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2nd PUC Basic Maths Textbook Pages 471 712
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UNIT V - CALCULUS Title No. of Teaching hrs. LIMITS AND CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES INDEFINITE INTEGRALS DEFINITE INTEGRALS AND APPLICATION TO AREAS TOTAL TEACHING HOURSChapter LIMIT AND CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION 17.1 Introduction : Calculus isa latin word which means pebble or a small stone used for calculating. The word calculation is also derived from the same latin word. Sir Issac Newton (1642-1727 A.D) and the German mathematician G.W. Leibnitz (1646 - 1716 A.D) invented and developed the subject independently and almost simultaneously. In this chapter we shall study about different types of functions, definition of limit, standard limits and continuity. 17.2 Variables and Constants: ‘A quantity which changes in its values is called a variable. Ifa variable takes real values only then the variable is called a real variable. For example : x, yz.... ete are variables ‘A quantity which remains same in ts value is called a constant. Ifthe value ofa constant is a real number then itis called real constants. For example: 5,11, ¢ .... are constants. 17.3 Definition of a function Ifto each value of real varible ‘x’ a unique real number ‘y’ is associated by means of rule “f° then we say the variable y isa real valued function of the real variable x. This is denoted byy =f@). The variable x is called independent variable The variable y is called dependent variable 17.4 Types of functions Polynomial function: A function of the form fis) = a,x a,x, where a,# 0, n isa non-negative integer and a,, a, Ex: fi) =x0 + 5x24 2x +1 . Modulus Function +a. dy vosseesseee, are real constants. N ‘The function which associates to each real number x, the number | x | is called the modulus function. : if x20 oy if veo Ex: [3|=3,|-3|=3 rr ooo(ul PUC) 3. Exponential function A function of the form f(x) = e* where e> 0 amd e# 1 is called an exponential function. The value ofe = 2.71828.... and is an irrational number. lB 4. Logarithmic funetion A function of the form f(x) = log, x where a> 0 and a# | is called a logarithmic function with base ‘a’ Fora>0,a#1,log.x=y => @=x Logarithms with base e are called natural logarithms. 5. Rational function e f £0) ve The function defined by =< where fx) and (s) are polynomial functions is ealled a tational function. B 2x-4 SYS Deal 17.5 Limit ofa function: 0 Consider the fimetion f(x)=“— Clearly, /() =, which is meaningless. xo ‘Thus f(«) is not defined at x=1 (+N -1 x-l Now, (x+1), only whenx# 1 Ifwe give to x, a value not exactly 1 but slightly more than I then clearly, the value of f(x) is slightly more than 2. Now ifwe go on decreasing this value and take it nearer to I then clearly the value of f(x) will come nearer to 2, as shown below. fox=11 then f(x) = 2.1 x=L01 — then/(x)=2.01 x= 1,001 then ffx)=2.001 Thus as the value of x approaches 1, the value of f(x) approaches 2 ieAs x31 f@)32 (The symbol ‘—” stands for ‘approaches to’ or tends to) oooBasie Mathematics, Similarly if we give to x, a value slightly less than 1 then the value of f(x) is slightly less than 2. Now, if we go on increasing this value and take it nearer to 1, the value of ) will come nearer to 2, as shown below. If x=09 — thenf@)=19 x= 0.99 — thenf(x) = 1.99 x= 0.999 then fix) = 1.999 | In general a number ‘? is called the limit of a function f(x) as.x tends to ‘a’ ifthe value of () is very nearly equal to ‘/’, whenever the value of xis very nearly equal to ‘a’. We write this as lim[f(]=1 Definition of Limit A function y= f(x) is said to tend to limit ‘I’ as x tends to ‘a’ iffthe numerical difference | f) -1| can be made as small as we like by taking x, nearer and nearer to ‘a’. Algebra of Limits (properties of limits without proof) . The limit ofa constant function is the same constant. ie As xl, f(x)>2 ‘We express this fact as inf Y 17.4 a ie. If/(x) =k, a constant function then lim[ f(x)] = v . The limit ofa scalar product is equal to the scalar product of the limit. ie, lim[ef(a]=k, lim[ fc] . The limit ofa sum is equal to the sum of the limits. ie lim[ f(x) + g@)]= lim[ #09] + lim[g@)] 4. The limit ofa difference is equal to the difference of the limits. ie lim[ f(x) - g()]=lim[ f(@)] -lim[g(@)] . The limit of a product is equal to the product of the limits, ie. lim[/@) g@]=lim[/@)]iim[g@)] y+}.(ul PUC) 6. The limit ofa quotient is equalto the quotient of the limits provided the limit of the denominator isnon-zero Loy) _ ilo) ive. in| A] lim[eoo] provided lim[g(x)] #0 2 . The limit of the n® root is equal to the n* root of the limit provided that the n" root of the limit isa real number. ie. limal7@) = [fim FC) , provided «flim /@) is a real number. Note: . Limits of polynomials can be found by substitution Tim[ px" + Py" +pxt po] Spd + Py Ot evcrot Phat Py 2. Indeterminate forms: a =) 0x00, c= 00, 0°, 00°, I” vs 3. Meaningful forms: a 0 @ Free Gi) 7=0(a+0) (ili)
a is non-zero, then the quotient rule of limits is applied to get the required limit. rr oooBasie Mathemation Example 3: Evaluate the following limits v2-x 24x 1. lim. lim : Solution: W2-x- 2 0 noe At x=0, <—N21* <0 form Rationalise in the Numerator x tim 2= V2 ee ae im Y2—E N24 fi) SNES Se 0 x ng) —x+V24x tim| 229-249) © tl x(J2=x+ 24x) 2x - tl oe = = lim? (2-04 2+0 = at “Wz ~ V2 x-9 lim] —— 9 _ 2 el aoe . x9 9 Solution: Atx=3, =F—Fey_= 9 form ima x lim 9 y BExT + Bet im] —*—27 |} a =e NST THT v8] Bxt 7 —VSx41 ee] Bxt7—Vax41 V3x+74V5x41 \ [re | jm} 2 NET NOS HY Gx+7)-Gx+D im| rr ooo(ul PUC) [= -(v a in| oe -2x+6 i BetT+ = lim| ——— ce 2 =3) sof Bra7 + =] 2 ~G+3)(V947 +V1541) 2 ~6(Vi6+VI6) _-6(4+4) 2 - 2 = 68) _ 25 -24 3 lim v3+x—-V5S—x 3, lim| > — Solutio: Aty=1, t2=V5—* a 2 form vo in| OPE S= a) HERR) SO) (View S—a) G+x)-(-x) = me -)(V34x+V5=x) 2x-2 2-1) = iG Dox+D(V34x +V5— x) rr oooBasic Mathematicy lim 2 “Norns E—s) 2 a+n(V341+V5-1) - 4 17.8 Evaluation of Standard Limits Theorem 1 : If is a rational number and a is non-zero real number, then . | x" =a" prove that snl | na"! =| 2a Proof: Case 1: Let be a positive integer. x na" =(x- a(x" tx" atx" a +... ta) + by (v—a) and apply lim x @ on both sides a}outat) Case 2: Let m be a negative integer putn=—m, m>0 consider(ul PUC)Basie Mathemation pb = ppm (by case 1) _ Bipetes _ Pigpe q q result is true for all rational values of n. Hence the Example 4 : Evaluate the following limits lim | =) = scar = 5-29" = 516) = 80 2 ] Divide both Nr and Dr by (x-2) 2 _ 10" 102)" 102° © 427 aay Px = 10(2)5 = 10(2)* = 10(16) = 160 rr ooo(ll PUC). + both Nr and Dr by (x-2)Basie Mathemation 6. lim: ex Put x+2=y AS x33 Sys = = S09" = 2% _3% 3 11 at 8. jim 22 eer xp = li 2 x=) “4 (2) =a = ly(ul PUC) One and two marks questions: . Evaluate the following limits tim( 223 bim( 22 torte tim( 249 saat 2. MN eb beta 3. 3 lim{ =—4* lim( =! tim ( 2°= oy 5. Mo 6. ML yo li 2 lin 8 . 3 marks questions: lim} lim: lim Jim] Jim 21 3) 6 43 5) 3 621 a 5 23 2 5 5) -5 1 6 “2 DI 8) 4 mh 1 i 2 2 3 a 4) 8 5 dF dF ya Evaluation of Trigonometrical Limits: ._(sin® Theorem 2 : If angel 0 is measured in radians, then prove that sim(*22) ID AN Let O be the centre ofa unit circle. Let us first assume that the angle @ is positive in radian. Let 408 = 6° . FromA draw AD L OA, meeting OB produced to D. Let OB = OA = radian, From the figure, we have Area of AOAB < Area of sector OAB
fox Be < font o< f ox DAw....(1) Proof: 1 Ls Area ofa sector = > (radius)? * angle in radians] DA From the A® DOA tan 6 = OA BC From the ABOC, Sin @= op 7 BC=rsin 8 (1) becomes, => BC<0< DA => sind<@
i< sind = e038 < TE <1 apply Lta—0 lim cos0
a40 and b40 sinax Solution: lim “sine(ul PUC) 3. lim Stee v= bsinx + both Nr and Dr by x 1 (ax+xeosx) im 2 Solution: —Fsinx a limeosx a 41 - = pam lin cos? x hi 4. Tsing . lim(1+ sin x) (L=sinr x) fi _ =lim(1+sinx) Sohn: in tac =1+0 = 1 - 5, im 208m 0 1 cos nO From sub multiple angle 2sin® (m9/) sin(m9) f asin? 9 Seaton: in (094) = 8 sin(n%) cos)Basie Mathemation 6, lim. soo tan3x Sokution: lim) P® 3% 3 x0] Sx tan3x 3 5 sinSx 3x, = <-lim| lim| 3 wl sx) tandx 5 5 =
3 3 son cos _ Lapeos (im. = y=]) 7 ox lima—x cos0°=1) 1 -i- 8, lim(cosecr—cotx) = tin( ) #0 x0\ sinx — sinx 1=cosx Solution: = tim ml sing 1 2sin? 34, jim 2 a I asnVfeox7, Womsubmuitipe ante} sin®/, im = 2 2 0 cos, 7 Example 6: Evaluate the following limits: cot 1. 37 PO Solution: Let = 54h . iaoa0e rr ooo(ul PUC) cot lim, im sit(@—3) vor a(m—x) Solution: Let r=r+h 2. h30 as x3 in[x— (x +h)] = lim———_, io t[n-(r+h)] h30 as xo = yy ttnees2n =n SR2hants0° 40) =tan8 = 2. S224 - oq) 22 rr oooBasic Mathematicy sinx—cosx Solution: Let x x th, ho sxe tim Sinz =cosx sin(54 +4) cos(%/ +h (+8) +: from compound angle in(A+B)=sinA cosB +cosAsinB cos(A+B) = cosA cos B—sin AsinB tanx~sinx 5. lim 2 SE sot sin’ x sinx =sinx sinx— = jim 208 = tim oe sin? x <0 cos.x-sin? x . 1 = lim—__ <0 cosx(I-4 608) = lim M0 cosx-s —_l_ 1 1xd+) 2 Exercise 17.2 I. One and Two marks questions: Evaluate the following limits: sinax sin4x lim: 0 bx a,b20 2. 3. lim: so sin 2x rr ooo(ul PUC) sin3@ tan4x lin li 4 an 20 5. TiMan3x 6 7 Tim StS 7 8 li sinax+ bx 9. x90 4x4 sin 2x 39 ax-+ sin bx 10, lim xtan4x, x1 cos 4x IL. Three and Five marks questions: Evaluate the following limits: 1. lim 2. tim 3, times2 x0 sin? 2x 29 1 cos x9 cosx—1 tan 2x—sin2x sin2x+sin6x . V¥i+sinx —V1—sinx 4. lim 5. lim 6. lim y = x «0 sin 5x —sin3x x0 x a . 4 big 2.0 3.2 5. 5 5 1 6.1 1.3 8.1 9.0 10. 5 1 4 1-15 25 3.4 4.4 540 61 17.9 Statement of some standard limits (without proofs) fa 1 ” L 2 tin } Joga 5 uin( +2) e tim fim{ 1 4. timLtog(+ x) =1 6. mx Example 7: Evaluate the following limits:Basie Mathemation ou] m| © +1=2¢" ve(ul PUC) 5. 3° -1)-(2" -1} = log3 -log2 = ioe(3) 6. lim| = 2 :) = lim sol Bx log3* log log? —stog8 +1 As x31 wehave y0 7 — mle») = 1 (fromstdLt)Basic Mathematicy 9. lim2tog(1+ x) mx 2-Lim ea x Exercise 17.3 1. One and Two marks questions: Evaluate the following limits: ny (+2) 2. lim(1+3. n ht (ey moo 3 e* 2-1 4. tg 5 tal?) Il. Three marks questions: Evaluate the following limits: 2-1 lim] ———_ \ elo 2 3-2" a9 4, lim| 5, lim| tL rae rr ooo(ut PUC) Answers 17.3 I. 1. 2log2 2. 17.10 Limit at infini @ Meaning of x 00: Ifx isa variable such that it can take any real value howsoever large, then we say that the variable x approaches + co and write this as x + 0 (i) Meaning of x 00: Ifx isa variable such that it can take any real value howsoever small, then we say that the variable x approaches —so and write this as. x —co Infinite limit of a function: Let f(x) be a function of x. Ifthe value of f(x) can be made greater than any pre-assigned number by taking x close to a, then we say that the function /(«) becomes positively infinite as x approaches a. We write this as lim f(x) = += Similarly ifthe value of (x) can be made less than any pre-assigned number by taking x close to a, then we say that the function /() becomes negatively infinite as x approaches a. We write this as lim f(x) =—e, Corollary: «tal re we have x co «. The variable x can be made as large as we like. 1 “. = ispositive and grows smaller and smaller asx becomes larger and larger. 1 150 ie. tin(4}=0 x mm x 2, lim (ke omy we have x——
Degree of Dr. (1) rr ooo(ul PUC) WM sy + Tout Pout v-% 4 Kt % 1+0+0 lt 0+0: 1-0 me (xt > Here, degree of Nr.(50) = degree of Dr.(50) we divide the Nr. and the Dr. by x*" tim 22 )*Gx=)" lim —* me Qx+1) V4 2434 ect §. im m= (n+) n(n) = lim woe (n+ 5)? rr oooBasie Mathemation lim: 5, 140 1 2040) 2 PHBH teeth MM) an? s3nel) soe (Ln) (Qn? +3n41) = fv PHP ttn lim (ntl) en? -2 © ne done(nt Qn +341) ile VY lime fin Uta) Jn) © nos 22m? +304), 2245/4 Ya) 140 1 © 224040) 4 1. lin( VF? Ve) ae - in eva enc EEE] +both Nrand Dr by x(ul PUC) « inl 38) in (vr+5 - Vr)(Ve+5 +x) ee VetStvx = fen Vr@tS-1) lim sve Ter +e Yea S tae tim —— 5 5 Sey Siro = 2 Exercise 17.4 L. Two marks questions: 1 im 32 a 4e 45 2 limo ae +7 4 tim St MGx+3) oe 2x? + 5x=1 vom 2x4 3x46 Ss (2x (x44) (2x-)"Gx-1)” x 14243 4.cctn li lim. 1 4 axa ae 1 6 as tin = _ lim as 7 no (n + In) =1) 8 San IL. Three marks questions: 1. lim( Vie +12} 2. timve(Ver3—Ve) 3, limx( var -x) 4, tim( Vi? ¥5x -x) 5, limx(/ +1 -x) Answers 17.4 3 3y° 1 Lp 20 3) 6 4) G 5 5 1 1 9 > Dg Xx 5 uw Yo » 3 3) 2 4 3 5 4 5 ) ) 5Basic Mathematicy 17.11 Left Hand and Right Hand Limit (one sided limits) The limit ofthe function f(x), when x tends to ‘a’ from the left side of ‘a’ is called the left hand limit of ff) as x a LHL= It f(x) ‘The limit of the function f(x), when x tends to ‘a’ from the right side of ‘a is called the right hand limit of f(&) as x a <. RHL= lim f() WORKING RULE To find the left hand limit. . Put x=a—h inf(x), where h is a small positive quantity. x Take the limit of ffa-h) as hs ice. lim (x)= lim f(a—h) |. To find the right hand limit . put x=a+h inf), where his a small positive quantity. 2. Take the limit off(a+h) as po i.e. lim f(x) = lim f(a +h) 17.12 Continuity ofa Function A function y =/(x) is said to be continuous at x =a if @ fla) exists (i) lims@=s@ Ifa function f(x) is not continuous at x = a then it is said to be discontinuous at x =a Note: The discontinuity of a function f(x) at a point x ~ a can arise in any one of the following ways 1, The function f(x) is not defined at x = a ie. f(a) does not exists. 2. lim (2) exists and f(a) exists but lim f(x) # (@) Example 9: 1. Show that the function Solution : f(s) = |x| is continuous at x= 0 Fe) = |x| x x30 = 40 x50 =x, x<0 rr ooo(ul PUC) LHL = lim f(x)= lim(-x)=0 (2 fs) =-x when x <0) RHL = lim f(x)= lim(@)=0 (2 fo) =x when x <0) «LHL =RHL=/(0) =0 => f(x) is continuous at x= 0 val xsl 2. Find lim f(x) where so-| wt I, x>1 Solution : LHL= lim f(x) = lim(? ~P (+ f@)=e-1, x<1) RHL= lim /(2)= lim(- =-1-1 = 2 Thus LHL + RHL => The f(x is discontinuous at x= | and the limit does not exist at x= 1 3. Prove that +1 when x<2 S@o=4 5S when x=2 4x-3 when x>2 is continuous at x= 2 Solution: LHL: lim (2) = lim(* +1) = lim(2~A)' +1=5 RHL: lim /(0)= lim(4x-3) = lim {4(2+ A) -3}=5 LHL=RHL- lim f()=5 By data f(2)=5 ice. lim x)= £2) Hence f(x) is continuous at x=2 rr oooBasic Mathematicy 4, Find kif f= é . lim =<-lim wal Dx De Since f(x) is continuous at x=0 lim £2) = FO) 5 k 5 oe kes 5. Iff@e) =) *-4 is continuous at. x= 4, find a = 44 = 256 Since f(x) is continuous at x= 4 limf()=f(4) => 256 = a or a=256 y+}.(ul PUC) L. 2and3 marks question: . Show f(x) defined by when x#5 S@)=) *-5 is continuous at. x= 5 10 when x=5 2. Show that the function x -9 f(x) x when x#3 is discontinuous at x =3 4 when x=3 3. Define (0) so that /(*) =| —F=> becomes continuous at x=0 x#0 4, Show that the function is continuous at x=0 é x=0 favs 5. Find k for which ktx, xsl roo=| 4x43, x1 Seontinuous atx=1 6. Ifthe function is continuous at x= 0, find k popal ores x#0 k , r=0 3x41 if x
l ye _ x0 8. Find the value of k ifthe function S)=} x is continuous atx=0 k x=0 Answers 17.5 3) 2 5) 6 6) e 7) ffx) is continuous at x= 1 8) 2 oooChapter DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 18.1 Introduction: Calculus is the primary mathematical tool for dealing with change. The concept of ‘derivative’ is abasic tool in science of calculus. Calculus is essentially concerned with the rate of change of dependent variable with respect to an independent variable. 18.2 Increment: An increment is any change ina variable . Increment = Final value — Initial value Ex: Ifa variablex changes from () 3.01 to 3,02 then increment = 0.01 (i) 3.01 to 2.99 then increment =-0.02 Note: 1) The increment of xis denoted by Ax or 8x 2) Ax is one symbol and not a product of A and x. A . 3) The ratio & is called incrementary ratio or average rate of change of y w. x per unit, 18.3 Derivative of a function: Let y=,(6) be a given continuous function, Then the value of y depends upon the value of x and it changes with a change in the value of x. Let Ay be an increment in y corresponding to an increment Ar inx then y =f@) and y+ Ay=f(e+ Ax) on subtraction, we get Ay=fle+ Av) —f6) Ay _ fet An) -f) Ax Ae This » is called Incremental ratio LEA ALC 5. cated dtference quotient ob =p $$}(ul PUC) The above limit, if it exists finitely is called the derivative or differential coefficient of y =f(x) with respect to x and it is denoted by Dox AL p{x)] or[ F(a) or 9 oF The process of finding the derivative is known as differentiation. The above method is also known as differentiation from the first principle or ab initio or by delta method. 2 n( $2) =p 289/09] Ax} de] Ax 18.4 Derivative at a point: The value of f'(x) obtained by putting x = a is called the derivative of f(x) at x=a and is denoted by /'(a) or (2) andis defined as ix Y ria) a tim et -f@ Foe (a) tim LO If f"(a) exists, we say that f(«) is differentiable at x = a. If f"(e) exists for every value of xin the domain of the function, we say that ff) is differentiable. Definition (Left hand derivative): The left hand derivative ofa function y = f() at x =a is denoted and defined by, L{fa)}= tim L2=LO py vided the init exists. Definition (Right hand derivative): ‘The right hand derivative ofa function y = f(x) at x =a is denoted and defined by f@)~ fla) RLF (@)} = him 18.5 Differentiability: , provided the limit exists. A function y = f() is said to be differentiable at x = a if L{ f'(a)} and R{f (a)} exist and dy are equal. This is denoted by (a) ot (2) If for a function y= f(x), any one of L{ f'(a)} or R{f (a)} (or both) does not exists, or even they exist but not equal then we say f(x) is not differentiable at x = a. rr oooBasic Mathematicy 18.6 Relation between continuity and differentiability THEOREM: If a function f is differentiable at a point c, thes at that point. is also continuous Proof: Since f is differentiable at c, we have tin £0= £0 a f o =f) But for x40, we have fe LO). =e lin 0) =F] =H] FPL x-e| mm ne £0) - f= or lim[ f(a)]-lim[ /(€ y=tin| =F) lim(x-c) lim lim tim) ft = fo = 0 = lims@)= 0 Hence fis continuous at x= c Corollary 1 : Every differentiable function is continuous. ‘We remark that the converse ofthe above statement is not true. Indeed we have seen that the function defined by f(x) =|x| isa continuous function. Consider the left hand limit jn LO=D=L0) io The right hand limit fim forne fo n LO+h)-fO h Since the above left and right hand limits at 0 are not equal, lim does not exist and hence f is not differentiable at 0. Thus f is not a differentiable function. Note: Differentiability implies continuity but continuity does not imply differentiability. rr ooo(ui PUC) 18.7 Differentiation of some important standard function from first principles: 1) To differentiate a constant function from first principles. Let y= f(x) =k where k is constant 2 yt Aya f(xt Ay =k By definition Thus the derivative ofa constant function is zero. dk) dx ie. y =f) =k > =0 d(2 Ex: ( Lazo (i o{2}-0 Gi) S(e)=0 2) To differentiate x” from the first principles Let y= f(x)=2" vo ytAy= f(xt Ax)=(x+ Ay)" By definition $s jn| f+ 49-200] dx 40] Ax put x+Av=z As Aro yt rox = dim] GAD sso] (xt Ax) —x ooox"=a" . oo It =n,a' } re x-a 4 tye nex” > lade Beg Leyes an Thus if d Ex: (i) | ) 4{a}4{4 — @ ee de 4% ) 54% 3) To differentiate e* from the first principes. Let y= f(ayset cy+Ays flrt Ax) =e"™ By definition(ul PUC) jee de erentiate a* where (a > 0) and q #1 from the first principles. 4) To di Let y= f(x)=a" yt dys f(xt Aaah By definition Baim dx so [ems x = lim - [enone 5) To differentiate log x (x > 0) from the first principles. Let y= f(x) =logx . yt Ay = fet Ax) =log(x + Ax) By definition lim [eee Ax) =e I [: logm—logn = log,Basie Mathemation = lim ot ae tg(t**)] marta Av=hex As Av 30 | hao x 1 = lim) —. log(l+h in| gry eo =t tin og + a) 1 =—0 x a 2. ;-(ogx) = qlee) x 6) To differentiate’ sin x’ from the first principles. Let y= f(x) sy Ays f(x+ Ax) =sin(x+ Ax) By definition dy [foren—te) inx lim dx se) ay ~ tim jac Ax)=sin, | ae [sin sin C - sin D = 200s? sin. =| 4 (sin.x) =c0s2 4 sin) =e0s a(ui PUC) 7) To differentiate cos x from the first principles. Let y= f(x)=cosx 2. yt Ay = f(x+ Ax) =cos(x + Ar) By definition ay [ferent slim dx ax 10s(x + Ax) —cos x = igh ca Ax lim| -2sin = -2sin( 2) 1 2 d I— (cos x) = ~sin. osx) = sin ni- 8, To differentiate ‘tan x’ from the first principles, Let y= f(x) =tanx » yt Ays f(r Ax) =tan(x + Av) By definition ® im = = fea} aol jeer =| ig} ao ax ooBasic Mathematicy [using tan 4- tan B= tan(A-B)[1+tan A tan B]] AzxtAr B= | Av [ tan Ax lim BAS 1 tan(rt a0 sans} [vn( 22) =] x = 1 (1+ tanx-tanx} 1+ tan® x. 9) To differentiate ‘cot x’ from first principles. Let y= f(x) tx yt Ay= f(x+ Ax) =cot(x+ Ax) By definition $a nf fora-s00 | dx so ae _ jin| Set —eot) so Ax cos(x+ Ax) _ cosx — tim) SHAN) sin ar Ax) cos x-sin(x + Ax) sin@x+ Ax)sinx- Ax sin Acos B — cos Asin B = sin(A —B)] sin Ax 1 Ax lim sin(x-+ Ax) —cosec?x(ul PUC) 10. To differentiate ‘cosee x’ from first principles. Let y= f(x) =coseex yt dys f(e+ Ax) =coseo(x + Ax) By definition im | f(x Ax)— fe) dx S90 A [sess
dry. * dia dx Gf +1? _ + fe") +e—De"}-e' (=D) +l EXERCISE 18.1 One mark questions: 1. Differentiate the following w.rt. x 1. Se* -logx-3Vx 2. loge® 3. 4 wks (se 3 ‘Two marks questions: IL. Differentiate the following wart. x 1. (x=a)(x—b) 2 3. (5x°+3x-1)(e-1) 4. x443x) 5. x G-6r") 6. sin? x 7, xt 8 —__ 9, 008%, x ax +bx+e T+sinx 10. (x+cosx)(x —tanx) IM. 1. If f(x)=x? -3x+10. Find f"(50) and (11) 2. If f(e=x" andiff"(1) = 10. Find the value of n. - 1 aay 3. Ify=x+— show that 7S —xy +220 x dx ooo(ui PUC) Three marks questions: IV. Differentiate the following w.r.t. x = cos x 2 x I sinx 2 x-a xt) 3x=1 vase JeVe 1 V. 1. Find the derivative of (2) = — with respect to x from first principle. dy 2=sin* 2. If y=x+tanx. Show that cos’ x ok Answers 18.1 One mark questions: 1 2.0 3 1 4.4 5. I-s 6 * ‘Two marks questions: a-b I. 1. 2x-a-b 2 Gop 3. Sx? 4x4 1,24 (5+2x) 5. 15x44 6. sin2x 41 —Qax +b) -1 1 oF Grito? Tesinx 10. (I-sec” x)(x+cos.x) + (x—tan x)(I -sin x) MH. 1.97, 19 2. 10 Three marks questions: x cosx+5x° Iv. 1. GinxG+ afm! log2. te>| ~2* logx Ste J 2x? 18.9 Composite functions (function of a function) Ify = f(u) and u = g(x) then y = f/g(x)]. This function y = f[g(x)/ is called a composite function, ‘Theorem (Chain Rule) Let /be areal valued function whieh is composite of two functions wand v, ive. f= vou. = fee) and u = e(x) & and exists Suppose y = ftx) and w = g(x) % and 7 exists Ve de wehave 2. 3s 20a Note : The chain rule can be extended to the functions which are composition of more than two function. If y= (uw), w= gv), v= A(x) then Be We ae du dv dk Example 1 : Differentiate the following wart. x: 1, (3x4 44x45)" Solution: Let y=(3x7 44x +5)" put w=3x? +4x+5 then y Boys M644 du dx dy _dy du _ os BLD 6s (6x 44) ae du ae OD ip __—(ul PUC) > Boar +4x+5)°(6x+4) ix OR (using direct method) without substitution. ® Lear +4x45)-(6x +4) ax 2 e° Solution: Let y= e" OR 3. log (x? -2) Solution: Let y= log(x? -2) Example 2 : Differentiate the following w.rt..x 1. tant Solution: Let y= tan‘ x Satan? x2 tan = tan’ * = xStanx = 41a ect 77 z fan’ x-sec? x rr 2 oooBasic Mathematicy 2. see (see x) Solution: Let y=sec (see x) ® . sec(seex)tan(seex)£ (secx) ae ede see(see x) tan (see x). see x. tanx 1 3 —1 (2—cos x) Solution: 2-cosx)* Let OT cosh B33 __ yisinx) dx (2—cosx) 4, log(sec x + tan.x) Solution: Let y=log(secx + tan x) 1 d +tanx dx BIS I z g a ay 1 dx seex-+tanx (sec xtan.x + sec* x) __ seox(seex + tan x) secx + tanx = seox Example 3 : Differentiate the following w. 1. VtanJx Solution: Let y= vtanJx rr ooo(ui PUC) 1 d pe an) eee EAE ~ 2y tan vx va) dd de aftande 2. tan [log (sinx)] sec* Solution: Let y= tan[log(sinx) ] & < see*[log( sina) cosx = cotx-see* [log(sinx)] 3. out(e +5) x Solution: 14x 4, 9= w{ Solution: A log— = log A —logB [ PBB RAT WE | | rr oooBasic Mathematicy Example 3: 1 4 L If y=log[ x +Vir# |. Prove that ae Solution: yelog|x+Vi43" | 1 1 +——— 2] ta [ ae | set » 1 & Gar) d 1 a ite 2. If y= (x+ve #1) «Prove that (x7 (2) amy? Solution: ye(reve Hy(ul PUC) o[xeFaay ny. Vr +l =V¥ #1 Squaring on both sides eae) enr One and Two marks questions: Differentiate the following w.r:t.x 1 (@-x) 4. sin’ 7 pili 10. log| log(tanx)| 13, ghee) Three marks questions: 1. If cosx+sinx cosx—sinx Do se , show that "= (x4 +1) EXercise 18.2 2. log [log (logx)] 5. [log(cosx) 8 Jeot dx. 11. cos3x-sinSx 14. e*.sin3x Ltsinx 20. log] —~—— 3. cos x* (“) 6, see{ r++ x 9. Jog(sin vx) 12, sinx-sin2x 15. cos* x- cos(x*) rr oooBasic Mathematicy ay 2 22008 J. prove that = 2 cosee.x 3. Differentiate ¢* wart. x from first principles. 4, Differentiate sin2x w.rt. x from first principles. 5. Differentiate tan ax w.rt. x from first principles Answers 18.2 One and Two marks questions: 1 1 1 1. —2ox(at - 2" 2. Tog(iogx) logx x 2 1 3. ~3x7 sin? 4, 3sin’Vx-cosvx aed 5. —2tanx-log(cos x) 6. (log 7) cos Vx- 7%" 1 Se 8 TER ae Aerlcot ve cotyx sec? x 0. ST ax tan x- log(tan x) 1 11, 5 cos 3x. cos Sx —3 sin 3x. sin Sx 12, 5(-sinx+3sin3x) b Veta tx * era 14. e*(3cos3x+2sin3x) 15. -Scos* x[ x*cosx-sin.x* + sin xcosx* ] 16. —[1+2x*log3 logx| x (2xlog.x-cosx—Ne 2x(logx)* rr ooo 19.(ll PUC) Three marks questions: 3. 2e* 4. 2sinxcos.x 5. asec? ax 18.10 Differentiation of implicit functions: Ifx and y are connected by a relation of the type _y = 2x‘ —3x° +4x? +7 then we say that y is defined explicity in terms of x and the function y= f(x) is said to be an explicit function of x. However if.x and y are connected by a relation of the type x‘ -2x7y+y° =2x? +1 then such an equation is called an implicit form of a function, Usually such functions are expressed as f(&,y) = 0. Here f(x,y) denotes an expression involving the variables x and y. ‘WorkING RULE Step 1 : Differentiate both sides of the equation /(%,y) = 0 wartx. a Step 2: Collect the terms involving [~ on one side and the remaining on the other side. we get g(x,y) 2 Hxy) s 5 ay dy _ Way) Step 3 : Solve for T-and write G-= 7) This process of finding 2 byabove method is called as implicit differentiation. Example 1: Find 2 if a) Sy sa? b) ©) x4 y?-3xy42x43y—5=0 d) ©) sinxy+cos(x+ y)=4 Solution: a) x? +y* =a? Differentiating w.r.t. xboth sides we getBasic Mathematicy Differentiating w.r:t. x both sides we get Bo 1 , Qxt 2p 2 XA GS Ay ety Differentiating wat x both sides, we get 3xy+2x+3y—5=0 2x4 2y- + Dy x Zev ale2r3s® <0 ax a Sp» ~3x+3]=-2x+3y-2 4 ax 2y—3x+3 d) e =sin(x+y) a a o Sesotcay fied] dy dy © F cose + FE = c0s(r+y) cos(x+y) 2[e = cos(x+y) dy __cos(x+y) de & —cos(x+y) @) sinxy + eos(x+y)=4 cos .xy} oo] ~sin(x+ Sor y=0 apply product rule for xy i}(ul PUC) oot] 4 yf snes] ax a dx xcosxy —sin(x + y)] =sin(x + y) ~. dy _ sin(x+ y)— yeosxy dx xeosay—sin(x + y) Example 2: dy -1 If xJit y+ yVi4 x =0 where x# y,showthat 7- Gyr Solution: Wehave xfity+yVizx=0, xJity squaring both sides we get «(1+ y)= y"(1+x) Je = ¥txy-y?-yr=0 = OF -y)te-y)=0 > (x-y) [xt yt] =0 . xty+ays0 [exe y] = xty(lt+x)=0Basic Mathematicn Example 3: “hel net ‘that 2 =e If e* +e’ =e"'’, show that x e Solution: Consider ¢* +e” =e" ete Mae | 142 ae # eseryia® 4 ese ® Poere[i+d| er sete”) we a Example 4: = i i dy _sin*(a+ y) If siny = xsin(a+ y). Prove that 2 sin y = xsin(a + y) x sina Solution: We have sin y = xsin(a+y) sin sin(a+ y Differentiate w.r..t y dx _ sin(a+ y)cosy—sin y -cos(a+ y) dy sin’(a+ y) sin[(a+y)-y] sin’(a+y) sina sin’(a+y) ooo(ui PUC) awd ay dx ty, _ sin*(a+y) sing Example 5: (2) (3) =2 then find 2 at (a,b) Solution: Weave ($] (3) 2 a b Differentiating w.r.t. x ‘ At (ab) lid b dx n-(1)" on (" a = = dy _-b = #2 aa EXeERcise 18.. One and Two marks questions: Differentiate the following wr.t.x 1. 3x7 +4)? =10 v Sealy 4. a yh aah 5.Basic Mathematics Three marks questions: Differentiate the following w.r.t. x 1. logay)=° +9" 2 e227 3 4, sinxy =cos(x+y) 5. yaar Five marks questions: fz 4 1. If +2 =a. Provethat x2 y x dx 2. If x dy _cos"(a+y) a sina = & i é g S % z 2 gE(i PUC) Three marks questions: y(2x? =1) 2°22’ =) y[zlogy-y] x(1—-2)°) 2 panF) 3. Y[ylogr—x] ylog4 log4 5, _[singrt ») + yoosa xeos.xy-+sin(x+ y) 18.11 Differentiation of Infinite series a When we have to find q incase yis given as infinite series then we use the fact "Ifa term is deleted from an infinite series, it remains unaltered". Example 1: - an If y=x + Prove that 7 =a yogw) Solution: We have y= Apply logarithm on both sides => psx = logy=ylogx Diff. both sides w.r.t. x 4d Tf y= qlogx+ Jlogx-+ Jlogx Fence show that (2y—1) Solution: Wehave y= flogxt flogx tune fiogxtyBasic Mathematicy Squaring on both sides yr slogx+y Diff. both sides w.r.t.x ala ay ry Ba1 2y-n& Peta 2 OPM Example 3: - = dy cosx ify sin x +Vsinx +......°° , Prove that a 2y-1 Solution: We have y= fsinx+ Vena. y= sine ty Squaring both sides sinx+y Diff. both sides w.r.t..x sx 2y- Z=cosx Solution: We have y = yee” Apply log on both sides logy=x+y [log Diff. both sides w.rt.x(ui PUC) Exercise 18.4 1 cy 1. HyaqleayerJier.nco thenprove that 7-3 2. y= yianx+Jianx+.....00 then prove that = dy y cotx 3. y= Ginx)", showthat Gy Tog sin) _ a) dy _ 2y° cosec2x 4, If y=(tanx)"" show that = ——— dx 1—ylogtanx y ie 5. Ify=(e'y? » show that 7 ay 18.12 Logarithmic Differentiation: Many a times, the fimction whose derivative is required involves products, quotients and powers. In such a case differentiation can be carried out more conveniently if we take logarithms on the two sides and simplify before differentiation. This process is called logarithmic differentiation. This is especially useful when the variable occurs in the exponent. Example 1: Differentiate the following w.rt..x. yx 2) (sinx)"™* 3) dogxy™* Solution: 1) Let y=x" Taking log on both sides, we get log y=xlogx +logx-I ae 77 Lt les] =x"[I+logx] rr oooBasic Mathematicy 2) Let y=(sinxy** Taking logonbothsides we get log y= tan x-log(si Differentiating both sides w.r.t..x lay 1 : 1 ~ tan x. (cosx) + sec? xlogsin x yar sing ay cosx ® x yftanx-cotx-+sec? xlogsinx =cotx el sin] sinx (sinxy""* [1+ sec? x logsin x] 3) Let y= (logx)™ Taking log on both sides, weget log y= cos x- log(logx) Differentiating w.r.t x we get =cosx-—.1 + (-sinx)log (log x) ogx x ® _ | 828% _ sin y Jog(logx) dx” | loge = (logx)™* [Se -sins log we] xlogx Example 2: Find & ify +x? ind 7 ity Solution: Given that y* +2? =a" Putting u=y", we get w-y=a" du dv —+—=0 ate 0 wl) Now u(ul PUC) Taking logarithm on both sides, we have log w=xlog y Differentiating both sides wart. xwe have cog) +10g y su +logy-1 .. (2) Also v= x Taking logarithm on both sides, we have log v=y logx Differentiating both sides w.rt. x, we have Ltogx)+ logs 2 de togx 2 a ¥ dy — vf 2+ togr «| +logx al on 8) from (1), (2) and (3) we have J 22 soe yee] ay y[£Somes ee [Estos 4) (ey +x? logr)S = -y-x?! -y"logy dx ay _ [yet yx] dey +e loge rr oooBasie Mathemation Example 3: 4 Differentiate |2—PE*9 wire x 3x° +4x45 Solution: Let y (x= 3x? +4) 3x° + 4x4+5, ‘Taking logarithm on both sides 1 2 « logy = 5[ lat =3)+log(x” +4) ~log(3x" +4x +5) | Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x we get wie] Example 4: px ae ay ___logx If x’ =e*”, prove that 5 Gy tog? Solution: Given: x? ‘Taking logarithm on both sides = ylogx=(x-y)loge = ylogx=x- = y(lt+logx) =x ye he Te loge Diff, wart. x by quotient rule L+logx)-1-x-4 y_(tben los dx (1+ logx)?? logx dx (1+logxy y+}.(ui PUC) Example 5: dy If x" y"=(e4 yy". Show that Solution: We have x". y"=(x+y)"" Taking log both sides we get mlogx-+nlog y = (m-+n)log(x +y) Differentiating both sides w.rt. x, we get 1 ongy fi ® y dk xtyl de 1 <+n x dy| net y)— ym +n) |_ x@n+n)—m(x+y) dx yet y) x(x+y) => Bcc ny—my) 2 (mx + ne —mx — my) ix Example 6: ay _ yux my) > ake xnx—my) , dy loge If (xe) how that 7. Gy log xy Solution: we have (xe)’ = e* Taking log on both sides ylog (xe)=x loge —_[-logxe = logx + loge =logx +1] ] (+ logx) =x-1 [loge =Basic Mathematicy Diff. wart. x (1+ logx)-1=x (+ logxy _ Lelogx ~ UF logx) logx dx (I+ logxy Exercise 18.5, ‘Two and Three marks questions: Differentiate the following w.r.t x: 1. xf 2 xm (sinxy’ 4, ysis 5, xfne— co) Five marks questions: Differentiate the following w.r.t x: 1. x%®* +(log x)" 2. xe loge 3. (xt I(x +2443) 4 yy? ie 1y a a(usd) x 7. x .e* sec? x Answers 18.5 1 Le rtes» 2 | ME cosx voes| log sinx . We g. a x svies| 1 3. (sinx)* [xcotx+ logsin x] 4x [Lo+200| sin corx SIX COS x Sire cose + (cosx+sinx) bss x ip ___—(ut PUC) Five mark questions: sone( 21 fo [2 } Coes) [ee eto x Togx 2. xe [2logx+ 2x7 logx +1] 3 crvresaresa| + 3 5] ~ x+l x+20 x+3 4, [2 +logx® ]+ xx" [I+ logs? ] lf @=De=2) J 1 6 3YG-da-He-3Lx- 23 see s[2r2s2is] x 7. ( 18.13 Differentiation of parametric functions: Ifthe variable x and y ofa function are expressed as the functions of another variable't! or "g' then we say the function is defined in parametric form. The variable 't' or '9' is called a parameter. Ifx=fO, y=sO In order to find the derivative of function is such form, we have wy dy de di dx dt provided /'() #0 rr ooo
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