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Week 9 Tutorial-1

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16 views5 pages

Week 9 Tutorial-1

tut 1

Uploaded by

kartavya.kg777
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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General Information

Thursday, 4 May 2023 7:26 AM

• VLSM Test one-to-one feedback today

• Continue practicing VLSM (around 15% of the Final Written Assessment)

• Mid-Sem Skills Assessment one-to-one feedback today

• Today you will complete labs 7a and 8a. Do NOT do these on Packet Tracer.
○ Not all STP configuration commands available in PT.
○ Also, remember your Final Skills Assessments are done on ATC equipment

Tutorial 9 Page 1
Layer 2 Redundancy
Thursday, 4 May 2023 7:28 AM

• Link and hardware redundancy are necessary to increase network availability

• Layer 2 redundancy leading to L2 loops can cause several issues


○ Broadcast Storm
○ Duplicated unicast frames
○ MAC address table instability

• This issues can render a network unavailable within seconds

Tutorial 9 Page 2
STP Concepts
Thursday, 4 May 2023 7:30 AM

• STP will allow you to have redundancy in place, but avoiding L2 redundancy issues

• STP achieves this by blocking alternative paths

• If active path becomes unavailable, STP will unblock an alternative path

• STP follows a 3-step algorithm to determine the active/blocked paths

• 1st Step - Root Bridge Selection


○ Switch with the lowest Bridge ID
○ Bridge ID determined by:
▪ Bridge priority value (32768 by default)
▪ MAC address of the switch
▪ Optional extended ID

• 2nd Step - Root port selection


○ Non-root bridges have one R (root) port
○ R ports forward traffic, i.e. send/receive frames and populate the MAC table
○ The port with the lowest path cost to the root wins the election
○ If 2+ ports have the same path cost to the root, lowest received BID wins
○ If the 2+ ports are connected to the same bridge, lowest received port priority wins
○ If the 2+ ports are connected to ports with equal priority, lowest received interface ID wins
○ What is the cost of a link?

• 3rd Step - Designated and Non-Designated port selection


○ All ports in the root bridge are D (designated) ports
○ D ports forward traffic, i.e. send/receive frames and populate the MAC table
○ Only one D port per link, the other one is either root, or ND (non-designated or alternate)
○ The D port is the port on the switch with the lowest root path cost wins
○ If root path cost is the same for both switches, the switch with the lowest Bridge ID wins the D end
○ ND ports block traffic, i.e. does not send/receive data frames (only forward BPDUs)

• Not 100% clear? watch the STP Demo available on Echo360

• Next week we will do a STP example to solidify these concepts

Tutorial 9 Page 3
STP Versions
Thursday, 4 May 2023 7:32 AM

• PVST is a Cisco proprietary version of standard STP (802.1d)

• PVST builds a STP topology for each VLAN


○ Bridge priority, port-priority and port cost can be customized per VLAN basis
○ This allows for different topologies for different VLANs
○ In turn, this allows load balancing

• Rapid STP (802.1w) is and evolution STP (802.1d) allowing for faster network convergence

• Rapid PVST is the cisco proprietary version of 802.1w

• By default, Cisco 2960 switches run PVST

• By default, Cisco 3650 switches run Rapid PVST

Tutorial 9 Page 4
STP Fine Tuning
Thursday, 4 May 2023 7:47 AM

• We can modify STP default values to control the STP topology

• To manipulate the root bridge selection:


○ Change the bridge priority to something lower than the default
○ Use explicit command (preferred)

• Define a secondary root bridge


○ Change the priority to something lower than the default but higher than the primary
○ Use explicit command (preferred)

• PortFast
○ Used on switchports connected to end hosts to speed access to the network
○ NOT to be used on switchports connected to other switches, hubs or routers
○ A port with PortFast on will still send/receive BPDUs and participate on STP

• BPDU Guard
○ Should be enable on PortFast ports
○ If a BPDU is received, it means there is a switch at the other end
○ The port will be shutdown to protect the STP topology

Tutorial 9 Page 5

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