VERIFICATIONofKCL&KVLTHEOREM

AIM:

ToVerifyKCL&KVLfromthegivencircuit

APPARATUSREQUIRED:

S.NO. NameoftheApparatus Range Quantity

1 BreadBoard - 1

2 Resistor 1KΩ 3

3 Ammeter 0-25mA 3

4 Voltmeter 0-30V 2

5 RPS 0-30V 1

THEORY:

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of all branchvoltages
around any closed path in a circuit is always zero at all instants of time. In the
figure 1.1, if KVL is applied then the equation is

Vs= V1+V2+V3

Figure 1.1
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) states that the sum of the currents entering intoany
node/point/junction is equal to the sum of the currents leaving that
node/point/junction. In the figure 1.2, if KCL is applied then the equation is

IT=I1+I2+I3

Figure 1.2
PROCEDURE:
a. VerificationofKCL
1. Givetheconnectionaccordingtocircuitshowninfigure1.3
2. VarythesupplyvoltageandtakethecorrespondingreadingsofIL,I1 &I2
fromtheammeter.
3. Verifythereading.
b. VerificationofKVL
1. Connectionaremadeasperthecircuitdiagramshowninfigure1.4
2. VarythesupplyvoltageandtakethecorrespondingreadingsV1&V2 from
thevoltmeter.
3. Verifythereading.
 Figure 1.3

Figure 1.4
Tabulation:
Table-1(for KCL):
Vin I1(m A) I2(m A) IL=I1+I2(m A)
(v) Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical
Table-2(for KVL):
Vin V1 (v) V2(v) Vin=V1+V2(v)
(v) Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical

Note: All theoretical values can be found by using either mesh analysis or nodal
analysis and also using voltage division rule and current division rule where it is
applicable.

RESULT:
 VERIFICATION of THEVENIN’S THEOREM
AIM:

TofindtheThevenin’sequivalentcircuitfromthegivencircuit.

APPARATUSREQUIRED:

S.NO. NameoftheApparatus Range Quantity

1 BreadBoard - 1
2 Resistor 1KΩ 3
3 Resistor 2.2 KΩ 2
4 Resistor 4.7 KΩ 1
5 Ammeter 0-100mA 1
6 Voltmeter 0-30V 1
7 RPS 0-30V 1

THEORY:

Thevenin’stheoremstatesthatanytwoterminallinearnetworkhavinganumberof
voltage current sources and resistances can be replaced by a simple equivalent
circuit consisting of a single voltage source in series with a resistance, where the
value of the voltage source is equal to the open circuit voltage across the two
terminals of the network, and resistance is equal to the equivalent resistance
measured between the terminals with all the energy sources are replaced by their
internal resistances.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connectionaremadeasperthecircuitdiagramshowninfigure2.1
2. Vary the supply voltage V1 and take the corresponding reading I3 from
theammeter.
3. Now connect the circuit diagram in figure 2.2 in bread board (Removing the
load resistor R6).
4. Vary the supply voltage V1in the same way as done in step 2 and note down
the corresponding VAB or VTH from the voltmeter.
5. FindouttheRTHanddrawtheTheveninequivalentciruit.
6. Now connect the circuit diagram in figure 2.3 in bread board and note down
the IL value by varying VTH(fix the values of VTH got from step 4).

Figure 2.1

Figure 2.2

Figure 2.3
Tabulation:
Table1(forI3&VTHor VAB):
I3(mA) VTH (v)
V1(v)
Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical

Table2(forIL):
VTH (v) IL(mA)
(practical) Theoretical Practical

Note:All theoretical values can be found by using either mesh analysis or nodal
analysis and also using voltage division rule and current division rule where it is
applicable.

RESULT:
 VERIFICATIONofNORTON’STHEOREM
AIM:

TofindtheNorton’sequivalentcircuitfromthegivencircuit.

APPARATUSREQUIRED:

S.NO. NameoftheApparatus Range Quantity

1 BreadBoard - 1
2 Resistor 1KΩ 3
3 Resistor 2.2 KΩ 2
4 Resistor 4.7 KΩ 1
5 Ammeter 0-100mA 1
6 Voltmeter 0-30V 1
7 RPS 0-30V 1

THEORY:

Norton’s theorem states that any two terminal linear network with current sources,
voltage sources and resistances can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting
of a current source in parallel with a resistance. The value of the current source is
the short circuit current between the two terminals of the network and theresistance
is equal to the equivalent resistance measured between the terminalswith all the
energy sources are replaced by their internal resistances.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connectionaremadeasperthecircuitdiagramshowninfigure3.1
2. Vary the supply voltage V1 and take the corresponding reading I3 from
theammeter.
3. Now connect the circuit diagram in figure 3.2 in bread board (Removing the
load resistor R6and shorting the terminals).
4. Vary the supply voltage V1in the same way as done in step 2 and note down
the corresponding IN from the ammeter.
5. FindouttheRNanddrawtheNorton’sEquivalentcircuit
6. Nowapplysourcetransformationinthecircuitdiagramasshowninfigure
3.3andobtainthecircuitasshowninfigure3.4.
7. Connectthecircuitasshowninfigure3.4inbreadboardandvarythesupply voltage
and note down the corresponding IL from the ammeter.

Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2

Figure 3.3
 Figure 3.4

Tabulation:
Table1(forI3&IN):
I3(mA) IN(mA)
V1(v)
Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical

Table2(forIL):
Vo (v) IL(mA)
Theoretical Practical

Note:All theoretical values can be found by using either mesh analysis or nodal
analysis and also using voltage division rule and current division rule where it is
applicable.

RESULT:
 VERIFICATION of SUPERPOSITIONTHEOREM
AIM:

To verify the superposition theorem in the given network.

APPARATUSREQUIRED:

S.NO. Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity

1 Bread Board - 1
2 Resistor 1KΩ 2
3 Resistor 2.2 KΩ 2
4 Ammeter 0-25mA 1
5 Voltmeter 0-30V 1
6 RPS 0-30V 1

THEORY:

Thesuperpositiontheoremstatesthatinanylinearnetworkcontainingtwoormore
sources, the response in any element is equal to the algebraic sum of the responses
caused by individual sources acting alone, while the other sources are non-
operative; that is, while considering the effect of individual sources, other ideal
voltage sources and ideal current sources in the network are replaced by short
circuit and open circuit across their terminals.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connectionaremadeasperthecircuitdiagramshowninfigure4.1
2. VarythesupplyvoltageVS1&VS2 andtakethecorrespondingreadingI2 from the
ammeter.
3. NowVS2isshortcircuited.VaryVS1&takethecorrespondingreadingI21 from the
ammeter as shown in figure 4.2
4. Now VS1 is short circuited. Vary VS2& take the corresponding reading
I211from the ammeter as shown in figure 4.3
5. FinallyVerifywhetherI2=I21+ I211
Figure 4.1

Figure 4.2

Figure 4.3
Tabulation:
Table-1(for I2):
VS1 VS2 I2(m A)
(v) (v) Theoretical Practical

Table-2(for I12&I11):2
VS1 acting alone,VS2 VS2 acting alone,VS1 Total I2 (m A)
Replaced by internal Resistance Replaced by internal Resistance I2=I1+I
2
11
2
(v) (v)
1 11
VS1(v) I2(m A) VS2(v) I2 (m A) Theoretical Practical
Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical

Note: All theoretical values can be found by using either mesh analysis or nodal
analysis and also using voltage division rule and current division rule where it is
applicable.

RESULT:
 VERIFICATIONofRECIPROCITYTHEOREM
AIM:

ToverifyReciprocitytheoremforagivennetwork.

APPARATUSREQUIRED:

S.NO. NameoftheApparatus Range Quantity

1 BreadBoard - 1
2 Resistor 1KΩ 3
3 Resistor 2.2 KΩ 3
4 Ammeter 0-10mA 1
5 Voltmeter 0-30V 1
6 RPS 0-30V 1

THEORY:

In any linear bilateral network, if a single voltage source V a in branch ‘a’ produces
a current Ib in branch ‘b’, then if the voltage source V a is removed and inserted in
branch ‘b’ will produce a current Ib in branch ‘a’. The ratio of response to
excitation is same for the two conditions mentioned above. This is called the
reciprocity theorem.
Consider the network shown in figure 5.1. AA1 denotes input terminals and BB1
denotes output terminals. The application of voltage V across AA 1 producescurrent
I at BB1. Now if the position of source and responses are interchanged, by
connecting the voltage source across BB1, the resultant current I will be atterminals
AA1. According to Reciprocity theorem, the ratio of response to excitation is the
same in both cases.

Figure 5.1
PROCEDURE:

1. Connectionaremadeasperthecircuitdiagramshowninfigure5.2
2. Vary the supply voltage V1 and take the corresponding reading I3 from
theammeter.
3. FindouttheratioR=(V1/I3)
4. Now interchange the position of ammeter and Variable voltage supply V1 as
shown in figure 5.3.
5. Vary the supply voltage V1and take the corresponding reading I 1 from
3 the
ammeter.
6. FindouttheratioR1=(V1/I1) 3
7. NowcheckwhetherRandR1aresame.

Figure 5.2

Figure 5.3
Tabulation:
Table1(forI3):
I3(mA) R=(V1/I3)(Ω)
V1(v)
Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical

Table2(forI1):3
I13(mA) R1=(V1/I1)(Ω)
3
V1(v)
Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical

Note:All theoretical values can be found by using either mesh analysis or nodal
analysis and also using voltage division rule and current division rule where it is
applicable.

RESULT:
 VERIFICATIONofCOMPENSATIONTHEOREM
AIM:

ToverifyCompensationtheoremforthegivennetwork.

APPARATUSREQUIRED:

S.NO. NameoftheApparatus Range Quantity

1 BreadBoard - 1
2 Resistor 1KΩ 3
3 DRB - 1
4 Ammeter 0-25mA 1
5 Voltmeter 0-30V 1
6 RPS 0-30V 1

THEORY:

The compensation theorem states that any element in the linear, bilateral network,
may be replaced by a voltage source of magnitude equal to the current passing
through the element multiplied by the value of the element, provided the currents
and voltages in other parts of the circuit remain unchanged. Consider the circuit
shown in figure 6.1. The element R can be replaced by voltage source V, which is
equal to the current I passing through R multiplied by R as shown below.

Figure 6.1

This theorem is useful in finding the changes in current or voltage when the value
of resistance is changed in the circuit as shown in figure 6.2
 Figure 6.2

PROCEDURE:

1. Connectionaremadeasperthecircuitdiagramshowninfigure6.3
2. Set the supply voltage V1= 15 V and take the corresponding reading I3 from
the ammeter.
3. Nowconnecttheadditionalresistor(DRB)asshowninfigure6.4
4. NowfixingV1=15VandfindingoutthecurrentI1duetoextraresistor
3 DRB where
Decade Resistance Box value is changed correspondingly.
5. NowreplacethevoltageV1bycompensatedvoltageV2asshowninfigure
6.5andfindoutthecurrentI11duetocompensatedvoltageV
3 2
11
6. FinallyfindtheAmmeterReadingI=I3–I 3

Figure 6.3
 Figure 6.4

Figure 6.5

Tabulation:
Table1(forI3):
I3(mA)
V1(v)
Theoretical Practical

15
Table2(forI1):3
Radd I13(mA)
(KΩ) Theoretical Practical

1
2
3
4
5

Table3(forI11):3
V2= I11
3
(mA)
I3Radd
Theoretical Practical
(v)

Table4(forAmmeterReading):
I11 (mA) AmmeterReading
I3(mA) 3 I=I3–I311(mA)

Note:All theoretical values can be found by using either mesh analysis or nodal
analysis and also using voltage division rule and current division rule where it is
applicable.

RESULT:
 VERIFICATIONofMAXIMUMPOWERTRANS
FER THEOREM
AIM:

ToverifyMaximumPowerTransferTheorem.

APPARATUSREQUIRED:

S.NO. NameoftheApparatus Range Quantity

1 BreadBoard - 1
2 Resistors 470Ω,750Ω 1Each
3 Resistors 560Ω,330Ω 1Each
4 Ammeter 0-10mA 1
5 Voltmeter 0-30V 1
6 RPS 0-30V 1
7 DRB - 1

THEORY:

Maximum power transfer theorem states that the maximum power is deliveredfrom
a source to a load when the load resistance is equal to the source resistance.
Depending upon the conditions of the circuit, there are three cases:

CASE 1: (Purely Resistive circuit & Load resistance is variable) - “Maximum

power is delivered from a source to a load when the load resistance is equal to the
source resistance”. (RL = RS)
CASE 2: (Reactants present & load resistance and reactance can be independently
varied)-“Maximumpowerisdeliveredfromasourcetoaloadwhentheload impedance is
the complex conjugate of source impedance”. (XL = -XS& RL = RS) CASE 3:
(Reactants present but only the magnitude of the load resistance can
bevaried)-“Maximumpowerisdeliveredfromasourcetoaloadwhenthe magnitude of the
load impedance is equal to the magnitude of source impedance”.

PROCEDURE:

1. FirstfindtheTheveninequivalentcircuitforcircuitshowninfigure7.1.
2. AfterfindingRTH&VTH,varytheloadresistanceRL(DRB)fromthe minimum
value to maximum value (shown in figure 7.2).
3. PlotthegraphbetweenRL&Power(IL2RL)where,theoreticalIL=[VTH/(RTH+RL)]
4. FinallyverifythatwhenRL=RTH,maximumpowerisdeliveredornot.

Figure 7.1

Figure 7.2
ModelGraph:

Tabulation:
Table1:

IL( P=IL2RL(
RL(Ω) mW)
mA)

Note:All theoretical values can be found by using either mesh analysis or nodal analysis
and also using voltage division rule and current division rule where it is applicable.

RESULT:
 VERIFICATIONOFMILLIMANN’STHEOREM

AIM:ToverifyReciprocitytheoremand Millimann’s theorem for the given circuit.

STATEMENTS:

Reciprocitytheorem
Inanylinearbilateral,singlesourcenetwork,theratioofexcitationtotheresponseissameeven
though the positions of excitation and response are interchanged.

Millman’stheorem
Itstatesthatinalinearactivenetwork,ifnumberofvoltagesourcesV1,V2,…....Vnwithinternal
resistancesR1,R2,……….Rnareconnectedinparallel,thenthisnetwork canbereplacedbyasingle
voltage source V1in series with single resistance R1.
WhereV1 V1G1V2G2VnGn
= G1G2Gn
1
1
R=
G1G 2 Gn

APPARATUS:

S. No Nameof the apparatus Range Type Quantity

Dualchannelregulated
1 power supply (0– 30V) - 1No

2 Ammeter (0– 10) mA MC 1No

3 Voltmeter (0-10)v MC 1No

Carbon Each1No
4 Resistors Composition
5 Breadboard - - 1No

6 Connectingwires - - Requirednumber
PROCEDURE:

Reciprocitytheorem

1. Connectthecircuitasper thefig(4.4).
2. SettheR.P.S outputvoltageto 10Vandnotedowntheresponse (I)
3. Disconnectthecircuitand connectthe circuitas perthefig(4.5).
4. SettheR.P.Soutput voltageto10Vand notedowntheresponse (Il)
5. Disconnectthe circuit.

Millimann’stheorem

1. Connectthecircuitasper thefig(1).
2. Adjusttheoutputvoltage ofsourcestogivenvalues.
3. Notedowntheresponse current,I200Ω
4. Disconnectthecircuitand connectthe circuitas perthefig(2).
5. Adjusttheoutputvoltage ofsourcestogivenvalues..
6. Findthevoltageacrossopencircuitterminals
7. Connectthecircuitasshowninfig(3)andnotedownthevaluesofvoltmeter,ammetertofindthe value of
resistance(R1)
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Initiallykeep theRPS output voltageknob inzero volt position.
2. Settheammeterpointeratzeroposition.
3. Takethereadingswithoutparallaxerror.
4. Avoid looseconnections.
5. Avoidshort circuitof RPS output terminals.
 Millimann’s Theorem:

Theoreticalcalculations:

V1= V1G1V2G2  VnGn

G1G2  Gn

R1 1
= G1G 2 Gn
CONNECTIONDIAGRAMS:
Tofind I200Ω:

S.no V1(V) V2(V) I200Ω

TofindVI:

S.No V1(V) V2(V) V1(V)

1
Tofind RI:

S.no V (V) I(A) R1=V/I(Ω)

1
OBSERVATIONS:

Millimann’sTheorem:

S.No Parameters TheoreticalValue PracticalValue

1 V1
2 R1
3 I200Ω

RESULT:
EXP.NO. DATE:

DETERMINATION OF SELF, MUTUAL INDUCTANCES AND COEFFICIENT OF COUPLING

AIM: To determine the self-inductance, mutual inductance and coefficient of coupling of the
given 1-transformer.
APPARATUS:

S.
No Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity
230V / 115V,
1 Single phase transformer 2KVA - 01No
230V / 0-
2 1-auto transformer 270V,10A, Induction 01No
3 Ammeter (0-2)A MI 01 No
4 Voltmeter (0-300)V MI 01No
5 Multimeter --- --- 01No
6 Connecting wires - - Required number

PROCEDURE:
Tofindresistanceofcoils:
Byusingmultimetermeasuretheresistanceofthecoil1,coil2andseriesconnectionofcoil1&coil2
and findRac1,Rac2and Raceqby using given formulae Rac1=1.3 Rdc1 ,Rac2=1.3 Rdc2 and
Raceq=1.3RdceqTo find Z1:-
 Applyratedvoltagei.e230toprimarywindingandnotedowncorrespondingammeterreading. Then
find out Z1 as shown in fig (1)

Tofind Z2:-
 Applyratedvoltagei.e115tosecondarywindingandnotedown correspondingammeterreading. Then
find out Z2as shown in fig(2)

Tofind Zeq:-
 Applyvoltagei.e115totheseriesconnectedwindingsandnotedowncorrespondingammeter
reading. Then find out Zeqas shown in fig(3).
CircuitDiagramforselfinductance(L1):

TABULAR COLUMN:

S.No V(Volts) I (amp)

CircuitDiagramforselfinductance(L2):

TABULAR COLUMN:

S.No V(Volts) I(amp)

1
Circuit DiagramforMutual Inductance(M):

TABULAR COLUMN:

S.No V(Volts) I(amp) Zeq=V/I

1

CALCULATIONS:

XL1 = =

XL2 = =

XLeq = =

XL1 = 2 fL1 L1=

XL2 = 2 fL2 L2=

XLeq=2 fLeq Leq=

Leq= L1+L2-2M M=

Co-efficientofcouplingK= =
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Ensurethe minimumpositionofautotransformerduringpower onand off.
2. Settheammeterpointeratzero position.
3. Takethereadings withoutparallaxerror.
4. Avoid looseconnections.

RESULT:
EXP.NO. DATE:

RESONANCEINSERIESANDPARALLELRLCCIRCUITS

AIM:Todeterminetheresonantfrequencyfo,BandwidthandqualityfactorQ,ofthegivenseriesan
d parallel RLC circuits.

APPARATUS:

S. no Nameof the apparatus Range Type Quantity

(0– 3)MHzSignal (0-20)VPeakto
1 generator - 1No
Peak
2 Decadeinductance Box (0-1.11H) - 1No
3 Resistors 100Ω,1k  Carbon Composition 2No
4 Capacitors 0.1µF - 1No
5 Ammeter (0-10)mA MI 1No
6 Breadboard - - 1No
7 Connectingwires - - RequiredNumber

PROCEDURE:

Resonancein seriesandparallelRLCcircuits:
1. Setthesignalgenerator insinewavemode andthe outputvoltageto 20Vpeakto peak.
2. Connect the circuit as per fig (1.1) and vary the frequency of the input signal in steps and note down
the corresponding current through the circuit and tabulate the readings.
3. Reduce the frequencyto zero and disconnect the circuit and plot the graph by relating dependent and
independent variables.
4. Connectthecircuit asper fig(1.2)and repeatthesteps 2and 3.
5. Fromgraph findthefo,f1&f2

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Keeptheoutput voltageof thesignalgeneratorin zerovolt position.

2. Settheammeterpointeratzero position.
3. Takethereadings withoutparallaxerror.
4. Avoid looseconnections.
TABULARCOLUMN:

SERIESRESONANCE PARALLELRESONANCE
S.no Frequency,f Current, Frequency,f Current,
(Hz) I(mA) (Hz) I(mA)

ModelGraphs:
THEORETICALCALCULATIONS:

SERIESRESONANCE

1
Resonantfrequency,f0= 2πLC =

Qualityfactor, ωL 1  
Q=  ωC
R 1L
R RC
Bandwidth=fo/Q=.

PARALLELRESONANCE
CONNECTIONDIAGRAM FORSERIES RESONANCE

Fig(1.1)

Resonant frequency, f0 =

Lowercut-

offfrequency,f1=

Uppercut-offfrequency,f2=

Band width = f2 –f1 =

Qualityfactor, fo
=
Q= f 2 f1
CONNECTIONDIAGRAMFORPARALLELRESONANCE :

Fig(1.2)

Resonant frequency, f0 =

Lowercut-

offfrequency,f1=

Uppercut-offfrequency,f2=

Band width = f2 –f1 =

Qualityfactor, fo
=
Q= f 2 f
OBSERVATIONS:

SeriesResonantcircuit ParallelResonantcircuit
S.No Parameter Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical
Values Values Values Values
1 ResonantFrequency,fo
2 Bandwidth
3 Qualityfactor

RESULT:
MEASUREMENTOFPARAMETERSOFCHOKECOILUSINGTHREEVOLTM
ETER AND THREE AMMETER METHOD

AIM:

Tofindtheparameterofgivenchokecoilbythree-Voltmeterandthree-AmmeterMethod.
APPARATUS:

S.NO NAME OFTHEEQUIPMENT TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1 SinglePhaseVariac AC 230V/(0-270)V,10A 1
2 Ammeter MI (0-500)mA 1
3 Ammeter MI (0-1)A 2
4 Ammeter MI (0-2)A 1
5 Voltmeter MI (0-300)V 3
6 Ammeter MI (0-5)A 1
7 Rheostat WW 110Ω/5A 1
8 ChokeCoil - 0.4A, 40W,Cosϕ=0.5, 1
240V
9 Connecting Wires - - Required

CIRCUITDIAGRAM:

Fig–8.1ThreeVoltmeterMethod

Fig–8.2ThreeAmmeterMethod
 THEORY:
An inductive transducer works on the principle of variation of inductance using multiple coils.
The coils that arebeingusedneedtobeevaluatedandtheir parameters sodefined suchthat theuseoftheir
parameters may be regarded as constant and accurate

Thusemphasisneedstobelaiduponthemethodof measurement ofinductanceofchokecoilbyusing

3 voltmeter meter method and 3 ammeter methods.
Hencebyusingtheknownformulaewecancalculatetheinductanceofachokecoil.

PROCEDURE:
ThreeVoltmeterMethod

1. Connectthecircuitasperthecircuitdiagram.
2. Keepthevariacatminimum(or)zerovoltposition.
3. Nowswitchonthepowersupply.
4. Graduallyvarythevariacat different voltagesupto ratedvoltageofchokecoiland
simultaneously note downthe readings of the ammeter and three voltmeters.
5. Thenadjustthevariactoitsminimumposition.
6. Switchoffthepowersupply.
7. Calculatethe parametersofchokecoilbytheknownformulae.

ThreeAmmeterMethod
1. Connectthecircuitasperthecircuitdiagram.
2. Keepthevariacatminimum(or)zerovoltposition.
3. Nowswitchonthepowersupply.
4. Graduallyvarythevariacat different voltagesuptoratedcurrentofchokecoilandtakethereadingofthe
voltmeter and three ammeters.
5. Thenadjustthevariactoits minimumposition.
6. Switchoffthepowersupply.
7. Calculatethe parametersofchokecoilbythe known formulae.

TABULARCOLUM:ThreeVoltmeterMethod
S. V1V I V2VO V3V CosФ SinФ R Z XL L
NO OLTS AMPS LTS OLTS

AverageInductance=
AverageResistance=
ThreeAmmeterMethod

S. V I1A I2A I3A CosФ SinФ R Z XL L

NO VOLTS MPS MPS MPS

AverageInductance=
AverageResistance=

MODELCALCULATIONS:
FromthePhasorDiagaram,

LetV1=V,V2=VR,V3=Vland
WecanwritetheEquationas

(OB)2=(OA)2+(AB)2+2(OA)(AB)COSØ
V2=(VL)2+(VR)2+2VLVRCOSØ-----------------1
V2–(VL)2–(VR)2=2VLVRCOSØ
COSØ = V2 – V 2 – V 2/2V V
L R LR

TheaboveequationisfortheC

OSØ. Fromtheequation1,

wecanwriteas V2= (VL)2 +

 (VR)2 + 2VLIRCOSØ V2=

(VL)2 + (VR)2 + 2PR

V2-(VL)2-(VR)2=2PR

P=V2-(VL)2- (VR)2/2R
I=VR/R Z=VL/I
R=ZCosØ X2=ZSinØ
L=XL/2∏f

Similarlyfortheammetermethod,wecanfindthetermsinI.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoidlooseconnections.
2. Takereadingswithouttheparallaxerror.

APPLICATIONS:
1. A choke is an inductor used to block higher-frequency alternating current (AC) in an
electricalcircuit, while passing lower-frequency or direct current(DC).
2. In fluorescent lamp circuit, Ac power pass through a 'choke' or 'reactor', this limits current and
prevents the lamp from creating a type of short circuit which would destroy the lamp. All arc
discharge lamps need a choke to limit current.
3. Choke practically produces enough voltage (for a very small time) to create a discharge between
anode and cathode.

RESULT: