. srw downwards 3. How is the mode of action in beating of the heart Q10. Whatare plant hormones? ——_(ceRr EXEMPLAR) different from reflex actions? Give four examples. Ans. Plant hormones or phytohormones are chemical ang (case sqp 2022-23) substances that regulate various physiological functions tke plant’ growth, development and S| Sasieof | Beating ot art | Reflex actions responses to the environment. . | Diference (QL Name the plant hormones responsible for the | [stimulus |Theydonotneed [They required followings any kind of stimulus | stimulus farts action {() elongation of cells je we (i) growth of stem (cenrexenpian) 2. [Controlled [These actions are [These actions are Ans. (i) Auxin (i) Gibberetin by regulated by the | regulated by the Q12, Name the diseases caused by deficiency of: ow spinal cord. iodine Ii) inaatin. 3. [Sketetat [They do not involve [They involve skeletal nme, iscore ti oemetes muscle [skeletal muscle, _|muscle 4, [ute These actions are [These actions are 13, Name the hormone in humans which regulates etersed tocane [peauced'n eeponse in tn am ade and, a netabolion ia, the lout one’s life oan event of an body. Mention the site where itis synthesized. emergency, ns. The hormone which regulates carbohydrates protein and fat metabolism in our body is & [Nature [This action may be [Reflex actions are thyroxine. Thyroxine hormone is secreted by the eeickor stone | strays gui thyroid gland, (Any four)Q4. Name the part of brain which is responsible for the following actions: {() Maintaining posture and balance (ii) Beating of heart (iii) Thinking (iv) Blood pressure (cose 2023) ‘Ans. (a) Pineal gland (0 Thyroid {COMMON) ERR()R (b) Pituitary gland (@) Thymus Many students foil to label the endocrine glands correctly. Ans. (i) Cerebellum (i) Medullain hindbrain 9, What will happen if intake of fodine In our diet Is (ii) Forebrain (i) Medula in hindbrain low? (iecmereceniviany Q5. How is the movement of leaves of the sensitive Ans. When locine intake is low release of thyroxine plants different from the movement of a shoot from thyroid gland will be less by which protein, towards light? (ces 2019) Key \ oon Nene The functions of neuron are given below: ()) Passing of information takes place by the way of electric impulse inside the neuron and in the form of chemicals at synapse. (i) tt undergoes reflex actions. Far example. withdrawing of hand on touching a hot object. Q2. (i) Why is the flow of signals in a synapse from ‘axonal end of one neuron to dendritic end of ‘another neuron but not the reverse? (NCERT EXEMPLAR) (ii) Sameer was studying in his room. Suddenly he smells something burning and sees smoke inthe room, He rushes out of the room immediately. Was Sameer’s action voluntary or involuntary? Ans. (j) When an electrical signal reaches the axonal end of a neuron. it releases a chemical substance. This chemical diffuses towards the dendrite end of next neuron where it generates an electrical impulse or signal. Hence, the electrical signal is converted into a chemical signal at the axonal end. Since these chemicals are absent at the dendrite end of the neuron, the electrical signal cannot be Converted into chemical signal. Thus, the impulse always flows from axonal end of one neuron to dendritic end of another neuron (i) Sameer's action was valuntary because rushing, ut of the room was under his conscious control The smoke and smell were perceived by the receptors in the sense organs and signals are sent to the brain, The brain, then sent signals to the effector organs, ie. the muscles, to move out of the room. Q3. (i) (a) Draw a neat diagram of human brain and label medulla and cerebellum. (b) Write the functions of the above mentioned parts. (li) “Both overproduction and underproduction of growth hormone Leads to disorders in the body” Explain. Ans. (i) (2) Diagram of human brain: TiP Practice diegrams with proper labelling. (©) Involuntary actions like blood pressure, salivation and vomiting are controlled by the medulla Cerebellum is responsible for precision _of voluntary actions and maintaining the posture and balance of the body.(i) Over production of growth hormone teads to flgantism and its under production leads to dwarfism (COMMON]ERROR Many students forget to answer the sub parts of this question. Q4. What is hydrotropism? Design an experiment to ‘demonstrate this phenomenon. (cAse2019) ‘Ans. The moverrent of plant parts in response to water is, known as hydrotropism. Experiment: (i) Soak the seeds in water overnight. (i) Place moist cotton in a perforated petri dish. (ii) Put the soaked seeds in the petri dish and place it ona beaker. (iv) Roots pass through pores and grow downwards (v) After some time, roots will bend towards base of petri dish having moisture. Result: This confirms that the plants move and grows towards the source of water, hence plants show hydratropism. TiP Always write the experiment point-wise. Do not repeat the same point in different words. Q5. (i) List three points of difference between nervous and hormonal mechanisms for control and coordination in animals. (ii) How are auxins related with the bending of plant shoot towards unidirectional tight? which helps the cells to grow longer. When light is coming from one side of the plant, auxin diffuses towards the shady side of the shoot This concentration of auxin stimulates the cells, to grow longer on the side of the shoot which is ‘away from light. Thus, the plant appears to bend towards unidirectional light, Q6. (i)A doctor has advised Sameer to reduce sugar intake in his diet and do regular exercise after checking his blood test reports. Which disease do you think Sameer is suffering from? Name the hormone responsible for this disease and the organ producing the hormone. (i) Which hormone is present in the areas of rapid cell division in a plant and which hormone inhibits the growth? (case sop 2023-24) ‘Ans, (i) Sameer is suffering from diabetes. insulin hormone helps in regulating blood sugar levels, Insulin is produced by pancreas. (i) Cytokinins is present in areas of rapid cell division Abscisic acid inhibits growth. Q7. (i) Name the disorder which a person is likely to suffer from due to the following: (2) Over-secretion of growth hormone (b) Deficiency of oestrogen in female (€) Less secretion of thyroxine Also, name the gland that secretes each of the hormones mentioned above. (i) How is the timing and amount of hormone Explain. (CBSE 2023) Ans. (i) released regulated? Explain with the help of an ‘example. Basis of us | Hormonal System Ans. (i) SNO. | pifference | ,svstem Mechanism Mechaniern SNo. Disorder Gland 1 [Parts Jit consists of [it consists of a_| Gigantic Pitutary gland nerve impulses | endocrine system - between PNS,| which secretes te | Menstrual varies CNS and brain. | hormones directly Irregularities into blood. c_|Goitre Thyroid gland 2. |Flowof [The flow of |The information (ii) Feedback mechanism of harmonic regulation Informa- | Information is | travels slowly and is the mechanism of regulating the timing and Nonond: | rapid and the/tbe resgonse: ls amount of hormone released so that they are Fesponee, | cesperme: We iove secreted in precise quantities, guick spetetedin precise quantities 3, [Action — [Nerve imputses | Each hormone has (cOMMON|ERR@R are nae spect. specmicections Students are unaware of the concept of feedback in their action. ‘mechanism. So, they write vague answer. 4 [effect — [effects are |it_has prolonged shorttived. | effects Example: ifthe sugar levels in the blood rise, they are detected by the cells of the pancreas which (Any three) (i) When growing plants detect tight, a hormone called auxin is synthesised at the shoot tip respond by producing more insulin, As the blood sugar level falls, insulin secretion is reduced,