CAPITOL TOWERS NORTH

225 MADIBA STREET

PO BOX 1022
PRETORIA
0001
FAX: (012)358 4684
NOVEMBER 2016 TEL: (012)358 7733
 GUIDELINES FOR THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
WATER AND SANITATION SYSTEMS

PLEASE NOTE:

This document will be revised on a regular basis.

(This edition is November 2016).

AMENDMENT EDITION
AMENDMENTS
NO. DATE

Page 1 of 181
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

A. GENERAL CONDITIONS ........................................................................................................................ 6

1. APPOINTMENT OF CONSULTANTS FOR PRIVATE DEVELOPMENTS .................................... 6

2. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CONSULTANTS APPOINTED BY COT .............................. 11

3. SURVEYING............................................................................................................................................ 12

4. DRAWINGS ............................................................................................................................................ 13

5. SPECIFICATIONS AND CONDITIONS OF CONTRACT ................................................................ 16

5.1 MATERIALS ............................................................................................................................................................. 16

5.2 CONDITIONS OF CONTRACT ........................................................................................................................................ 16
5.3 SPECIFICATIONS DOCUMENT ....................................................................................................................................... 16
5.4 PROCUREMENT DOCUMENTS...................................................................................................................................... 16

6. CONSTRUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 17

6.1 EXISTING SERVICES.................................................................................................................................................... 17

6.2 EXCAVATION OF TRENCHES ......................................................................................................................................... 18
6.3 WORK ON PRIVATE PROPERTY ..................................................................................................................................... 18
6.4 AS-BUILT PLANS ....................................................................................................................................................... 19
6.5 SUPERVISION ........................................................................................................................................................... 19
6.6 TAKE-OVER OF NEW TOWNSHIP SERVICES BY THE CITY OF TSHWANE ................................................................................... 19
6.7 PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY ................................................................................................................................... 20
6.8 ROAD CROSSINGS AND REPAIRING OF ROAD SURFACES ..................................................................................................... 20

7. REQUIREMENTS OF THE OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ACT ............................. 21

B: WATER SERVICES GUIDELINES ..................................................................................................... 22

1. DESIGN .................................................................................................................................................... 22

1.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................ 22

1.2 CONNECTION OF NEW NETWORKS/PIPES TO THE EXISTING MUNICIPAL SYSTEM...................................................................... 22
1.3 WATER PLANNING .................................................................................................................................................... 23
1.4 PEAK CONSUMPTION................................................................................................................................................. 28
1.5 FIRE FIGHTING ......................................................................................................................................................... 28
1.6 NETWORKS AND PIPING ............................................................................................................................................. 30
1.7 RESIDUAL PRESSURE.................................................................................................................................................. 31
1.8 DEPTH OF PIPES BELOW FINAL GROUND LEVEL ................................................................................................................ 32
Page 2 of 181
 1.9 PLACEMENT OF PIPES, VALVES, FIRE HYDRANTS, ETC ........................................................................................................ 32
1.9.1 Pipes ............................................................................................................................................................. 32
1.9.2 Valves ........................................................................................................................................................... 32
1.9.3 Fire hydrants ................................................................................................................................................. 33
1.9.4 Air valves ...................................................................................................................................................... 33
1.9.5 Scour valves .................................................................................................................................................. 33
1.9.6 Marker blocks ............................................................................................................................................... 33
1.9.7 Existing services ............................................................................................................................................ 34
1.9.8 Property connections .................................................................................................................................... 34
1.9.9 Connections to all multi-residential erven and in respect of other land uses ............................................... 35
1.9.10 Valve boxes ................................................................................................................................................... 36
1.9.11 Anchor blocks................................................................................................................................................ 36
1.9.12 Pipe specials.................................................................................................................................................. 36

2. CONNECTIONS TO EXISTING NETWORK ..................................................................................... 36

2.1 DURING THE CONSTRUCTION PERIOD ............................................................................................................................ 36

2.2 AFTER COMPLETION OF THE INTERNAL WATER NETWORK/RELOCATED NETWORK ................................................................... 37

3. WATER PIPES IN AREAS UNDERLAIN BY DOLOMITE ............................................................. 37

3.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................ 37

3.2 MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR WATER SERVICES IN AREAS UNDERLAIN BY DOLOMITE. .............................................................. 37

4. RAIN WATER HARVESTING ............................................................................................................. 39

4.1 BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................................................... 39

4.2 IMPLEMENTATION. ................................................................................................................................................... 40
4.3 BENEFITS ................................................................................................................................................................ 40

5. WATER ANNEXURES .......................................................................................................................... 42

ANNEXURE W1: COMPLETION INSPECTION REPORT FOR NEW TOWNSHIPS/RELOCTED SERVICES: WATER................. 43
ANNEXURE W2: LIST OF SYMBOLS AND LEGEND TO BE USED ON WATER DRAWINGS .................................................. 50
ANNEXURE W3: MAP- AREAS UNDERLAIN BY DOLOMITE ............................................................................................. 52
ANNEXURE W4: STANDARD PROCEDURE FOR THE PROVISION OF WATER METERS AND BILLING OF HOUSING
BENEFICIARIES ..................................................................................................................................................... 53
ANNEXURE W5: GREEN BUILDING DEVELOPMENT BY-LAW .......................................................................................... 60

C: SEWERAGE RETICULATION AND LINK SEWERS ....................................................................... 76

1. INSPECTION .......................................................................................................................................... 76

2. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS............................................................................................................... 76

2.1 DEPTH OF MUNICIPAL SEWER ...................................................................................................................................... 76

2.2 SEWER SYSTEM IN MID-BLOCKS OR ROAD RESERVES ......................................................................................................... 76

Page 3 of 181
 2.3 TURBULENCE AND ODOUR PREVENTION ........................................................................................................................ 77
2.4 JUNCTION OF SEWERS................................................................................................................................................ 77
2.5 MANHOLES, LAMP HOLES, ENCASEMENTS, BEDDINGS, CLEANING EYES, ETC .......................................................................... 77
2.6 FALL THROUGH MANHOLES ........................................................................................................................................ 78
2.7 MATERIALS ............................................................................................................................................................. 79
2.8 PIPES ..................................................................................................................................................................... 79
2.9 MANHOLE COVERS AND FRAMES ................................................................................................................................. 79
2.10 EXISTING SERVICES.................................................................................................................................................... 79
2.10.1 Crossing of stormwater drains...................................................................................................................... 79
2.10.2 Stormwater drains on sidewalks................................................................................................................... 80
2.10.3 Electrical and telecommunications cables .................................................................................................... 80
2.10.4 Water mains ................................................................................................................................................. 80
2.10.5 Trees ............................................................................................................................................................. 80
2.10.6 Conditions of establishment ......................................................................................................................... 80
2.11 TOWNSHIP DEVELOPMENTS ........................................................................................................................................ 80
2.12 SCHEME AMENDMENTS ............................................................................................................................................. 81
2.13 SERVITUDES ............................................................................................................................................................ 81
2.14 NON ACCESSIBLE SERVITUDES ..................................................................................................................................... 82

3. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS .............................................................................................................. 82

3.1 ROUTING ................................................................................................................................................................ 82

3.2 DETERMINATION OF DESIGN FLOWS ............................................................................................................................. 83
3.3 SEWER CONNECTIONS ............................................................................................................................................... 86
3.3.1 General ......................................................................................................................................................... 86
3.3.2 Sewer connection depth ............................................................................................................................... 87
3.3.3 Sewer connection form/slip .......................................................................................................................... 87
3.4 SEWER DEPTH DETERMINATION ................................................................................................................................... 87
3.5 FLOW CALCULATION.................................................................................................................................................. 88
3.5.1 Minimum velocities: ..................................................................................................................................... 88
3.5.2 Minimum gradient: ....................................................................................................................................... 88
3.6 DESIGN INVERT LEVELS OF SEWERS ............................................................................................................................... 89
3.7 DRAWINGS ............................................................................................................................................................. 89
3.7.1 Working drawings ........................................................................................................................................ 89
3.7.2 Layout plan ................................................................................................................................................... 90
3.7.3 As-built drawings .......................................................................................................................................... 90

4. CONSTRUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 91

4.1 RESPONSIBILITY OF SUPERVISING CONSULTANT. .............................................................................................................. 91

4.1.1 Setting out .................................................................................................................................................... 91
4.1.2 Steep slopes .................................................................................................................................................. 91
4.1.3 Road crossings .............................................................................................................................................. 92
4.2 CCTV INSPECTION OF NEWLY BUILT MUNICIPAL SEWERS ................................................................................................. 92
4.3 NOTICES TO OWNERS OF DEVELOPED AND/OR ADJACENT PROPERTIES ................................................................................. 93
4.3.1 Mid-block notices.......................................................................................................................................... 93
4.3.2 Proposed connection notices ........................................................................................................................ 93

Page 4 of 181
 4.3.3 Notification of occupant of each erf ............................................................................................................. 94

5. SEWERS IN AREAS UNDERLAIN BY DOLOMITE ........................................................................ 95

6. LOW VOLUME SEWAGE TREATMENT SYSTEMS ....................................................................... 96

6.1 SCOPE AND APPLIANCE .............................................................................................................................................. 96

6.2 APPLICATION TO CITY OF TSHWANE’S WATER AND SANITATION DEPARTMENT ..................................................................... 97

7. SEWER ANNEXURES ......................................................................................................................... 100

ANNEXURE R1: SEWER CONNECTION SLIP ...................................................................................................................101

ANNEXURE R2: COMPLETION INSPECTION REPORT FOR NEW TOWNSHIPS: SEWER ..................................................103
ANNEXURE R3: GUIDELINES FOR THE APPLICATION FOR AND CONSTRUCTION OF A NEW SEWER CONNECTION .......108
ANNEXURE R4: DESIGN OF MANHOLES FOR PIPE DIAMETERS 300MM AND LARGER ...................................................117
ANNEXURE R5: LIST OF SYMBOLS TO BE USED ON DRAWINGS ....................................................................................125
ANNEXURE R6: GUIDELINES FOR THE DESIGN OF SEWAGE PUMP STATIONS ..............................................................127
ANNEXURE R7: MAP - AREAS UNDERLAIN BY DOLOMITE ............................................................................................147
ANNEXURE R8: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF SMALL ON-SITE SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS .......................................148
ANNEXURE R9: INFORMATION TO BE SUBMITTED BY THE PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER / TECHNOLOGIST WITH THE
APPLICATION FOR ON-SITE SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT .................................................................................153
ANNEXURE R10: ADDITION TO MANAGEMENT RULES OF BODIES CORPORATE REGARDING OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE SERVICE CONTRACT OBLIGATIONS IN RESPECT OF THE SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT .............155
ANNEXURE R11: PERFORMANCE GUARANTEE FOR ON-SITE SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS ......................................156

C: LOW COST HOUSING PROJECTS ................................................................................................... 159

D: CORRECTIONS AND AMENDMENTS TO THE STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR

MUNICIPAL CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS, THIRD EDITION 2005 .................................... 160

SERIES 3: SEWERS....................................................................................................................................... 160

SECTION 301: MATERIALS .........................................................................................................................................160

SECTION 302: CONSTRUCTION .................................................................................................................................162

SERIES 4: WATER RETICULATION AND WATER MAINS ................................................................ 165

SECTION 401: MATERIALS .........................................................................................................................................165

SECTION 402: CONSTRUCTION .................................................................................................................................169
SECTION 403: TESTING .............................................................................................................................................174

Page 5 of 181
 GUIDANCE FOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
OF WATER AND SANITATION SYSTEMS

The procedures below embody the principles and standards to be followed for the provision of
water and sewerage networks and pipelines in urban or development areas. If special
circumstances necessitate a deviation from the principles and standards, the proposed deviation
must be based on sound reasoning by the applicant and/or engineer and must be referred to the
Executive Director: Water and Sanitation for approval.

A. GENERAL CONDITIONS

1. APPOINTMENT OF CONSULTANTS FOR PRIVATE DEVELOPMENTS

Suitably qualified and registered civil engineers (consultants) must provide the input and
information required for the township layout process, draft the service report and execute the
design, provision and construction management of the services for all new developments. Only
consultants registered in terms of the Engineering Profession Act (Act No 46 of 2000) will be
allowed. Proof of sufficient professional indemnity insurance must be provided namely
R5,000,000.00 minimum or the estimated costs of the project whichever is the largest.

The consultant is responsible for compiling a tender specification for the project and must ensure
that the specification is comprehensive and clear. It must comply with the document issued by the
City of Tshwane titled Standard Specifications for Municipal Civil Engineering Works, 3rd Edition
2005, as amended from time to time. All exceptions must be approved prior to implementation.

The consultant must ensure that all the necessary servitudes have been registered and that all
way-leaves required for services have been obtained from the Department Roads and Transport
of the City of Tshwane, as well as from all other services authorities, and must provide the
Executive Director: Water and Sanitation with copies of the relevant documents.

After the tenders have been received by the consultant, a full tender report must be submitted to
the client. A report must also be submitted to the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation,
stating, among other things, the particulars of the preferred contractor with a summary of system
costs for water pipes and sewers, including professional fees and P&Gs. The details of the site

Page 6 of 181
 supervision envisaged for the project, including the CV’s of staff who will be employed on site and
their relevant experience must also be included for approval.

Should it be required that the consultant provide full-time or additional supervising staff at the cost
of the applicant, the consultant must propose a works clerk and submit a full justification and a CV
(of the works clerk) for approval. The Executive Director: Water and Sanitation reserves the right
to either approve or not approve it, to require more supervision, or to require that the site agent be
replaced should the site agent not qualify or act in the City of Tshwane’s best interests at any
time.

The consultant is responsible for, among other things, the supervision of the work and other
services related to the work that is to be carried out and must ensure that it is done in terms of the
contract.

The consultant must act as a liaison between the contractor, applicant and the City of Tshwane at
all times and, under normal circumstances, the contractor will not have direct access to the staff of
the City of Tshwane.

The consultant will remain responsible for the design of the services. If it becomes known that a
design was not done correctly, the consultant will remain responsible to rectify the service.

The consultant must follow the procedure below for the drafting of services reports and the
installation of services for new developments:

1.1 Ascertain if sufficient bulk services exist on the boundary or near the boundary of the
development.

1.2 Draw up a services report for the development, which includes -

• a letter of appointment;

• plans of the development;

• a schematic layout of services;

• design parameters;

• a document setting out the link pipelines, if applicable;

• the standards for construction; and

• an indication of the estimated costs of outstanding external (where applicable) and internal
services.

1.3 In the services report, also provide -

Page 7 of 181
 • the name and other particulars of the applicant/land owner/consultant for agreement
purposes;

• the physical and postal address of the applicant/land owner/consultant;

• contact person’s name and e-mail address;

• a copy of the deeds of transfer or the title deed; and

• the conditions of establishment of the township, if available (otherwise it must be provided

as soon as possible).

1.4 Have the services report approved by the Water and Sanitation Department.

1.5 Draw up plans and specifications for construction purposes after the approval of the services
report. Where applicable, prior to the submission of construction plans and approval of the
Services report, a Services agreement needs to be compiled and signed.

1.6 Have the construction plans and specifications approved by the Water and Sanitation
Department.

• A complete set of the envisaged construction drawings (readable in A2 format) minimum

shall be handed in at the Water and Sanitation Department for approval.

• Upon approval, two further copies of the construction drawings in this format shall be lodged
with the Water and Sanitation Department for reference purposes during construction as
well as in electronic format (CD) of the layouts only.

1.7 Notify the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation of the date the construction of the services
will commence, arrange for inspections, and give notice of every site meeting one week prior to
the meeting date.

1.8 Pressure test on water pipes, camera inspection and air testing of sewers.

• Arrange for the necessary pressure test on the water pipes and the camera inspection and
air testing of the sewer pipelines on completion of the construction, but before the take-over
inspection.

• The take-over test will be done after all excavations (especially electrical) have been
completed and backfilled.

1.9 Provide the necessary "completion certificate" after completion, which certificate must declare
that –

Page 8 of 181
 • all services have been installed and have undergone all the prescribed tests under the
consultant's supervision according to specifications;

• both the firm and the professional engineer/technologist take full responsibility for the work;
and

• the consultant will be available during the maintenance period to attend to any problems.

1.10 Provide the Water and Sanitation Department with -

• a complete set of the as built plans for approval including a SG Diagram;

• hard copies of the as-built plans, as well as in electronic format;

• sewer connection slips;

• a document from a land surveyor certifying that all the erf pegs are in their correct positions.

1.11 Provide details of

• the final cost of construction for the water and sanitation services separately,

• the details of the lengths of all the different sizes of pipes, the number of manholes, valves,
hydrants and connections in the “Completion Inspection Report”. (See Annexures for an
example).

1.12 Arrange with the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation for the final inspection after the
twelve-month retention period.

The responsibilities of the consultant include the following:

1.13 Ensure that the contractor is a qualified plumber with a QCTO red seal certification or has such
a qualified plumber on site. Ensure that the plumber has experience in the installation of
municipal services. (A CV of the plumber has to be provided for approval).

1.14 Regular site meetings and inspection visits to the works by a partner or senior engineer from the
head office of the consultant unless otherwise arranged with the Municipality.

1.15 Provision of and transport for all supervising staff.

1.16 Preparation of any further plans that may be necessary for the execution of the work or for site
inspections or that may be required by the City of Tshwane.

1.17 Surveying of the work as it progresses and the preparation and issuing of payment certificates.

1.18 Dealing with all complaints and problems experienced by the contractor and the public.

Page 9 of 181
1.19 The compilation of as-built drawings for the records of the Executive Director: Water and
Sanitation.

1.20 Obtaining of approval for any substantial amendments to approved plans.

1.21 All measurements and records kept for the purposes of payment, cost and contribution
calculations.

1.22 The issuing of "completion" and "final" certificates on completion of the work in accordance with
the standard conditions of contract.

1.23 Compliance with and monitoring of all aspects of the requirements of the Occupational Health
and Safety Act, 1993 (Act 85 of 1993), including all amendments to the applicable regulations.

1.24 Compliance with the Construction Regulations 2014 and amendments.

1.25 Reporting to the City of Tshwane of any damage to existing services immediately. The costs of
the damage to services and water loss will be recovered according to the standard tariffs of the
Municipality as promulgated from time to time.

The following requirements must be met before the applicant may have building plans
approved:

1.26 A services agreement may only be drawn up after the services report has been completed, a
Surveyor-General plan of the development has been approved, and final conditions of
establishment have been approved. (Please note that in most cases the client will have to make
contributions to engineering services to the City of Tshwane, according to the approved policy.
These contributions are calculated by the Water and Sanitation Department).

1.27 On completion of the installation of services, the applicant must provide the required retention
guarantees, which must remain valid for at least 12 months after the date of proclamation or the
date after which erven are allowed to be transferred, whichever is the later. The guarantee may
not be reduced or cancelled unless the reduction or cancellation has been duly authorised in
writing by the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation.

1.28 A section 82 or 38 (DFA) Certificate (to the effect that building work may commence) will only
be issued by the Water and Sanitation Department when –

• the two preceding paragraphs' requirements have been satisfactorily met;

• the installation of water, sewerage and electrical services has been completed;

• the township has been proclaimed;

• the contributions have been made; and

Page 10 of 181
 • the necessary guarantees have been provided.

• as built requirements as per Item 1.10 have been met.

2. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CONSULTANTS APPOINTED BY CoT

The consulting services required by the City of Tshwane will be specified in the letter of
appointment. However, the following general requirements must be met over and above those
stipulated in paragraph A.1 above:

2.1 The consultant shall take note of the Municipal Supply Chain Management Policy adopted by
the Municipality in terms of the Municipal Finance Management Act,2003 (Act 56 of 2003).

2.2 The responsibilities of the consultant include all those set out in paragraph A1 above
(Appointment of consultants for private developments).

2.3 Should it be a requirement that the consultant provide full-time supervising staff, the consultant
must propose a works clerk and submit a full justification and a CV (of the works clerk) to the
Executive Director: Water and Sanitation for approval.

2.4 Should it be necessary to make changes to the design during the construction of the works
owing to existing services "clashing" with any new pipeline, the consultant must make these
changes.

2.5 Amendments which have no financial impact must be submitted to the project manager for
approval.

2.6 Prior approval must be obtained from the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation for all
amendments that have cost implications for the City of Tshwane, as well as for all instructions to
the contractor that will cause substantial amendments to, omissions from or additions to the
contract.

2.7 The consultant must prepare sufficient sets of drawings for tender purposes.

2.8 The consultant must ensure that the work is carried out strictly according to the plans and
specifications, and on completion, must certify that this has indeed been done.

2.9 The payment of final professional fees will only be made when as-built drawings have been
handed over and a "completion certificate" has been produced on completion of the work.

The consultants that are appointed are also appointed as the agent of the City of Tshwane in
terms of the Construction Regulations, 2003, as promulgated on 18 July 2003 under section 43
of the Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993. The consultants must do the following:
Page 11 of 181
2.10 If requested to do so, appoint independent environmental site officers to ensure that all aspects
of the environmental management plan (EMP) and the National Environmental Management
Act, 1998 (Act 107 of 1998), that are relevant to the construction work are complied with and
adhered to.

2.11 Appoint the community liaison officer from the community and guide him or her.

2.12 Ensure that the principal contractor and all the contractors to be appointed to execute work
related to the project comply with and adhere to the Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993,
and ALL relevant regulations.

2.13 Ensure that the principal contractor and all the contractors to be appointed for the execution of
work related to the project each appoint a full-time safety officer to ensure that all aspects of the
Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993, and the regulations relevant to the construction work
are complied with and adhered to.

3. SURVEYING
A complete survey of the site must be made in the following manner:

3.1 A steel peg, with the top bent double (reference mark), must be placed in a concrete base on
the sidewalk next to the boundary on the north-eastern corner of each street block. The number
of the adjacent erf must be written in the concrete.

3.2 The elevation of the four corners of every erf must be measured, as well as the elevation of
terraces, cavities, etc, to obtain a true image of the topography of the premises. Trigonometric
elevations must be used and contour lines with 1m intervals must be drawn and be indicated on
the drawings. (Note: For low-cost housing projects, the requirement regarding erf corner
elevations may be relaxed).

3.3 The site or layout plan must be drawn to an acceptable scale (1:1 000, 1:2 000 or 1:2 500) with
north normally at the top of the sheet, and the plan must indicate the following:

• The erf numbers

• The land surveyor's reference pegs and erf pegs and their elevations in relation to sea level

• The elevations of the corners of each erf

• The street names

• The street numbers of the developed erven

Page 12 of 181
 • The positions and particulars of existing services

• The names of the neighbouring erven and townships

3.4 Contours obtained from the elevations of the erf corners must be indicated with 1m intervals on
the plan. In instances where the site is particularly flat, additional 0,5m contours must be
added.

4. DRAWINGS
Design drawings must meet the following requirements:

4.1 Plans must be drawn to an acceptable scale, such as 1:500, 1:1 000, 1:2 000 or 1:2 500 (and
not 1:3 000 or 1:1 500), with contours, and must indicate the following:

• A locality plan.

• At least three grid lines in both directions, for orientation.

• Sufficient cadastral information, as well as adjacent towns and farms

• The routes of pipelines.

• The distance of pipelines and other services from erf boundaries (water, sewer, storm water,
electrical and Rand Water pipelines/services, telecommunications services, gas pipelines).

• The connection points to existing pipes.

• Erf numbers.

• Street names.

• A north arrow.

• The pipe description and length, gradient and diameter of each pipeline, as applicable.

• The positions of all erf connections and water meters.

• Use of standard symbols as given in Annexure W3.

• Standard notes.

• Logo of the City of Tshwane.

4.2 Long Sections (for sewer networks and main water pipes)

Page 13 of 181
Long sections must be drawn on an acceptable scale preferably Horizontal 1:1000 and Vertical
1:100 and must indicate the following:

• Natural ground level;

• The pipeline falling from left to right;

• Manhole/Valve positions;

The table below the drawing must indicate the following:

• Manhole no.

• Ground level

• Invert level

• Depth

• Distance

• Slope 1:x

• Capacity (ℓ/s)

• Design flow (ℓ/s)

• Velocity

• Bedding type

• Pipe diameter and material

For main water pipelines the following is required:

• Static pressure (m)

• Residential pressure (m)

• Chainage

If development is larger than 50 erven a separate plan must be provided with a list to show on
which plan number is which manhole e.g.

• Plan X01: MH 105, 8-11, 15-16;

• Plan X02: MH 6-7, 12-14, 17-20, etc.

Page 14 of 181
4.3 All text must be clear and easily legible, even after reproduction.

4.4 All text and lines must be in black and as per drawing office specifications.

4.5 All plans must be available in .DWG/.DXF/.pdf format or a similar approved format.

4.6 A separate plan must be provided to a scale identical to the scale referred to above, indicating
all existing services such as stormwater, sewerage, electrical and telephone cables and poles,
as well as physical obstructions such as buildings, structures, swimming pools, large trees,
walls, etc.

4.7 The diagrammatical layout with details of all connections and nodal points must be provided.

4.8 Any details of the design that are specific to the contract must be indicated in full so that
tenderers will have a proper indication of what is expected.

4.9 Title block

The standard title block of the Municipality must be used. It must at least contain the following:

• Township name and extension;

• Project description;

• Drawing and reference number;

• Scale;

• Date of plan;

• Space for the signature of the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation;

• Space for the as-built certification by the consultant;

• Space for certification by the consultant before submission for approval;

• Space for the revisions record;

• Standard disclaimer depicted in Annexure W3;

• Professional registration No. of the Consultant.

4.10 Final drawings

The full set of as-built drawings (including a copy in acceptable digital format) must be submitted
for signing before final payments are made or services are taken over.

Page 15 of 181
5. SPECIFICATIONS AND CONDITIONS OF CONTRACT

5.1 Materials
All materials used in water and sewerage networks and pipelines must conform to the
specifications set out in the latest revision of the City of Tshwane document titled Standard
Specifications for Municipal Civil Engineering Works. All materials that are to be used, but that is
not specified in that document, must conform to the applicable National Standard, or be listed on
the current JASWIC acceptancy listing. However, permission to use any materials not specified in
the Standard Specifications for Municipal Civil Engineering Works must be obtained from the
Executive Director: Water and Sanitation.

5.2 Conditions of contract

A standard industry form of Contract as contained in the CIDB document “Standard for Uniformity
in Construction Procurement” (Board Notice 68 of 2005, Government Gazette No 27831 of
22 July 2005) shall be used as basis for the Contract.

5.3 Specifications document

The latest revision of the City of Tshwane document titled Standard Specifications for Municipal
Civil Engineering Works must be used as the basis for the specifications. Where that document
does not contain the required specifications and where addressing them in the project
specifications will not suffice, the SANS 1200/SABS 1200 standards must be used.

The following are important matters to be highlighted:

• Rock is measured separately for payment purposes.

• Quantities for excavations and for the laying of pipes are measured separately.

• Where trenching, pipe-laying operations and culvert construction are carried out in built-up
areas, the work must be done as quickly as possible so as not to unduly inconvenience the
public.

• Payment for trenching and pipe-laying operations will only be made once the work has been
completed and the surface has been reinstated as specified.

• Surveying and the issuing of payment certificates are done according to the normal
procedures followed by the consultants.

5.4 Procurement Documents

• Procurement documents shall be drawn up in accordance with the following documents:

Page 16 of 181
 o Pro-forma tender document available from the Water and Sanitation Department

o SANS 10403: 2003

 Formatting and compilation of construction procurement documents

o SANS 10396: 2003

 Implementing preferential procurement policies using targeted procurement

procedures.

Contractor grading designations shall be included in all procurement documents. (Refer to CIDB
document “Standard for Uniformity in Construction Procurements,” July 2005 as published as
Board Notice 68 of 2005 in Government Gazette No 27831 of 22 July 2005).

• Returnable schedules shall include the following:

• Certificate of Site Visit

• Schedule of equipment and tools

• Tshwane Safety Manual and acceptance of OHSA conditions.

• Addendum A - Certificate of site visit

• Addendum B - Schedule of equipment and tools

• Addendum C - Acceptance of OHSA Conditions

(Tshwane Safety Manual) - Latest update

• Introduction to quantity list

• Quantity list and summary

• Any additional quantity list (bound in)

6. CONSTRUCTION

6.1 Existing services

All the necessary way-leaves shall be in place before construction commences.

The City of Tshwane way-leave application process is done on an online platform that is called the
Wayleave Management System (WLMS).

Page 17 of 181
 Consulting firms register on the system and load a way-leave application onto the system. The
Wayleave Management System (WLMS) requires the consultant to provide details of the applicant
(Service owner/ Service Providers) and the Contractor.

• The wayleave process is divided into three stages:

• Service Inquiry

• Cross- cut service exposure

• Wayleave approval

See https://wayleave.tshwane.gov.za for the application process.

Before the excavation of any service is started, the works clerk must ensure that all the existing
services are traced by the contractor by digging holes and trenches across the direction of the line
to be excavated.

The City of Tshwane's Department Roads and Transport, Water and Sanitation Department, and
Electricity Division, as well as the telecommunications operators, must be notified in advance that
work is going to be done in a certain area. No construction work may commence without their
written consent.

If necessary, the position of the pipeline must be adjusted to fit in with the positions of the traced
existing services, after the changes required have been approved by the City of Tshwane.

6.2 Excavation of trenches

The construction of pipelines may not be more than 500 m in total behind the excavation of the
trenches, unless the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation has approved in writing any
deviation from this requirement.

6.3 Work on private property

No pipes may be laid on privately owned land unless the following requirements have been
satisfied:

• Before any work is carried out on private property, the contractor, together with the works
clerk, must examine the property and come to an agreement with the owner regarding the
repairing of damage to structures, fences, services, etc. It is advisable that the City of
Tshwane's valuator also be involved in all cases where any claims for damages may be
expected.

Page 18 of 181
 • The contractor must be in control of his or her employees at all times, and unnecessary
damage to private property must be avoided. The specifications for the work must be strictly
complied with.

• The contractor and the applicant must indemnify the City of Tshwane in writing against all
liability for work done on private property.

• A municipal servitude to the width required by the CoT must be surveyed and registered at the
cost of the Applicant.

6.4 As-built plans

As-built drawings must be handed to the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation on completion
of the work. The drawings must indicate the correct position of pipelines and house connections.
All copies of plans must be reproduced on A0- or A1-size drawing paper, and a .dxf, .dwg, .shp or
similar electronic file format, as agreed upon, must also be provided.

6.5 Supervision
Engineers and other technical staff from the Water and Sanitation Department will randomly visit
the site for inspections during the execution of the contract and must be allowed free access to
the site at all reasonable times. However, the designated Water and Sanitation project manager or
inspector for the project must remain the only official contact for communication regarding quality
control.

6.6 Take-over of new township services by the City of Tshwane

The new services installed by the applicants will only be taken over by the City of Tshwane after –

• proclamation of the development/township;

• all inspections have been carried out to the satisfaction of the Executive Director: Water and
Sanitation;

• all as-built information and the consultant's acceptance certificate have been received;

• the required retention monies/guarantees have been lodged; and

• a land surveyor's certificate has been submitted by the consultant confirming that all erf pegs
and beacons have been verified and replaced where necessary.

It is also essential that the consultant issue a "final" certificate to the contractor, a copy of which
must be submitted to the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation.

Page 19 of 181
 Take-over of Bulk Water Services (BWS) shall be arranged through the Director BWS, and a final
inspection with an acceptance form shall be signed by the Director BWS before the Operation and
Maintenance Section shall operate any infrastructure completed in the contract. The consultant
will remain responsible for any unacceptable item found during a final inspection by BWS.

During the retention period, all problems, faults or breakages that are due to inherent or latent
defects must be reported by the City of Tshwane to the consultant, who is responsible for
inspecting, repairing or doing whatever is required to reinstate the service to an acceptable level
within a reasonable period. Should the consultant fail to do so, the City of Tshwane will, at the
cost of the applicant, do whatever it deems necessary to effect the reinstatement. The cost of this
will be calculated in advance by the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation, and the applicant
will be required to pay this amount in cash and in advance. Should the applicant fail to do so, the
guarantee lodged with the City of Tshwane will be called up immediately and all work required will
be funded from this guarantee.

Should the cost in respect of any defect found during the maintenance period exceed the amount
of the guarantee lodged with the City of Tshwane, the applicant will be held liable for all costs
incurred by the City of Tshwane owing to the defects and in order to repair the system.

6.7 Professional responsibility

The consultant must supervise all stages of the construction work adequately and effectively. On
completion of the work the consultant must in writing certify that –

• all materials used for the construction of the scheme do comply with the City of Tshwane's
specifications;

• the installed services have successfully undergone all the prescribed tests under the
consultant's supervision;

• in the case of municipal sewers, the CCTV camera inspection was done in accordance with
the City of Tshwane's specification and all the required repairs were done; and

• the consultant and the firm of consulting engineers with which the consultant is associated
assume professional responsibility for the engineering work.

6.8 Road crossings and repairing of road surfaces

• all road surfaces must be repaired in accordance with the specifications of the Executive
Director: Roads and Stormwater at the cost of the Applicant.

Page 20 of 181
 • in respect of roads not under the control of the City of Tshwane, the appropriate authority must
be contacted and the crossing must be made in accordance with that authority's applicable
requirements and approval.

• Railway reserve crossings must be approved by Transnet or the relevant authority.

Refer to Annexure W1 and R2 for the Completion Inspection Reports required for Water and
Sewers respectively.

7. REQUIREMENTS OF THE OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ACT

The contractor must adhere to all requirements of the Occupational Health and Safety Act, 2014,
and ALL applicable regulations (including all amendments to the Act and the regulations).

Prior to the commencement of any work on a contract awarded by the City of Tshwane, the Safety
Manual of the City of Tshwane must be signed by the successful contractor(s) and consultants.

The works clerk shall immediately report all incidents and accidents to the consultant and the City
of Tshwane safety representative.

In the event of a death in any accident, the works clerk must immediately report the accident by
telephone to the following people:

• The Compensation Commissioner, M. Viljoen Building, Hamilton Street, Pretoria

• The South African Police Service office in the area

• The Consultant

• The Executive Director: Water and Sanitation

• The City of Tshwane safety representative

A written report must be submitted to the consultant and the Executive Director: Water and
Sanitation. The report must contain –

• full particulars of the accident;

• confirmation of the date and time of the telephone calls to the divisional inspector; and the
names of the people to whom a direct report was made.

• Safety matters must be a standing item for discussion at all site meetings.

The successful contractor must appoint a safety officer for each contract.

Page 21 of 181
B: WATER SERVICES GUIDELINES

1. DESIGN

1.1 General
Municipal Water shall be used in township developments.

The water supply network must be designed in such a manner that water can be provided at the
street front of every erf. Where streets end against undeveloped land, pipes must be installed up
to the boundary of the township area with a shut-off valve, an end-cap and an anchor block. In the
design of the water distribution network, every effort must be made to always place the water
pipes on the high side of the street (see standard drawings), except in cases where pipes were
placed in a different position in the previously serviced adjacent areas.

After completion of the contract and before the City of Tshwane takes over the network, the
consultant must provide as-built plans and the contractor must provide a certificate from the land
surveyor certifying that all erf pegs and/or beacons are in their correct positions or have been
replaced if necessary, irrespective of which contractor or person was responsible for misplacing
the beacons.

1.2 Connection of new networks/pipes to the existing municipal system.

This requirement should be established when the services report is drafted and included in the
report.

Where necessary, the position at which the water network can or must be connected must be
obtained from the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation with the approximate remaining or
residual pressure heads at that position. The consultant must design the new network to connect
with the existing networks and must also provide for the connection of future networks. (See 2.2)

Page 22 of 181
1.3 Water planning
Table 1 below must be used where long-term planning and Table 2 where detailed designs are to
be executed, respectively.

Table 1: Summary of the planning standards for average annual daily demand – water
consumption on various types of erven (excluding unaccounted for water (UFW) @ 20%)

TYPICAL DENSITY GUIDELINE

LAND USE Kℓ/erf/day
(erven/ha) (Kℓ/ha/day)
Low-cost housing 0,70 10 to 20 13,00
Small-sized residential 1,20 10 to 20 15,00
Medium-sized 1,60 4 to 10 12,00
Large-sized residential 2,40 3 to 5 12,00
Cluster housing 1,20 20 to 30 15,00
Agricultural holding 4,00 1 3,00
Business/commercial 0,4 FSR 32,00
Industrial 0,6 FSR 24,00

Page 23 of 181
Table 2: Summary of the design standards for average annual daily demand -water
consumption on various types of erven (excluding UFW)

TOWNSHIP DEVELOPMENT AND SCHEME AMENDMENTS:

WATER DEMAND FIGURES:

EFFECTIVE DATE: 30 September 2016

WATER
ITEM ZONING UNIT/DAY CONSUMPTION
Dom + garden = Total

1 RESIDENTIAL:

1.1a Low-cost housing – erf up to 250 m² kℓ per erf 0.6 + 0.1 = 0.7

Small sized erven, for typically “Bonded

1.1b kℓ per erf 0.6 + 0.1 = 0.7
Housing” etc.

Conventional small-sized erf up to

1.2 kℓ per erf 0.7 + 0.5 = 1.2
500 m²

1.3 Medium-sized erf 501 m2 up to 1 000 m² kℓ per erf 0.8 + 0.8 = 1.6

1.4 Large-sized erf 1 001 m2 up to 1 500 m² kℓ per erf 0.8 + 1.2 = 2.0

1.5 Extra-large erf 1 501 m² and larger kℓ per erf 0.8 + 1.6 = 2.4

Special for dwelling units/Residential 2:

1.6 kℓ per unit 0.7 + 0.5 = 1.2
up to 25 units per hectare

kℓ per
1.9 Residential 2, 3 and 4 according to FSR 1.2
unit/100 m²

Living units, student housing, tenement

1.10 buildings, boarding house, Orphanages kℓ per 100m² 1.8
and hostels according to FSR

Hotels, guest houses, lodges, retirement

1.11 kℓ per 100m² 0.9
centres & villages, according to FSR

Guest houses, boarding houses, lodges kℓ per Single 0.3 per room
1.12
with rooms specified room 0.6 per room

Page 24 of 181
 WATER
ITEM ZONING UNIT/DAY CONSUMPTION
Dom + garden = Total

kℓ per
Double room

Frail care centres and hospitals

1.13 Per bed 1.0
according to FSR

Agricultural holdings (house + servant’s

kℓ per (0.8 + 0.6) + 2.6 =
1.14 quarters + garden) (to be used only for
holding 4.0
subdivisions to create multiple holdings)

1.15 Gate house for security villages kℓ per unit 0.6

2 BUSINESS DEVELOPMENTS:

business 1-business 4 (including

2.1 kℓ per 100m² 1.2
residential) with a FSR

business 1-business 4 (excluding

2.2 kℓ per 100m² 0.8
residential) with a FSR

2.3 Offices kℓ per 100m² 0.8

2.4 Funeral parlour kℓ per 100m² 0.8

Funeral Undertaker /Mortuary (bodies

2.5 kℓ per 100m² 1.2
prepared on site for burial)

Warehousing (including subservient

2.4 kℓ per 100m² 0.6
offices max 300m²)
Mini storage facilities (including
2.5 kℓ per 100m² 0.3
subservient offices max 300m²)

Per cattle
0.8
head

Per pig 0.4

2.6 Abattoir
Per sheep 0.14

Per 100 fowl 0.8

2.7 Wellness centre, gymnasium kℓ per 100m² 2.4

Page 25 of 181
 WATER
ITEM ZONING UNIT/DAY CONSUMPTION
Dom + garden = Total

ℓ of water 10ℓ of water per 1ℓ

2.8 Brewery
per ℓ of beer of beer

2.9 Taxi rank (with ablution facilities) kℓ per 100m² 0.3

Industrial (dry excluding spray painting
2.10 kℓ per 100m² 0.4
booths)

2.11 Fuel depot kℓ per 100m² 0.4

2.4 Industrial (wet including spray painting kℓ per 100m² Development-

booths) specific
2.5 Garage or filling station kℓ per 100m² 0.8

2.6 Car-wash facility kℓ per wash 10

bay
Motor city/retail park as a single zoning
2.7 kℓ per 100m² 0.6
(car sales + limited offices 100m²)

3 GENERAL TYPE OF DEVELOPMENT:

3.1a Club buildings kℓ per 100m² 2.4

kℓ per
3.1b Club grounds 15.0
hectare

kℓ per 1000
3.2a Stadium 1.5
seats

kℓ per
3.2b Stadium grounds 15.0
hectare

3.3a Park buildings kℓ per 100m² 0.4

kℓ per
3.3b Park grounds 15.0
hectare

3.4a Nursery (sales area) kℓ per 100m² 0.8

kℓ per
3.4b Nursery (planting and production area) 15.0
hectare

3.6a Church buildings kℓ per 100m² 0.3

kℓ per
3.6b Church grounds 15.0
hectare

Page 26 of 181
 WATER
ITEM ZONING UNIT/DAY CONSUMPTION
Dom + garden = Total

3.7a School, crèche, educational buildings Per student 60 ℓ

School educational buildings, excluding

3.7b Per student 60ℓ
hostels

School educational buildings, excluding

3.7c Per 100m² 0.9
hostels

School educational buildings, including

3.7d Per student 0.3kℓ
hostels

School educational buildings, including

3.7e Per 100m² 1.8
hostels

3.8 Municipal, governmental developments kℓ per 100m² 0.8

Private open space kℓ per

3.9 15.0
Public open space hectare

kℓ per
3.10 Parking grounds 3.0
hectare

4 OTHER:

kℓ per
4.1 Zoological activities 55
hectare

kℓ per
4.2 Airports 0.02
passenger

kℓ per
4.3a Camps: camper 0.06
camper

kℓ per
4.3b Camps: resort 0.2
person

kℓ per
4.4 Picnic spots 0.06
person

4.5 Entertainment theatres kℓ per seat 0.02

Note: The calculation should be based on the potential area or number of units being applied for.

Page 27 of 181
1.4 Peak consumption
Peak daily consumption: Factor (PDF) x average annual daily demand (AADD)

Peak weekly demand: Factor (PWF) x AADD

Peak hourly demand: Factor (PHF) x AADD

Maximum velocity in any pipe = 1,8 m/s

Table 3: Summary of peak factors

AVERAGE ANNUAL PEAK PEAK PEAK

PREDOMINANT
DAILY DEMAND WEEKLY DAILY HOURLY
LAND USE
(kℓ/day) FACTOR FACTOR FACTOR
<1 000 1.50 1.90 3.60
1 000 – 5 000 1.40 1.80 3.40

LOW-COST HOUSING 5 000 – 10 000 1.35 1.70 3.30

10 000 – 15 000 1.30 1.50 3.20
15 000 – 20 000 1.25 1.40 3.10
>20 000 1.25 1.40 3.00
<1 000 1.80 2.20 4.60
1 000 – 5 000 1.65 2.00 4.00

RESIDENTIAL 5 000 – 10 000 1.50 1.80 3.60

10 000 – 15 000 1.40 1.60 3.50
15 000 – 20 000 1.35 1.50 3.30
>20 000 1.30 1.50 3.00

BUSINESS/ <5 000 1.45 1.70 3.30

COMMERCIAL/ 5 000 – 10 000 1.30 1.60 3.15
INDUSTRIAL
>10 000 1.25 1.50 3.00

1.5 Fire fighting

Any network pipe in a residential area serving a fire hydrant must be designed to deliver a
minimum fire flow as per Table 4 below. The minimum remaining pressure head at fire flow plus
peak flow must be as stated in Table 4 at any node on the network. Flow velocity in pipelines may
not exceed 2,2 m/s or the specification of the pipe manufacturer, whichever is the smaller.

Page 28 of 181
The following table reflects fire flow requirements under peak demand conditions:

Table 4: Fire flow under peak demand conditions

ABSOLUTE
MIN/MAX
MIN/MAX
FLOW CONDITION PRESSURE
PRESSURE
(m)
(m)
Peak hour demand - min. 20 to 24 16 to 20
Static (no demand) - max. 90 120
Fire flow (@ peak hour demand) See below

TOTAL
FLOW AT MIN. PRESSURE MIN. PRESSURE
Area where fire occurs FIRE
HYDRANT AT FIRE REST OF SYSTEM
FLOW
(ℓ/s) (m) (m)
(ℓ/s)
INDUSTRIAL/BUSINESS:
- High risk 100 25 15 10
- Moderate risk 50 25 15 10
SMALL BUSINESSES /
20 20 15 10
OFFICES

RESIDENTIAL:

- High rise flats > = 4 50 25 15 10

- Low rise flats < = 3 20 20 10 10
- Cluster housing > 30 20 20 10 10
- Cluster housing < 30 15 15 8 5
- High income single 15 15 8 5
- Middle income single 15 15 8 5
- Low income single 15 15 8 5

Designers are referred to the following publications:-

Outside stands:

• SANS10090 – Community protection against fires.

Within stands:

• National Building Regulations and Building Standards Act, 1977 (Act No 103 of 1977).

• Part W – Fire Installation of SANS 10400 – The application of the National Building
Regulations (latest addition)
Page 29 of 181
 • On site Rational Designs by a Competent Person executed in accordance with the above
legislation and National Standard.

A fire area should be divided into sub-areas which fall into one of the following fire-risk categories:

Category A: Central business districts and extensive commercial and industrial areas
normally found in cities and large towns (areas where the risk to life and property
due to fire occurrence and spread is likely to be high).

Category B: Limited central business districts, smaller commercial or industrial areas

normally associated with small towns and decentralized areas of cities and large
towns, residential areas with erven <400m² (areas where the risk to life and
property due to fire occurrence and spread is likely to be moderate).

Category C: Residential areas of conventional construction.

Category D: Rural areas of limited buildings and remote from urban areas.

Category E: Special risk areas. Individual areas requiring a pre-determined attendance over
and above the predominant risk category in an area. Includes large
shopping/entertainment centres, informal settlements, harbours, hospitals,
prisons, large airport buildings and petrochemical plants.

The following table reflects the required spacing of fire hydrants.

Table 5: Spacing of fire hydrants

FIRE-RISK CATEGORY LOCATION OF HYDRANTS

A Distance apart 120m maximum

B Distance apart 180m maximum

C Distance apart 240m maximum

D Distance apart 240m maximum

1.6 Networks and piping

Only material approved by the Department Water & Sanitation from time to time may be used.

As a minimum requirement, a pipe or fitting may be used if:

Page 30 of 181
 the pipe or fitting bears the standardisation mark of the SABS in respect of the relevant South
African National Standards specification issued by the SABS;

the pipe or fitting is included in the list of water and sanitation installations accepted by JASWIC.

Refer to the document “Standard Specifications for Municipal Civil Engineering Works” of the
Municipality and Section E of this document (Corrections and Amendments to the Standard
Specifications for Municipal Civil Engineering Works, third edition 2005), especially for approved
PE materials.

The minimum operating pressure shall be at least 1 200 kPa with a test pressure of at least 1 800
kPa or higher if so prescribed by the manufacturer. No FC- or glass fibre reinforced pipes will be
allowed as water network pipes.

Where possible, PVC-U pipes or PVC-O may be used to the maximum size that can be presented
as minimum class 12 according to the latest SANS specification. Other pipes that may be
approved under special circumstances for use are steel pipes or cast or malleable or SG iron
pipes, provided the pipes are sufficiently protected against corrosion.

The use of medium galvanized steel or epoxy-, bitumen- or Sintakote-coated and concrete- or
epoxy lined pipes may be prescribed by the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation in some
instances.

In dolomite areas only High Density Polyethylene (PE) pipes may be used. (See Section 3.)

Only pipe diameters approved by the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation are allowed in
certain areas, and the consultant must therefore ascertain the preference in all areas before
commencing with the design. The minimum size for PVC and Polyethylene (PE) network pipes is
110mm Ø.

Special attention must be given to the design of river crossings. Steel pipes shall preferably be
used for this purpose.

1.7 Residual pressure

The water network must be designed and pipe sizes must be determined according to the
standards and engineering principles set out in this document, and all networks must be designed
by means of a computer program that is adaptable to the system in use by the City of Tshwane,
namely Wadiso.

This must be done in such a manner that -

• the residual pressure at every erf boundary is 25 m for residential and 35 m for
industrial/business applications under peak consumption conditions; and
Page 31 of 181
 • the requirements set out in Table 4 for fire flow under peak flow conditions are met.

The Executive Director: Water and Sanitation will not approve any network before the above
design information is provided by the consultant.

An electronic copy of the information, assumptions and analyses with results must also be
provided.

1.8 Depth of pipes below final ground level

• Excavations must be done in such a manner that, on completion of the streets or any surface
above the pipes, the pipes have the following cover:

• On sidewalks: - 0.8 m

• Across streets: - 1.0 m

• Across erven: - No pipes will be allowed across erven unless very special circumstances
justify the deviation from this guideline, in which case the maximum cover will be 1.0 m and
minimum cover 0.75 m.

• Where other services are present: Not more than 1.5 m and not less than 0.8 m.

1.9 Placement of pipes, valves, fire hydrants, etc

1.9.1 Pipes
Where it is not required that new services connect to the networks in previously developed
townships, the water and sewerage services in a new development must be placed at the
positions set out in the standard drawings indicating the positions of the various services for
different road reserve widths and road uses.

Where it is required that new services connect to existing services in older townships, pipes in all
existing townships must be placed at the positions set out in the standard drawings or at the
distances prescribed by the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation from time to time.

1.9.2 Valves
• Only valves approved by the Water and Sanitation Department from time to time may be used.

• Only flanged valves may be used.

• Valves must be placed directly opposite the closest splay corner pegs in networks.

• Line valves must be installed not more than 500 m apart on feeder pipelines and discharge
pipelines in order to isolate sections where work is required.
Page 32 of 181
 • On networks, valves must be placed so that not more than 30 dwellings in a normal residential
area are without water if work is to be carried out on any network pipe, and not more than
60 dwellings in the case of low-cost housing and other high-density areas. Valves should be
placed in such a manner that not more than four valves have to be shut off to isolate any part
of a network.

• Every effort should be made to include in any network design alternative supply pipes to
connect to the network if work has to be done on the main supply pipeline.

1.9.3 Fire hydrants

• Refer to Table 5 for the spacing of fire hydrants.

• Fire hydrants must be placed directly opposite the communal erf pegs and between 0.3 and
0.6 m away from them. The engineer must ensure beforehand that no other services such as
electrical mini-subs are planned for the same position.

• No hydrants may be placed closer than one erf length to any intersection within residential
areas. In commercial/industrial areas the position shall be determined by the engineer.

1.9.4 Air valves

• Air valves must be placed at all elevated points according to the hydraulic gradient on feeder
or delivery pipelines only. Air valves are normally not required on networks.

• Air valves must be installed not more than 600m apart for pipes larger than 600 mm in
diameter and not more than 800m apart for smaller pipes.

• Where practical, a single-acting air valve plus an adjacent fire hydrant are preferred instead of
a double-acting air valve, especially on pipelines smaller than 600mm in diameter. On larger
pipelines of a diameter exceeding 600 mm, double-acting air valves are required.

1.9.5 Scour valves

Scour valves must be placed at all low-lying points on feeder or discharge pipelines, but should
only be provided on networks where special circumstances prevail. Where practicable, a fire
hydrant is preferred instead of a scour valve.

1.9.6 Marker blocks

• Where a pipe is installed through open areas a marker block must be installed on every bend,
T-piece and every 100m of straight pipe as per drawing W106.

• At all places where a pipe crosses a kerb a marker as per drawing W106 must be installed.

Page 33 of 181
 • A blue reflector must be installed on the kerb as per drawing W106 on the side of a fire
hydrant.

1.9.7 Existing services

• The location of all existing services must be indicated accurately on the plans.

• The location of the position of services must be obtained from the relevant manager or the
relevant service provider and must be verified on site.

1.9.8 Property connections

• All connections, including the connection to the network mains, the communication pipe and
the pipe work up to the position where the water meter connection is to be installed by the City
of Tshwane, must be installed by the township applicant as part of the water scheme, except
in the case of subsidised low-cost housing, where the applicant's responsibility will also
include payment of the tariff for the complete standard plastic meter connection in an
approved plastic above-ground meter box.

• Where existing water networks are to be replaced or relocated to a new position, the existing
applicable property connections, communication pipes and fire hydrants shall be replaced with
new components.

• Should the City of Tshwane require any meter other than the conventional standard system,
the City of Tshwane will be liable for the cost difference between the preferred system and the
standard system.

• The installation of meter connections for low-cost or subsidised housing will be managed by
the Water and Sanitation Department, and funding based on the standard connection tariff, as
approved by the City of Tshwane, must be provided as part of the contract cost items.

• This amount will be transferred to a cost centre/general ledger supplied to the contractor by
the Water and Sanitation Department, which will be used for the connection cost. Connections
will only be made on receipt of written confirmation from the Housing and Human Settlement
Department that the erf in question has been allocated to a specific beneficiary, that an
agreement has been entered into and that the deposit has been paid.

• Every water connection must end with an SANS-approved ball-valve-type stop cock and stop
plug in accordance with the requirements set out in the standard drawings.

• Connections must be specified and supplied in accordance with the standard drawings. The
Executive Director: Water and Sanitation will determine the type of installation required for
each area or development, according to the standard drawings.

Page 34 of 181
 • Property connections on pipes larger than 200 mm diameter will only be made in exceptional
circumstances with the approval of the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation.

• Long connections underneath streets must have no joints under the paved roadway or kerbs.

• Polyethylene (PE) pipes shall be used for property connections. All pipes and fittings shall
comply with ISO 4427 parts 1, 2, 3 and 5 and shall be of the following pipe class:

• PE100 PN16 SDR11 for a maximum potential static pressure of 1200 kPa

• Pipe diameters as indicated in the following table shall be used:

Table 6: Communication pipes across roads for house connections

NOMINAL OUTSIDE DIAMETER (mm)

POTENTIAL LAND USE
SERVING TWO ERVEN SERVING ONE ERF
Subdivision/second dwellings, up to 4 units 40, branching to 2 x 25 40, reducing to 25 at erf

Maximum of one dwelling per erf 40, branching to 2 x 25 40, reducing to 25 at erf

Low-cost housing 25, branching to 2 x 20 25, reducing to 20 at erf

Table 7: Communication pipes on near side of road for house connections

NOMINAL OUTSIDE DIAMETER (mm)

POTENTIAL LAND USE
SERVING TWO ERVEN SERVING ONE ERF

Subdivision/second dwelling, up to 4 units 40, branching to 2 x 25 40, reducing to 25 at erf

Maximum of one dwelling per erf 40, branching to 2 x 25 40, reducing to 25 at erf

Low-cost housing 25, branching to 2 x 20 25, reducing to 20 at erf

Note: Where there is a possibility that network water pressures will in future be reduced in order to minimise water loss,
it may be necessary to install communication pipes that are 40 mm in diameter to have a sufficient flow at the houses.

1.9.9 Connections to all multi-residential erven and in respect of other

land uses
The diameter of connecting pipes must be determined by the potential flow for the planned
development on the erf, with due regard to fire flow requirements.

Meter installations larger than 15 mm must be manufactured from hot-dipped medium galvanised
steel pipes fitted with SABS-approved or Jaswic accepted and listed valves in accordance with the
standard drawings 7515-W206; 7515-W207. All joints are to be wrapped with approved anti
corrosion sealing bandage such as Canusa-CPS Wrapid Tape. The wrapping must be at least
150 mm wider than the joint.

Page 35 of 181
 Strainers shall be installed on all metered water connections larger than 25mm in diameter.

1.9.10 Valve boxes

Valve boxes must be specified according to the standard drawing 7515-W203. On sidewalks they
shall be constructed of 750 mm diameter concrete rings with a concrete slab lid with a cast-in
aperture of polymer resin, which shall be positioned over the valve spindle in accordance with the
standard drawing. The placement of valves in the roadway should be avoided where possible, and
in these cases, the 160/200 mm PVC pipe sections valve box with a 330 x 330 mm polyester resin
cover as per standard drawing must be used. (D400 load rating in terms of EN 124/ SANS 50124)

1.9.11 Anchor blocks

The anchor blocks for each fitting must be designed separately according to soil conditions and
the maximum static pressure experienced at that point. Valves and plugs at stop-end pipes must
be adequately anchored.

1.9.12 Pipe specials

Care shall be taken with the design of pipe specials to ensure enough space for bolts and anchor
blocks. As a general guideline legs should have a minimum length of between 1 and 1,5 m to
accomplish this but may in certain circumstances have to be longer.

Bends shall be of the long radius type.

2. CONNECTIONS TO EXISTING NETWORK

2.1 During the construction period

The contractor will need water for construction and testing purposes for the duration of the
contract. Should a municipal water supply be available in the vicinity of the development, the
applicant must apply for a temporary water connection. The City of Tshwane may at the
discretion of the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation provide the temporary water connection
at a specific position and at the approved rate.

Should no acceptable temporary hydrant water supply be available, the provision of water for
temporary purposes will be the responsibility of the contractor, and the contractor will be liable for
all costs associated with providing the water.

On completion of the contract, the applicant must inform the City of Tshwane in writing that the
temporary connection is no longer required. The connection will then be removed, the deposit will
be refunded and the account will be finalised.

Page 36 of 181
2.2 After completion of the internal water network/relocated network
After the new water network has been completed and tested, it must be connected to the existing
networks in accordance with the approved design. This work will be done at the cost of the
applicant/consultant, who must request the City of Tshwane to execute the work. The standard
tariff for different sizes of pipe will be applicable and must be paid by the applicant before any
work will be done by the Municipality.

3. WATER PIPES IN AREAS UNDERLAIN BY DOLOMITE

3.1 General
It is of the utmost importance that no leakage emanating from water infrastructure occurs in
dolomite areas.

The requirements of the following national standard shall be implemented for all water
infrastructure in areas underlain by dolomite:

• SANS 1936:2012 - Development of Dolomite Land, Parts 1 to 4 and in particular Part 3:

Design and construction of buildings, structures and infrastructure.

Consultants may also consult the following publications for further information:

• Proposed method for dolomite land hazard and risk assessment in South Africa, SAICE
Journal Volume 43(2) 2001, paper 462 pages 27-36, Buttrick et. al. (Current industry standard
document).

• Section 2.8 of Part 1 of the Home Building Manual as published by the NHBRC, Revision 1,
1999.

• PW344: “Appropriate Development Infrastructure on Dolomite: Manual for Consultants” as

published by the National Department of Public Works, June 2006. This document is available
under Consultants Documents on the website of the Department of Public Works
(www.publicworks.gov.za).

• The consultant shall obtain the dolomite report for the specific development before the design
of the water network commences.

The map in Annexure W3 depicts, in broad terms, the areas within the municipality which are
known to be underlain by dolomites.

3.2 Minimum Standards for Water Services in areas underlain by Dolomite.

The minimum standards required for water services are given below. The alternative of routing
wet services around high-risk areas should always be investigated.
Page 37 of 181
The design and construction of municipal township services on dolomite shall comply with clause
5 of Part 3 of SANS 1936:2012 - Development of Dolomite Land: Design and construction of
buildings, structures and infrastructure.

If any of the requirements are not reasonably practical a rational assessment by a competent
person and appropriate risk management procedures shall be implemented.

This shall be approved by the Geological and Geotechnical Engineering Management Section of
the City of Tshwane.

• Pipes:

o The minimum pressure rating or ring stiffness of the pipe to be used shall depend on
the dolomite land designation, i.e. D1, D2, D3 or D4.

o However, the minimum operating pressure rating shall not be less than 12 Bar (1200
KPa).

o High density polyethylene (PE) pipes are preferred in dolomite areas. Refer to Section
E - (Corrections and Amendments to the Standard Specifications for Municipal Civil
Engineering Works, third edition 2005) for approved PE materials.

• Underground wet services shall be designed and constructed so as to minimise

maintenance requirements and to avoid potential leakage points. In addition, liquids shall
be contained in watertight structures to avoid possible disturbance of the underground
environment.

• The relevant portions of the Standard Specifications for Municipal Civil Engineering Works
shall be observed in the installation of all underground services.

• The backfilling to service trenches and other excavations shall, except in rock, be less
permeable than the surrounding material. General minimum compaction standard to be
93% Mod AASHTO, provided permeability requirements are met. The use of non-
cohesive single size graded sand or crusher sand for bedding, surround blankets and
backfill shall not be allowed.

• Where feasible, provisions for future connections to all services should be made in order to
minimize cutting into pipes to provide such connections at a later stage.

• Provision should be made in all water bearing pipelines to accommodate potential

differential movements without causing pipelines or joints to leak.

• Valves shall be flanged resilient seal gate valves and be fitted to butt welded flanges only.

Page 38 of 181
4. Rain Water Harvesting

4.1 Background
South Africa is considered a water-scarce region, with an average rainfall of about 450mm, which
is well below the world average of about 860mm per year. The availability of water across the
country is faced with three major challenges (DBSA 2009):

• Uneven spatial distribution and seasonality of rainfall (43% of the rain falls on 13% of the
land),

• Relatively low stream flow in rivers most of the time, which limits the proportion of stream
flow that can be relied upon for use, and

• Location of major urban and industrial developments remote from the country’s larger
watercourses, which necessitates large-scale transfers of water across catchments.

These factors pose a major challenge to supplying water to rural and urban areas. Large parts of
the country are already experiencing significant water shortages and the situation is likely to
worsen as populations, economies and consumption rates continue to grow. It is therefore critical
that the governments promote and implements an integrated and sustainable approach to the
management of water resources. There is a clear emphasis on exploiting all avenues of water
resources and rainwater harvesting is one of them.

The Gauteng Department of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs (COGTA) stated the
following in the 2015 Rainwater Harvesting Awareness Campaign:

“Development of a society is heavily dependent upon the availability of freshwater. Sources of

freshwater on earth mainly originate from rainfall. Increasing population together with intensifying
urbanization and industrialization affects the availability of freshwater. Urbanization and
industrialization contribute to the deterioration of quality of freshwater due to the discharge of
pollutants. It has been predicted or projected that within the next two decades, total availability of
freshwater will fall short of needs if the current trends continue unabated. In view of diminishing
availability, a secure and sustainable water future can be realized only through managing the
ever-increasing demands.

The Province of Gauteng uses 11% of the country's water, whilst contributing 38% to the national
economy. Whilst the biggest single user of water resources in the country is the irrigation sector
with 62%, the urban sector is the biggest user of water, with Gauteng on 79% and only 6% used
for irrigation. This suggests that urban usage is the biggest driver of growth in future water use.”

Page 39 of 181
4.2 Implementation.
As part of the solution the City of Tshwane has placed the focus on encouraging rain water
harvesting in households, government and business premises and eradicating water leakages
through focusing on infrastructure maintenance. To this end the Green Building Development By-
law (Local Authority Note 328) was published in the Provincial Gazette on 27 March 2013. The
purpose of the by-laws is to provide the city of Tshwane with legislative measures to ensure that a
more sustainable built environment is developed.

A copy of the by-laws is appended as Annexure W6.

This campaign seeks to create awareness on the importance of rainwater harvesting. Through
the campaign, the department aims to elevate the importance of rainwater harvesting at the
political and community level in Tshwane. It is also important to enhance ownership and
responsibility of the saving and usage of rain water by the communities. This will enable
communities to timeously and consistently harvest rain water and store it in storage facilities such
as rain water tanks. This practice is also aimed at prolonging the availability of freshwater and
reduces the costs of funding the capital and maintenance of infrastructure.

A typical layout of a rainwater harvesting system including tanks and associated piping is depicted
in drawing 7515-W217.

4.3 Benefits
A saving of between 20 and 40 percent in water use can be realised within low cost housing
projects where rain water is used to flush toilets. This saving can be increased when leaking
toilets, exacerbated by high municipal water network pressures, are properly maintained.

It has been reported that the largest loss of potable water in buildings is caused by leaking toilets.
Reducing the water pressure in pipe networks serving toilets to between 0.3 and 2.4m pressure
head will reduce the loss of water through leaking toilets substantially.

The following additional benefits of rain water harvesting systems with storage tanks are noted:

• Water borne toilet systems in homes are highly desirable. Rainwater harvesting provide a
more affordable way of providing this service.

• In urban areas, the presence of rainwater tanks can serve as an emergency backup during
service interruptions (Water must be purified or boiled for human use.)

• In rural areas where no municipal services are available rainwater tanks can provide water
to households. (Water must be purified or boiled for human use.)

Page 40 of 181
• Water network peak design factors can be reduced.

• Storage of residential water on site can reduce reservoir design capacities.

• The size of bulk water and reticulation pipes can be reduced.

• The use of high quality potable water to flush toilets can be reduced.

• The number municipal water tankers delivering water to residential areas can be reduced.

• Rain water harvesting will reduce the amount of rainwater from roofs entering the sewer
system illegally through sewer gullies thus reducing peak wet flows to the purification
works.

• Rain water harvesting will attenuate the peak stormwater run-off flows in urban areas.

Page 41 of 181
5. WATER ANNEXURES

Annexure W1: Completion Inspection Report for new townships

Annexure W2: List of Legend/Symbols to be used on water drawings and standard

disclaimer

Annexure W3: Map: areas underlain by Dolomite

Annexure W4: Standard procedure for the provision of water meters and billing of
housing beneficiaries

Annexure W5: Green building Development by-law

Page 42 of 181
ANNEXURE W1: COMPLETION INSPECTION REPORT FOR
NEW TOWNSHIPS/RELOCTED SERVICES: WATER

Page 43 of 181
 SERVICES INFRASTRUCTURE DEPARTMENT
Water and Sanitation Department
Tel: 012 358 7733/7 PO Box 1022
Fax: 012 358 4684 Pretoria
0001

Room A709, 7th Floor, Capitol Towers Building, 225 Madiba Street, Pretoria, 0001

Your ref: Initiator: Retha Rall

Our ref: E-mail: rethar@tshwane.gov.za
Fax: (012) 358-7785
Date:
Tel: (012) 358-7686

COMPLETION INSPECTION REPORT FOR NEW TOWNSHIPS/RELOCATED

SERVICES - WATER

NAME OF TOWNSHIP:

DATE OF INSPECTION:

“AS BUILT” DRAWING NO:

Meters of pipe installed:

Polyethylene (PE) pipes, diameters ≥75mmØ, as per SANS (ISO) 4427

Nominal
Pipe Material Length (m) Class
Diameter
PE PE 100 PN 12.5 SDR 13.6
PE PE 100 PN 12.5 SDR 13.6
PE PE 100 PN 12.5 SDR 13.6
PE PE 100 PN 12.5 SDR 13.6
PE PE 100 PN 12.5 SDR 13.6
PE PE 100 PN 12.5 SDR 13.6
PE PE 100 PN 12.5 SDR 13.6
PE PE 100 PN 12.5 SDR 13.6
PE PE 100 PN 12.5 SDR 13.6
PE PE 100 PN 12.5 SDR 13.6
Page 44 of 181
 Polyethylene (PE) pipes, diameters <75mmØ, as per SANS (ISO) 4427

Nominal
Pipe Material Length (m) Class
Diameter
PE PE 100 PN 16 SDR 11
PE PE 100 PN 16 SDR 11
PE PE 100 PN 16 SDR 11
PE PE 100 PN 16 SDR 11
PE PE 100 PN 16 SDR 11
PE PE 100 PN 16 SDR 11
PE PE 100 PN 16 SDR 11
PE PE 100 PN 16 SDR 11
PE PE 100 PN 16 SDR 11
PE PE 100 PN 16 SDR 11

PVC-U pipes as per SANS 966-1, PVC-M pipes as per SANS 966-2
and PVC-O to SANS(ISO) 16422
Pipe Material (PVC-
Nominal
U, PVC-M or PVC- Length Class
Diameter
O)

Steel pipes

Nominal Internal External

Pipe Material Length Grade
Diameter Lining Coating

Page 45 of 181
Other diameter (specify) ___________________________________

Number and size of valves installed:

Line valves:
Air valves:
PRV’s
Number of Hydrants installed:

Please confirm the following: (Mark with X)

1. One paper copy of the “as built” drawing is available on site:

2. All valve positions are marked with a “V” and a white painted block
on the kerb:
3. All water pipe road crossings are marked with a “W” in the
kerb
4. All fire hydrants are in the correct position:
5. All the fire hydrants are painted correctly:

Other Comments:

Page 46 of 181
“AS BUILT” INFORMATION REQUIRED*

MEDIA NUMBER OF COPIES

Signed hard copy of “as built” drawing 1
Electronic format (CD/DVD) .dwg or .dxf file format 1
Including the .CTB layer description file
Approved SG Diagram

A Bulk water connections slip for bulk connections

* See attached check list for “as built” requirements

I, …… ……a Professional Civil Engineer (Reg. No:…… …….),

of the firm……… ………, hereby certify the following:

• All materials used for construction complies with the specifications of the City of Tshwane.

• The construction methods used complies with the specifications of the City of Tshwane.

• I and the firm of Consulting Engineers with which I associate myself assume professional
responsibility for the work performed.

Signature of Responsible Engineer:

Date:
Signature of Inspector of works:
Date:

PLEASE NOTE: NO “AS BUILT” DRAWING WILL BE ACCEPTED IF NOT

ACCOMPANIED BY THIS SIGNED COMPLETION CERTIFICATE

Page 47 of 181
CHECK LIST FOR WATER "AS BUILT" DRAWINGS - Complying with CoT Standards

ITEM INFORMATION YES NO

1 The word "As Built" and Section 21 where applicable has been
indicated clearly on the plan together with the signature of the
Engineer and Inspector of works.
2 All dimensions with regards to the distance of the pipes and the
position of the valves, hydrants and connections from the erf
boundary have been shown.
3 Provide details where pipes are connected, bends, etc. are shown
4 A legend must be shown indicating:- pipe size, symbols, existing
and new services, and phases where applicable.
5 The pipes must be clearly shown on the "As Built" drawings as new
pipeline and not as a proposed pipeline.
6 The scale must be clearly indicated.
7 Indicate revisions where applicable and add notes and remarks
where necessary.
8 The Township Name and Extension must be indicated in the title
block, AND NOT ONLY THE Complex Name, please add
SECTION 21 where applicable.
9 If SECTION 21 applicable, submission of Water meter Connection
slip showing the connection point and layout plan showing internal
services is required.
10 The drawings must be drawn on the Tshwane latest title block
(available on our website (www.tshwane.gov.za/services/water and
sanitation) or Technical Information Office, tel. 012 358 4584/7689.
11 The logo of the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality.
12 A north arrow must be shown.
13 Coordinates of at least one erven.
14 The layout plan must be from the approved SG Diagram indicating
the correct erf numbers and street names. The SG Diagram must
be attached.
15 A Locality plan is necessary due to the fact that Tshwane is a large
area.
16 Electronic format of drawings (dwg/dxf format) is required.
17 Pipe material and size must be specified on the drawing.
Page 48 of 181
18 When applicable, provide a key plan of all the Phases when a
township or project is done in phases, and show phase boundary
clearly of new township/project drawing.
19 Legend line styles and symbols must correlate with what has been
used in the drawing.

APPROVED / NOT APPROVED BY TECHNICAL INFORMATION OFFICE

SIGNATURE: ………………………………………………….DATE: ………………………

Page 49 of 181
ANNEXURE W2: LIST OF SYMBOLS AND LEGEND TO BE
USED ON WATER DRAWINGS

Page 50 of 181
Page 51 of 181
ANNEXURE W3: MAP- AREAS UNDERLAIN BY DOLOMITE

Page 52 of 181
Page 53 of 181
 ANNEXURE W4: STANDARD PROCEDURE FOR THE
PROVISION OF WATER METERS AND BILLING OF HOUSING
BENEFICIARIES
Note:

Information given below is subject to change. The consultant shall get the latest information from
the Housing and Sustainable Development Department.

Differentiation is to be made between two types of development areas:

• Informal areas

• Formalised areas

Formalised areas are those areas/townships for which a General Plan has already been approved
by the Surveyor General. This means that the layout has already been approved by all parties
and the sites have been pegged and have numbers.

This is not the case for informal areas.

Furthermore, informal areas can also be divided into two categories:

• Upgradeable

• Not upgradeable

Upgradeable would mean that the area on which the settlement is located is suitable for
development for housing purposes and can be formalised.

This Policy is limited to formalised areas with a properly designed and installed water reticulation
or in the process of being installed with or without beneficiaries living on the residential stands.

Formalised areas can be divided into six scenarios:

i. Previously formalised townships with installed water reticulations and families living on the
residential stands, which have only been provided with standpipes in the road reserves.

ii. Townships which are currently in the process of being developed as “green fields”
projects, which means that there are no families on the site when development takes
place.

iii. Insitu upgrading of informal areas which means that development takes place around
families who are already living on the site.

Page 54 of 181
 iv. Townships which are currently in the process of being developed as “green fields”
projects, but with families on the site before services have been taken over or the town
proclaimed.

v. Townships already developed where beneficiaries are already residing in homes but not
proclamation has taken place but Surveyor General plans have been approved and meters
only are provided by the contractor.

vi. Townships already developed where beneficiaries are already residing in homes and
proclamation has taken place and meters only are provided by the contractor.

1. Financing of meter connections

The Housing and Human Settlement Department shall budget for the provision and installation of
water meters on the Housing Capital Budget. A housing beneficiary will not be liable for any
payment except the deposit for water consumption, as determined by the SED Water and
Sanitation, and the contractor who is appointed by the Water and Sanitation Department will
install the water meters. The cost per meter installation will be recovered directly from the Housing
Budget on the basis of a cost centre/general ledger account number which will be provided for
each project. The Water and Sanitation Department will perform the necessary inspections and
maintenance at their cost after completion of meter installation. It is accepted that the cost per
connection is not affordable if paid from the housing subsidy and as a result the Housing and
Human Settlement Department will need to make capital funding available as a “top-up”.

Only water meters approved by the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation may be purchased
and the installation thereof shall be done by approved contractors of the Water and Sanitation
Department.

In those areas where a specific type of water meter was approved previously by the Water and
Sanitation Department, and the specification has subsequently changed, the original meters will
be accepted. The water meters as originally specified shall be installed by an approved contractor
of the Water and Sanitation Department at the cost of the Housing and Human Settlement
Department.

2. Principles for low cost housing metering

• All families in such areas must be provided with metered water connections to their
residential stands.

• From a housing perspective, not all families on the site are the legitimate beneficiaries.

• Each family would need to open an account at the relevant branch office of the Finance
Department.
Page 55 of 181
 • In the event of families having to be relocated or moving voluntarily the municipal account
can be closed.

• A deposit is payable but arrangements can be made at the mentioned office of the Finance
Department to have this amount recovered over a number of months through the normal
accounting process.

• In the event of non-payment the approved Credit Control Policy will be applied.

• The Housing and Human Settlement Department will facilitate the opening of an initial
account by each family living on a residential stand, whether it is the approved beneficiary
or not.

• The Housing and Human Settlement Department cannot control the movement of
residents and changes of account holders and matters relating to non-payment will be
dealt with by the existing financial control and corporate customer care mechanisms.

3. Townships in the process of “greenfields” development.

Families will be allocated residential stands through a structure process which will be managed by
the Housing and Human Settlement Department.

The allocation and occupation processes of residential stands will include the following:

• The installation of a water meter

• The opening of an account and signature of the agreement form

• The payment of a deposit

• The signing of a “Happy Letter” which must also reflect the water meter numbers and
reading at date of signature by beneficiary.

The procedure will be as follows:

• A beneficiary will be approved by the responsible Province before going to site.

• Housing and Human Settlement Department will send a “call in” letter to an approved
beneficiary when the services site/house is ready for occupation.

• The list of serviced residential stands will be provided by the contractor/applicant after a
“Completion Certificate” has been signed by the respective Service Departments. This can
only occur after take over inspections are completed and “as built” plan have been
received and approved.

Page 56 of 181
 • This “call in” letter will reflect a date of occupation of site and will be sent out 7 days prior
to occupation date.

• The Housing official who sends out the “call in” letter will simultaneously send a notification
to the Water Consumer Operations Management section and to the Refuse Removal
section indicating the list of stand numbers which are to be occupied and the planned
occupation date.

• The Housing and Human Settlement Department will arrange for Route Numbers with the
Finance Department to be allocated on the financial system where required before
installation of water meters.

• The Water and Sanitation Department will arrange with its contractor to install the water
meters on or before occupation date.

• After being “called in” the beneficiary should arrive at the Housing Office on occupation
date. The following steps will need to take place:

• The beneficiary takes the “Happy Letters” (with beneficiary and stand information filled in)
to the local office of the Finance Department and signs a service agreement and pays or
arrange for payment of the deposit for water.

• The Finance Department will enter the Route Number where necessary.

• The beneficiary returns with the “Happy Letter” and receipt for the water deposit to the
Housing Official who must accompany the beneficiary to site.

• The beneficiary inspects the stand and improvements/house and signs the “Happy Letter”
after the water meter number and reading have been recorded on the “Happy Letter”.

• The beneficiary may now move on to site and becomes responsible for payment of
consumption as from date of occupation (date on which “Happy Letter” was signed).

4. Insitu upgrading of informal settlements.

In such developments it may be found that most families are actually living on a residential stand
accommodated by design in the approved layout. However, it can be anticipated that a number of
families will need to move from where they are currently located onto a residential stand as per
the approved layout.In the ideal situation the process of moving families would take place prior to
the installation of services but this does not normally happen.

Given this situation the procedure of installation of water meters will be as follows:

Page 57 of 181
• A family’s application for the housing subsidy must be approved or rejected by the relevant
Province.

• Services will be installed for the entire development irrespective of the fact that a family’s
application for subsidy has been approved or rejected.

• A list of services residential stands will be provided by the contractor/applicant after a

“Completion Certificate” has been signed by the respective Service Departments.

• Housing and Human Settlement Department will send a “call in” letter to the beneficiary
(approved / rejected) when the serviced site and/or house has been completed.

• The housing official who sends out the “call in” letter will simultaneously send a fax to the
Water Consumer Operations Management Section (Fax 327 1047 and Tel 358 5871) and
to the Refuse Removal Section (Fax 358 0501 and Tel 358 0588) indicating a list of stand
numbers which are to be handed over to beneficiaries and the planned date of hand over.

• The Housing and Human Settlement Department will arrange for the Connection Object,
Premise No. and Meter Reading Unit to be allocated on the financial system where
required before installation of water meters.

• The Water and Sanitation Department will arrange with its contractor to install the water
meters on or before “hand over” date.

• When the “called in” beneficiary arrives at the Housing Office on “hand over” date, the
following will need to take place:

• The beneficiary takes the “Happy Letters” (with beneficiary and stand information filled in)
to the local office of the Finance Department and signs a service agreement and pays a
deposit for water.

• The Finance Department will enter the Connection Object, Premise No. and Meter
Reading Unit where necessary.

• The beneficiary returns with the “Happy Letter” and receipt for the water deposit to the
Housing Official who must accompany the beneficiary to site.

• The beneficiary inspects the stand and improvements/house and signs the “Happy Letter”
after the water meter number and reading have been recorded on the “Happy Letter”.

• The beneficiary takes over the stand with improvements and becomes responsible for
payment of consumption as from date of occupation (date on which “Happy Letter” was
signed).

Page 58 of 181
 In a normal situation the costs of provision and installation for the water meters will be reflected
directly against the Housing Capital Budget on the basis of a Cost centre/General ledger account
number provided for that purpose.

5. Areas where service providers provide water services.

One independent water service provider operate within the area of jurisdiction of CTMM under
supervision of the Water and Sanitation Department:

• ODI Water Services who operates in the Mabopane/GaRankuwa/Winterveld area

The service provider is affected by the decisions that are taken regarding the installation of water
meters in housing projects within the area in which they operate.

In this regard the following was resolved:

• The Housing and Human Settlement Department does not have any contract with the two
mentioned service providers and for that reason would not be able to make payments to
them directly.

• Odi Retail accepts that the contractors appointed by the Housing and Human Settlement
Department provide and install water meters under their respective contracts but that they
are to be included in the inspection process.

• Water meters to be installed in the ODI Retail area must comply with the CoT
specifications as determined by the Water and Sanitation Department.

• Considering the above it is proposed that for each housing project implemented within the
area of an independent service provider a discussion be entered into with the affected
service provider by the Housing and Human Settlement Department in order to determine
the preferred method of provision and installation of water meters for that project.

Page 59 of 181
ANNEXURE W5: GREEN BUILDING DEVELOPMENT BY-LAW

Page 60 of 181
 C: SEWERAGE RETICULATION AND LINK SEWERS

The following standards apply to the design and construction of municipal sewerage reticulation in
general.

For convenience, guidelines for the application for, and construction of, new sewer connections
(mainly single connections at subdivisions) are given in Annexure R3.

Guidelines for the design of sewage pump stations are given in Annexure R6.

Pump stations and so-called “Packaged” sewage treatment plants will only be considered in
exceptional circumstances and then only after all other alternatives have been exhausted.

1. INSPECTION
A careful inspection of the area to be sewered, existing services and structures must be
undertaken to facilitate the design of the sewerage system. Plans and records of the different
municipal services must be obtained, and other public bodies must be consulted and their
approval obtained when their services are affected. Where new townships are involved or
construction is to be carried out in the road reserve, a plan showing all the municipal services
must be drawn up and must indicate clearly any deviations from the standard layout or position of
services. This plan must be submitted to the relevant municipal division for approval.

2. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
The minimum allowable internal pipe diameter for a municipal sewer is 145 mm.

2.1 Depth of municipal sewer

The minimum depth to the invert is 1,2 m in mid-blocks and 1,5 m in road reserves, except where
the depth of the existing infrastructure dictates otherwise (depending on the invert level of the
existing sewer). Exceptional cases will be considered on their merits after consultation with the
Executive Director: Water and Sanitation.

2.2 Sewer system in mid-blocks or road reserves

The mid-block system is acceptable, provided that the sewer connections are not installed deeper
than 2,0 m and that the main sewer is not installed deeper than 3,0 m. If these depths are to be
exceeded, a double system must be used. In doubtful cases, a comparative estimate of costs with
the double system must be made. When designing a double system, it is essential that close
attention be given where other services, particularly storm water drains, are crossed.

Page 76 of 181
2.3 Turbulence and odour prevention
Turbulence at junctions and in manholes may cause bad odours, which must be reduced to a
minimum by:

• limiting the number of connections to interceptor sewers;

• avoiding situations that may lead to hydraulic jumps, such as ramps and sudden changes from
steep to flat grades - where one grade is five or more times flatter than the other grade in the
mains; and

• carefully and correctly shaping channels and benching in manholes.

2.4 Junction of sewers

The junction with an interceptor sewer must generally be soffit to soffit. Due consideration must be
given to the hydraulic energy lines when designing junctions (refer to 2.6).

2.5 Manholes, lamp holes, encasements, beddings, cleaning eyes, etc

Refer to the standard drawings.

• Manholes must be placed as follows:

o At intervals of not more than 110 m on network sewers. This distance must be
decreased on steep grades so that the head on any part of the sewer does not exceed
6 m under blockage conditions. On collector sewers, and especially outfall sewers, the
distance between manholes may be increased in consultation with the Executive
Director: Water and Sanitation.

o At all changes in grades and/or directions.

o Where two or more sewer lines connect.

o At positions on steep grades (1:10 or steeper), to prevent backpressure in house

gullies under blockage conditions.

o At the higher end of all sections that serve more than three dwelling units and that are
longer than 50 m.

o Where a sewer line crosses a road, at least one manhole must be positioned in the
road reserve.

• Lamp holes in road reserves and erven may only be placed at the higher end of sections
shorter than 50 m, serving a maximum of three dwelling units.

Page 77 of 181
 • Backdrops will not be considered. Where flows and economy considerations (i.e. trench depth)
become significant, the alternative of two closely spaced manholes or lamp holes, or a
combination of these (refer to the standard drawings), is the prescribed option.

• Cleaning eyes will not be allowed on municipal sewers.

2.6 Fall through manholes

A fall, to compensate for energy losses, must be made in the channel of all manholes. For pipes
of a diameter of 150 mm, 200 mm or 300 mm, the fall through manholes must be a minimum of
80 mm, up to gradients of 1:15.

For gradients steeper than 1:15, the actual fall through the manhole, plus 25 mm, must be
provided. In the case of pipes of more than 300 mm in diameter, the actual fall must be calculated
using the standard energy equation.

Formulas:

● Energy loss due to change in direction

hb = Kb ( Vf2/2g )

hb = Energy loss in metres due to bend

Kb = Loss coefficient, which is a function of the change in direction

Vf = Flow velocity with pipe flowing full

Change of direction Kb
0˚ - 22,5˚ 0 - 0,1
22,5˚ - 45˚ 0,1 - 0,2
45˚ - 90˚ 0,2 - 0,4

● Standard Energy equation:

H1 + V12/2g = H2 + V22/2g + h

h= fall in manhole due to gradient

= minimum fall

= S x (diameter of manhole)

S= gradient

H and V are design depths of flow and velocities on either side of a manhole, respectively, and h =
energy loss through the manhole.
Page 78 of 181
2.7 Materials
Only material approved by the Department Water & Sanitation from time to time may be used.

As a minimum requirement, a pipe or fitting may be used if:

• the pipe or fitting bears the standardisation mark of the SABS in respect of the relevant South
African National Standards specification issued by the SABS;

• the pipe or fitting is included in the list of water and sanitation installations accepted by
JASWIC.

Refer to the document “Standard Specifications for Municipal Civil Engineering Works” of the
Municipality and Section E of this document (Corrections and Amendments to the Standard
Specifications for Municipal Civil Engineering Works, third edition 2005).

2.8 Pipes
Sewer pipelines shall generally be PVC-U pipes and fittings which comply with SANS 1601 for
stiffness class 400 pipes.

Only Polyethylene (PE) pipes shall be used in areas underlain by dolomite.

Material requirements for sewers shall be as approved by the Executive Director: Water and
Sanitation.

2.9 Manhole covers and frames

Concrete covers and frames or the equivalent combination of wrought iron frames and concrete
covers, as approved by the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation and as indicated on the
standard drawings, must be used.

2.10 Existing services

Existing public and engineering services and, where possible, newly planned services must be
plotted as accurately as possible on the plans. The actual positions of existing services in new
townships must be ascertained on site.

Applicants, contractors and consultants must adhere strictly to the way-leave requirements of the
City of Tshwane. In general, all existing public and engineering services must be dealt with as
follows:

2.10.1 Crossing of stormwater drains

Through the proper arrangement of manholes, it may be possible to pass underneath a
stormwater drain with the minimum of additional excavation.

Page 79 of 181
 Only under exceptional circumstances, and subject to the approval of the Executive
Director: Water and Sanitation and the Executive Director: Roads and Stormwater, will
sewers be allowed to pass through large culverts, pipes and/or box drains. In such cases,
cast-iron sewer pipes shall be used.

2.10.2 Stormwater drains on sidewalks

When installing sewers next to storm water drains on a sidewalk, the principle must always be
that the sewer is installed between the storm water drain and the boundary of the erf (even if
with some difficulty) in order to avoid crossing the stormwater drain with the house
connections.

2.10.3 Electrical and telecommunications cables

Great care must be taken not to damage electrical or telecommunications cables. The actual
location of the cables must be verified by consulting the City of Tshwane's Electricity Division
and the relevant telecommunications company, and this must be indicated on the plans
and sections.

2.10.4 Water mains

The exact location of the water mains must be determined on site by checking the position of
the valve boxes and exposing the water mains and house connections where the sewer line
will cross.

2.10.5 Trees
Municipal trees on sidewalks may not be interfered with, unless very specific circumstances on
site necessitate it. In such circumstances, official approval must first be obtained from the
Executive Director: Water and Sanitation.

2.10.6 Conditions of establishment

The conditions of establishment in respect of the building line restrictions, servitudes and other
relevant clauses must be taken into account.

2.11 Township developments

• Every erf in a new township must be serviced by a separate sewer connection directly to the
municipal sewer system. Traversing any neighbouring erf or property with a private sewer in
a private servitude will not be allowed.

• In the case of erven zoned for any use other than Special Residential, as well as residential
erven zoned to a density higher than Residential 1 (Special Residential) and with three or
more units, these must connect to the municipal sewer via a 150 mm diameter connection

Page 80 of 181
 out of a manhole, which manhole and connection must be provided on the main sewer
during construction of the network of the township.

• A new township must be sewered in such a way that all properties outside the township, that
COULD be sewered via the sewer reticulation being installed for the township, can be linked
to this sewer reticulation in such a way as to minimize the future need for the installation of
sewers and manholes within the boundaries of this township.

The implication is therefore that the sewer network must be extended to the boundary between
the township and the higher lying properties, at suitable positions to drain such properties. In
essence, a new township may not create a leapfrog situation for future developments.

2.12 Scheme amendments

● All new properties, established as a result of scheme amendments, must be serviced by a
separate sewer connection directly to the municipal sewer system. Traversing any neighbouring
property with a private sewer in a private servitude will not be allowed. Only municipal sewer
extensions / deviations / servitudes and connections, at the cost of the applicant, designed by a
Consulting Engineer and installed under the Engineer’s certified supervision, according to the
specifications of the Water and Sanitation Department, will be allowed. Information and
specifications are available from any of the One-Stop-Services-Desks for Water and Sanitation
Services. (See Annexure R3)

• Site Development Plans must indicate all existing sewer connections and also which of these
connections will be retained for future use.

• All sewer connections not used must be sealed off to the satisfaction of the Waste Water
Collection Section.

• The Waste Water Collection Section will endorse the relevant process for submission to the
Deeds Office only once certification has been obtained that the above has been complied with.

• Group housing complexes, with three or more units, must connect to the municipal sewer via a
manhole (150 mm connection).

• Zonings higher than residential 1 (Special Residential), with three or more units, must connect
to the municipal sewer via a manhole (150 mm connection).

2.13 Servitudes
In all cases where municipal sewers across private properties are not protected by servitudes in
terms of the conditions of establishment for the specific township, servitudes must be registered
over such municipal sewers, in favour of the municipality, at the costs of the applicant.

Page 81 of 181
2.14 Non accessible servitudes
Where municipal sewers cross non-accessible servitudes, such as railway lines; high traffic
volume National (N), Provincial (P) or Metropolitan Roads (M), or where access cannot be
obtained immediately, or without prior approval by the municipality, a double sewer system must
be provided. The double sewer system must provide for the isolation of flow in either one of the
respective pipes. The system must also ensure access by operational personnel for maintenance
or refurbishment procedures without disrupting road or rail traffic. In exceptional cases alternative
designs will be considered by the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation. Alternative designs
must warrant immediate and easy access by operational teams or Service Providers appointed by
the City of Tshwane.

3. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

3.1 Routing
The following aspects are considered desirable as far as the routing of sewers is concerned:

• The sewer must follow the natural fall of the ground (consult the contour plan).

• The sewer must be laid in those properties which will benefit most directly from the sewer.

• Road crossings must be kept to a minimum.

• There must be minimum interference with existing structures.

• Sewers installed within properties must be installed with centrelines at 1,2m from the
applicable boundaries of such properties.

• Sewers installed within the road reserve boundary must be positioned in accordance with the
applicable general layout drawing indicating the positions of the various services. (See also
specific positions in areas underlain by dolomite.)

• Midblock sewers will not be allowed in townships with individual stands of less than 400m2 in
area.

• All other services must be taken into account.

• Where the sewer and water lines are to be installed in the same trench, sewer manholes must
be positioned so as to allow for a minimum clear distance of 500 mm between the outside of
any manhole and the water pipeline.

Page 82 of 181
 • The final finished levels of carriageways, sidewalks and vehicle entrances to properties, and
the depth of sewer inverts below finished sidewalk levels, particularly for steep cross-falls,
must be considered in the design of sewers.

3.2 Determination of design flows

The following table must be used for sewer flow calculations:

Table 15: Sewer Outflow Figures (Effective Date: 30 September 2016)

SEWAGE
ITEM ZONING UNIT/DAY
OUTFLOW

1 RESIDENTIAL

1.1a Low-cost housing – erf up to 250 m² kℓ per erf 0.6

1.1b Small sized erven, for typically “Bonded Housing” etc. kℓ per erf 0.6

1.2 Conventional small-sized erf up to 500 m² kℓ per erf 0.7

1.3 Medium-sized erf 501 m2 up to 1 000 m² kℓ per erf 0.8

1.4 Large-sized erf 1 001 m2 up to 1 500 m² kℓ per erf 0.8

1.5 Extra-large erf 1 501 m² and larger kℓ per erf 0.8

Special for dwelling units/Residential 2: up to 25 units

1.6 kℓ per unit 0.7
per hectare

kℓ per
1.9 Residential 2, 3 and 4 according to FSR 1.2
unit/100 m²
Living units ,student housing, tenement buildings,
1.10 boarding house, Orphanages and hostels according to kℓ per 100m² 1.8
FSR
Hotels, guest houses, lodges, retirement centres &
1.11 kℓ per 100m² 0.9
villages, according to FSR
kℓ per Single
Guest houses, boarding houses, lodges with rooms room 0.3 per room
1.12
specified kℓ per Double 0.6 per room
room

Page 83 of 181
 SEWAGE
ITEM ZONING UNIT/DAY
OUTFLOW
1.13 Frail care centres and hospitals according to FSR Per bed 1.0
Agricultural holdings (house + servant’s quarters +
1.14 garden) (to be used only for subdivisions to create kℓ per holding 1.4
multiple holdings)
1.15 Gate house for security villages kℓ per unit 0.6

2 BUSINESS DEVELOPMENTS:

2.1 business 1-business 4 ( including residential)with a FSR kℓ per 100m² 1.2

2.2 business 1-business 4 ( excluding residential)with a FSR kℓ per 100m² 0.8

2.3 Offices kℓ per 100m² 0.8

2.4 Funeral parlour kℓ per 100m² 0.8

Funeral Undertaker /Mortuary(bodies prepared on site for

2.5 kℓ per 100m² 1.2
burial)

2.4 Warehousing (including subservient offices max 300m²) kℓ per 100m² 0.4

Mini storage facilities ( including subservient offices max

2.5 kℓ per 100m² 0.1
300m²)

Per cattle head 0.8

Per pig 0.4

2.6 Abattoir Per sheep 0.14

Per 100 fowl 0.8

2.7 Wellness centre, gymnasium kℓ per 100m² 2.4

ℓ of water per ℓ 7ℓ of water

2.8 Brewery
of beer per 1ℓ of beer

2.9 Taxi rank (with ablution facilities) kℓ per 100m² 0.3

2.10 Industrial (dry excluding spray painting booths) kℓ per 100m² 0.3

2.11 Fuel depot kℓ per 100m² 0.3

Page 84 of 181
 SEWAGE
ITEM ZONING UNIT/DAY
OUTFLOW
Development
2.4 Industrial (wet including spray painting booths) kℓ per 100m²
specific
2.5 Garage or filling station kℓ per 100m² 0.8
2.6 Car-wash facility kℓ per wash bay 10
Motor city/retail park as a single zoning (car sales +
2.7 kℓ per 100m² 0.4
limited offices 100m²)
3 GENERAL TYPE OF DEVELOPMENT:
3.1a Club buildings kℓ per 100m² 2.4
3.1b Club grounds kℓ per hectare 0
kℓ per 1000
3.2a Stadium 1.5
seats
3.2b Stadium grounds kℓ per hectare 0
3.3a Park buildings kℓ per 100m² 0.4
3.3b Park grounds kℓ per hectare 0
3.4a Nursery (sales area) kℓ per 100m² 0.8
3.4b Nursery (planting and production area) kℓ per hectare 0.3
3.6a Church buildings kℓ per 100m² 0.3
3.6b Church grounds kℓ per hectare 0
3.7a School, crèche, educational buildings Per student 60 ℓ
3.7b School educational buildings, excluding hostels Per student 60ℓ
3.7c School educational buildings, excluding hostels Per 100m² 0.9
3.7d School educational buildings, including hostels Per student 0.3kℓ
3.7e School educational buildings, including hostels Per 100m² 1.8
3.8 Municipal, governmental developments kℓ per 100m² 0.8
Private open space
3.9 kℓ per hectare
Public open space
3.10 Parking grounds kℓ per hectare
4 OTHER
4.1 Zoological activities kℓ per hectare 55
kℓ per
4.2 Airports 0.02
passenger
4.3a Camps: camper kℓ per camper 0.06
4.3b Camps: resort kℓ per person 0.2
4.4 Picnic spots kℓ per person 0.06
4.5 Entertainment theatres kℓ per seat 0.02
NOTE: Special consideration must be given to wet industries (soft drink factories, laundries, etc) where
actual sewage flows must be calculated.

• To calculate a peak flow, a peak factor of 2,5 must be used.

Page 85 of 181
 • Allowance for infiltration

In addition to the above design outflow rates, the allowance for infiltration shall be
0,04 litres per minute per metre per metre diameter (0,04 ℓ/min/m length/m dia) of pipeline.

• The following applies to non-built-up areas (which must be considered and included in the
design and in the determination of flow calculations for sewer pipes in new townships):

- litre per second per hectare of non-built-up area

• Total design flows

The summation of the above determines the total design flow. Pipes shall be designed to
run at 70% full, measured in terms of flow depth, at total design flow.

3.3 Sewer connections

3.3.1 General
• Where at all possible, house connections crossing a road must be avoided.

• Where a long sewer connection cannot be avoided and needs to be installed across a
municipal road, such a connection will become part of the municipal sewer system since it
is situated within the municipal road reserve. As such, the road crossing must be a
150mm nominal diameter pipe, connecting to the municipal sewer across the road via a Y-
junction.

• Where it is possible to connect two erven at a time via a single sewer road crossing, which
is preferable, the two erven must connect via a lamp hole onto the 150mm nominal
diameter sewer road crossing.

• A sewer connection must be provided at the lowest point of each erf. In the case of
Residential 1 erven, this will be a 100 mm nominal diameter house connection which must
be provided from the main sewer to a distance of 500 mm inside the erf boundary and not
less than 1 m from the side boundary at the lowest point of the boundary.

• A property with a house plus a second dwelling unit connects to the municipal sewer via a
private cleaning eye (square cover) and a 110mm diameter private connection.

• More than two dwelling units on any erf must connect via a 150mm diameter sewer
connection, with a maximum of three units via a lamphole, and more than three via a
manhole.

Page 86 of 181
 • The position of each erf connection on site must be identified by a marker block at ground
level (attached to a vertical wire from immediately above the connection, but not tied or
attached to the connection).

• Where an erf is zoned for any use other than Residential 1 (Special Residential), a
150 mm nominal diameter connection, with a manhole, must be provided.

3.3.2 Sewer connection depth

Each erf must be provided with a sewer connection of sufficient depth to drain the full area on
which building construction is allowed, with a minimum of 80% of the total erf area. The minimum
depth to the invert of a sewer connection is 1,50 m in a road reserve and 1.2 m in a mid-block.

3.3.3 Sewer connection form/slip

The sewer connection form/slip (A4) must clearly indicate the position and depth of the connection
and must be compiled by the consultant on behalf of the Executive Director: Water and
Sanitation. Connection slips are considered to be part of the as-built drawings and must therefore
be submitted with the as-built drawings. Refer to Annexure R1 for an example of a connection
slip.

3.4 Sewer depth determination

Calculation of the sewer inverts level at the house connection:

DB = (L1 + L2)/60 + 0.4 - (ZA - ZB)

DB = Depth of sewer at point B
L1 and L2 = Maximum length of private sewer as shown
ZA = Ground level at point A
ZB = Ground level at point B (normally the lowest point of the erf)
Page 87 of 181
 The following must be taken into consideration:

• The minimum depth at the extremity of any house drain, i.e. at the house, is 0.400 m
(0.300m cover, plus 0.100 m for the diameter and thickness of the drainpipe in most
cases).

• The minimum gradient for a house drain is 1:60.

• Allow 0.5 m for the junction at the municipal sewer.

• The invert level of the sewer line at the house connection B may therefore be not less
than:

Invert level = ZA - 0.4 - (L1 + L2) / 60 - 0.5 = ZA - (L1 + L2) / 60 - 0.9

NB: Where ground levels are very irregular, additional levels must be taken.

3.5 Flow calculation

The flow in sewers must be calculated according to the Manning formula, with n = 0.013 .

The minimum allowable internal diameter for any municipal sewer pipe is 145 mm.

Manning formula for flow velocity:

v = 𝑅𝑅 2/3 ∗ 𝑆𝑆 1/2
n
where: R = hydraulic radius of pipe; S = gradient; v = velocity of flow

3.5.1 Minimum velocities:

Normal minimum = 0.75 m/sec at full flow

Absolute minimum under extraordinary circumstances = 0.60 m/sec at full flow

3.5.2 Minimum gradient:

Table 16: Gradient needed for minimum velocity

Page 88 of 181
 NOMINAL MINIMUM GRADE WITH DEPTH MINIMUM GRADE WITH DEPTHS
DIAMETER D OF FLOW = 1/5D AND V = OF FLOW = 1/2D AND V =
mm 0,6 M/SEC 0,82 M/SEC
1/80
150 (for fewer than 24 dwelling units 1/100
connected)
200 1/120 1/200
225 1/140 1/220
250 1/160 1/240
300 1/200 1/300
375 1/250 1/370
450 1/310 1/420
525 1/360 1/465
600 1/400 1/500

3.6 Design invert levels of sewers

Invert levels of sewers must be calculated from the standards set in the previous paragraphs, thus
providing a theoretical invert line from which the design invert line can be determined. The depth
of interceptor sewers must be at least 0,6 m deeper than calculated theoretically, starting from a
high point on the sewer.

3.7 Drawings
Make use of standard symbols on sanitation drawings – refer to Annexure R5.

3.7.1 Working drawings

Each working drawing must show a locality plan and the site plan of the area (as required by
paragraph A3 - Surveying), with the longitudinal section projected from the site plan.

The longitudinal section must show the following (also refer to paragraph A4 Drawings – of this
document):

• The ground and sewer line, with manholes to scale

• Chainage distances (from lowest point)

• Depth of sewer

• Manhole reference numbers, according to the approved CoT manhole numbering system.

• Distance between manholes

• Ground and invert levels at each manhole

Page 89 of 181
 • Diameter and type of pipe

• Pipe bedding class

• The gradient of all pipe sections (1: ……. Format)

• Design flow (Qd) and corresponding flow velocity (Vd)

• Capacity (Q70) of pipe at 70% full flow and corresponding flow velocity (V70)

• Datum height

• Street names and width where crossed by a pipeline

• All other services that are crossed by the pipeline

• Fall through manhole, indicated in millimetres

3.7.2 Layout plan

A layout plan, to a suitable and clear scale, must show the following:

• Contours

• The route of the pipeline

• Manholes and Lampholes, properly named

• Distance between manholes

• Distance of pipelines from erf boundaries

• Sewer connection point to every erf

• Reference points and converted heights

• Erf numbers

• Street names

• Pipe sizes and material.

3.7.3 As-built drawings

Each as-built drawing must include the following:

• The locality plan and site plan of the area

Page 90 of 181
 • The manhole coordinates list (x, y and z – cover and invert – coordinates, all within a surveyed
accuracy of 20 mm). The Tshwane coordinate system and datum, currently WGS84
Hartbeeshoek, must be used.

• The longitudinal section, as projected from the site plan

• The longitudinal section must indicate –

o the details as specified above;

o the surveyed manhole cover and invert levels;

o the distance between manholes;

o the true grade;

o true design flow (Qd) and corresponding flow velocity (Vd)

o true capacity (Q70) of pipe at 70% full flow and corresponding flow velocity (V70)

The depth and dimensioned location of house connections must also be shown for each erf.

As-built drawings, as well as surveyed manhole information, must be submitted in hard copy and
approved electronic medium (typically .xls or .dbf or .txt comma delimited format).

Sewer connection slips shall be submitted together with the as-built drawings (refer to clause
3.3.3) – again in hard copy and approved electronic format.

4. CONSTRUCTION

4.1 Responsibility of supervising consultant.

The supervising consultant must ensure that all construction work is carried out strictly in
accordance with the specifications of the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation.

4.1.1 Setting out

During the process of setting out, the consultant must keep a check on the design in respect of
the feasibility of house connections.

4.1.2 Steep slopes

Sewers at a slope of 1 in 6 or steeper must be encased in 15 MPa concrete (1:3:6) with a
minimum thickness of 150 mm around the barrel of the pipe. The consultant determines how
such sewers are to be anchored, but the anchor blocks may not be spaced more than 12 m apart.

Page 91 of 181
4.1.3 Road crossings
• Sewers crossing under surfaced roads (existing tar roads) may not be encased in concrete as
a rule. However, an engineering design must be submitted, indicating the protection measures
(which must be approved by the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation) for any sewer
shallower than 1.5 m.

• The trench must be backfilled in accordance with the specifications of the Executive Director:
Roads and Stormwater. The selected materials must be hand-compacted to a depth of at
least 300 mm above the top of the pipe.

4.2 CCTV Inspection of newly built Municipal Sewers

All newly built sewers must be CCTV inspected once backfilling has been done. Only the services
of CCTV contractors approved by the Executive Director, may be used for these inspections.
Inspections should not all be done at the end of the project, but should rather be phased. It is
strongly advised that a good portion of inspections should be done close to the start of the project,
in order to avoid a situation at the end of the project where only the worst of the worst mistakes
can practically be rectified. This must be done at the cost of the applicant and to the satisfaction
and specifications of the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation:

• Colour CCTV cameras equipped with inclinometers must be used, and a pipeline profile must
be produced. If ovality as a general fault is present, the City of Tshwane reserves the right to
call for laser profiling of the pipelines as well, in addition to the CCTV inspections ("ring of light
technology").

• For the purposes of CCTV inspection, manholes shall be numbered in accordance with the
Division’s manhole numbering procedure. This nomenclature requires that each manhole has
a unique number consisting of the suburb code followed by the erf number of the stand closest
to the manhole followed by an A, B, C etc. in the case of more than one manhole in the vicinity
of the stand. Pipelines have the same name as the upstream manhole. The latest cadastral
data for this purpose is available from the Tshwane Geomatics Section.

• The CCTV contractor must produce a status quo report to all concerned containing the normal
CCTV report and inter alia recommending which pipes should receive remedial action. The
report shall contain maps showing incidents reported on as symbols, according to the
Tshwane system of which an example can be supplied if necessary. The layout will be
captured in advance by the firms GLS/CEs on GIS, upon being supplied with design drawings
by the Consultant.

• The CCTV status quo report including CCTV inspection reports – both hard copy and in
electronic format - form part of the as-built information that must be submitted to the Executive

Page 92 of 181
 Director: Water and Sanitation. The inspection reports in electronic format must be submitted
in .pdb format as the information has to be uploaded into the consolidated Tshwane CCTV
inspection database.

• Any attempt to influence the CCTV contractor to inspect only certain lines, to falsify reporting,
or threats to withhold payment etc. shall result in the party concerned being blacklisted.

• Consultants must analyse the CCTV inspection results, with due cognisance of what every
reported incident actually represents, and report and advise the contractor appropriately as to
what remedial action is required to ensure compliance with the standards and specifications of
the municipality. This recommendation must be based on adherence to the applicable
construction specifications.

• Any suitable proprietary front end software or camera system may be used but CCTV
inspections must be done according to the Sewer Inspection Manual as used by Tshwane.

• A portion of the inspections should be done close to the beginning of the installation and the
balance after completion on the "prevention is better than cure" principle. Consultants are
expected to supervise construction in order to ensure that their professional responsibilities
are fulfilled. CCTV inspections should only be a confirmation of correct construction.

• The costs of the CCTV inspection must be included in the services tender (including possible
laser profiling).

4.3 Notices to owners of developed and/or adjacent properties

4.3.1 Mid-block notices

Mid-block notices showing the proposed route of the municipal sewers through the affected
private properties must be prepared in duplicate. These notices must reach the owners of the
properties at least three weeks before work on their erven commences.

4.3.2 Proposed connection notices

Connection notices showing the proposed position of the sewer connection for developed erven
must be prepared in duplicate and must reach the owners of the erven at least three weeks before
work on the erven commences.

NOTE: The blank notice forms, as well as the names and addresses of all affected property owners, will be supplied
by the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation. The completed but undated notices must be submitted to the
Executive Director: Water and Sanitation for signing, at least seven days before mailing.

Page 93 of 181
4.3.3 Notification of occupant of each erf
The works inspector of the consultant must notify the occupants in good time of when work is to
commence on their properties and must simultaneously discuss with them all relevant matters to
minimise inconvenience.

Page 94 of 181
5. SEWERS IN AREAS UNDERLAIN BY DOLOMITE

It is of the utmost importance that no leakage emanating from sewage infrastructure occurs in
dolomite areas.

The requirements of the following national standard shall be implemented for all sewage
infrastructure in areas underlain by dolomite:

• SANS 1936:2012 - Development of Dolomite Land, Parts 1 to 4 and in particular Part 3:

Design and construction of buildings, structures and infrastructure.

Consultants may also consult the following publications for further information:

• Proposed method for dolomite land hazard and risk assessment in South Africa, SAICE
Journal Volume 43(2) 2001, paper 462 pages 27-36, Buttrick et. al. (Current industry standard
document).

• Section 2.8 of Part 1 of the Home Building Manual as published by the NHBRC, Revision 1,
1999.

• PW344: “Appropriate Development Infrastructure on Dolomite: Manual for Consultants” as

published by the National Department of Public Works, June 2006. This document is available
under Consultants Documents on the website of the Department of Public Works
(www.publicworks.gov.za).

The design and construction of municipal township services on dolomite shall comply with clause
5 of Part 3 of SANS 1936:2012 - Development of Dolomite Land: Design and construction of
buildings, structures and infrastructure.

If any of the requirements are not reasonably practical a rational assessment by a competent
person and appropriate risk management procedures shall be implemented.

This shall be approved by the Geological and Geotechnical Engineering Management Section of
the City of Tshwane.

Pipes:

• The minimum pressure rating or ring stiffness of the pipe to be used shall depend on the
dolomite land designation, i.e. D1, D2, D3 or D4.

• High density polyethylene (P.E) pipes are preferred in dolomite areas. Refer to Section E.
(Corrections and Amendments to the Standard Specifications for Municipal Civil Engineering
Works, third edition 2005) for approved PE materials.
Page 95 of 181
6. LOW VOLUME SEWAGE TREATMENT SYSTEMS

Private on-site treatment of sewage will only be considered within the urban edge as a temporally
alternative, where connection to existing bulk infrastructure is physically impossible and/or not
feasible at present, but where such infrastructure is planned for in the medium term. Outside the
urban-edge, on-site treatment will only be considered for low density developments, zoned as
farming, agricultural or residential with stands larger than 1 ha, as a permanent bulk disposal
system, where no municipal bulk services are available.

On-site treatment plants should not be used as a means to undermine the city’s planning
objectives of, inter alia, the compacting of the city to ensure effective and efficient provision of bulk
services. The Executive Director: Water and Sanitation will, within his/her delegated authority,
have the sole discretion in approving of an in-situ treatment plant as proposed by a Developer.

The provision of on-site treatment plants, financed, operated and maintained by private
developers or institutions will not exclude the development from complying with the Policy for Bulk
Services Contributions and/or the Water and Sanitation By-Laws. As soon as the Municipality has
provided a sewer connection, the owners must connect to the municipal sewer at his or her own
expense.

Exclusion to payment of “Charges for the conveyance and purification of Domestic Effluent for
Residential Purposes” will be given where the total sewage collection and purification system is
financed, operated and maintained privately. A “Charge for inspection and sampling of on-site
treatment plants” will be levied to the owners of the treatment plant. The full sanitation services
tariffs will be charged where – at the sole discretion of the municipality – any part of the system is
operated and maintained or taken over by the municipality.

The position of the plant will have to be determined in consultation with the Executive Director:
Water and Sanitation to ensure integration with future bulk system upgrades.

On-site treatment of sewage will only be considered within the planning framework stated below:

6.1 Scope and Appliance

This framework will apply for the “on-site” treatment of domestic wastewater where:

• the application falls within the scope of the Department of Water Affairs General
Authorisation¹.

• the discharge is less than 2 Mℓ/day.

Page 96 of 181
 • the disposal of the treated wastewater is to a natural surface watercourse.

• extraordinary terrain or geological conditions are not prevalent.

This framework applies to the treatment of domestic wastewater 2 only. As such it excludes
consideration of wastewater arising from any commercial or industrial activities 3. However, the
case of a predominantly residential estate development incorporating a small component of “non-
domestic” activity (e.g. a restaurant or frail care centre) contributing less than 15% of the total
wastewater loading, is included. Except for the above exception, privately owned sewage
treatment plants treating wastewater from any commercial or industrial activity will not be
permitted.

This framework excludes the disposal of treated wastewater by surface irrigation for any purpose
other than crop production and cultivation of pasture. In the absence of a Department of Water
Affairs General Authorisation covering the case of the use of treated effluent for the irrigation of
gardens or other public or private areas where human contact is likely, a licence application must
be made to Department of Water Affairs for such use.

Before final approval can be provided by the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation, prior
separate approvals for the installation of an on-site sewage treatment plant are required from:

• Department of Water Affairs in order to comply with the National Water Act 1998 1.

• The Department of Environmental Affairs in order to comply with the Environment

Conservation Act 1989 and / or the National Environmental Management Act, 1998.

• City of Tshwane’s Health Department in terms of the Scheduled Trades and occupations
Bylaws.

6.2 Application to city of Tshwane’s Water and Sanitation Department

Application for approval must be made to the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation whenever
the installation of a small or “pocket-type” sewage treatment plant on a particular (private) property
/ development is contemplated. Such application must be made by a professional engineer /
technologist (appointed by and acting on behalf of the Developer / Home Owner) who will
undertake the design / selection and supervise the installation, construction and commissioning of
the plant.

Factors to be considered in the planning and design of on-site sewage treatment plants are
contained in Annexure R8. The professional engineer / technologist is also referred to the Water
Research Commission Report No. TT 1869/09: Guideline Document for Package Treatment
Plants, Edition 1, May 2009. Only plants rated Low or Low to Medium Risk in terms of the above
Guideline (Table 9), will be accepted.
Page 97 of 181
The information listed in Annexure R9 must be submitted with the application.

In addition to the design, supervision, installation, construction and commissioning, the application
by the professional engineer / technologist must be accompanied by a commitment from the
Developer / Home Owner that he/she will enter into a five year contract with the professional
engineer / technologist submitting the application (to cover the same period as covered by the
financial guarantee) for ensuring adequate operational control, monitoring and maintenance of the
plant. This requirement will be for all plants, with the exception of single house units.

The professional engineer / technologist submitting an application will be required to satisfy the
Executive Director: Water and Sanitation that in those circumstances when the service contract
commitment is provided initially by the Developer, the management rules of the Body Corporate,
shall:

• make provision for the assignment to the Body Corporate of all rights and obligations of the
service contract commitment, and

• make provision for, once the above contract expires, a similar service contract to be entered
into with a professional engineer / technologist in respect of the plant, such that there is at all
times a professional engineer / technologist who has responsibility for compliance with the
General Authorisations of the Department of Water Affairs. This requirement will be for all
plants with the exception of single household units.

In the case of a sectional title development, the professional engineer / technologist will be
required to confirm that the rule contained in Annexure R10 is added to the statutory management
rules referred to in section 35 (2) (a) of the Sectional Titles Act, when application is made for the
opening of the sectional title register.

Except in the case of a single property unit 4, any approval which might be given will be subject to
the Developer lodging a bank guarantee, pro-forma contained in Annexure R11 in favour of the
Municipality in a sum equivalent to the cost of the design, supervision, installation, construction
and commissioning of the plant or such reasonable sum as may be decided by the Executive
Director: Water and Sanitation. The above financial guarantee must remain valid for a period of 5
years, commencing from the date of completion of successful commissioning of the plant and is to
be lodged with the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation at the time of commissioning and
when the full cost is known.

The purpose of the bank guarantee is to hold the Developer responsible for the performance of
the plant, for the above five year period, for achieving compliance at all material times - as
determined through monitoring and compliance protocols agreed between DWA and the
Executive Director: Water and Sanitation - with the “Special Limit Values”. In the event that there

Page 98 of 181
is inadequate compliance with the “Special Limit Values” the sum held under the bank guarantee
may be used by the City of Tshwane to alter or replace all or part of the installed plant.

If approved, The Division Head: Water and Sanitation will register the plant and institute periodic
inspection and sampling of the installed plant for the purpose of effluent compliance auditing for
which a charge will be levied in accordance with the Municipality’s tariff of charges. (Any further
cost incurred by the Council, such as additional audits due to non compliance, will be at the rate
based on the full cost for the service rendered, as required in the “Polluter Pays” principle of the
National Environmental Management Act). The development, together with all future extensions /
alterations / sub-divisions, will be subject to the limitations imposed by the approval issued and
the relevant bylaws.

Footnotes:
1 “General Authorisation 3”, published by DWAF in terms of the National Water Act 1998 (Act No. 36 of 1998), in
Government Notice No. 1191 dated 8 October 1999, as amended by Government Notice No. 399 dated 26 March 2004
and as may be further amended from time to time.
2 Domestic Wastewater for the purpose of the guidelines is defined as normal domestic household wastewater.
3 Wastewater from industrial and commercial undertakings shall include, but is not limited to, wastewater from garages,
restaurants, shopping centres which might include food outlets of any nature, hairdressers, laundries and frail care /
nursing centres.
4 For the purpose of this Policy a single property unit is deemed to be one that does not generate more than 2,200 ℓ/day
of sewage for treatment and disposal as given in Item 1.11 and 1.5 of Table 15 in the Guideline document.

Page 99 of 181
7. SEWER ANNEXURES

Annexure R1: Sewer Connection Slip

Annexure R2: Completion Inspection report for new townships - sewer

Annexure R3: Guidelines for the application for and construction of a new sewer
connection (chiefly at subdivision)

Annexure R4: Design of manholes for pipe diameters 300mm and larger

Annexure R5: List of Symbols to be used on Drawings and Standard Disclaimer

Annexure R6: Guidelines for the design of sewer pump stations

Annexure R7: Map: Areas underlain by Dolomite

Annexure R8: Factors to be considered in the planning and design of on-site sewage
treatment plants

Annexure R9: Information to be submitted by the professional engineer / technologist

with the application for an on-site sewage treatment plant

Annexure R10: Addition to management rules of bodies corporate regarding operation

and maintenance service contract obligations in respect of the sewage
treatment plant

Annexure R11: Performance Guarantee for on-site sewage treatment plants.

Page 100 of 181

ANNEXURE R1: SEWER CONNECTION SLIP

Page 101 of 181

 SERVICES INFRASTRUCTURE DEPARTMENT
Water and Sanitation Department

Tel: 012 358 7733/7 PO Box 1022

Fax: 012 358 4684 Pretoria
0001

Room A709, 7th Floor, Capitol Towers Building, 225 Madiba Street, Pretoria
0001

_________________________________________________________________________________
SEWER CONNECTION SLIP
____________________________________________________________________________
IMPORTANT NOTICE
The indicated position of house the connection is approximate. No trenches shall be excavated or
drains laid BEFORE the house connection has been located. This office must be notified of any
problems with connection positions within 30 days from the issue date of this connection slip. The
City of Tshwane do not take any responsibility for the correctness of connection positions after the 30-
day period.
_________________________________________________________________________________

Date: Plan: Erf Number:

Township: Street:

Sewer connection provided on the boundary from the

boundary.
Depth:

CONSULTING ENGINEER/CONTRACTOR DETAILS:

Name :

Address: for EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR WATER

AND SANITATION

Tel: Fax: Date:

E-Mail:

Page 102 of 181

ANNEXURE R2: COMPLETION INSPECTION REPORT FOR
NEW TOWNSHIPS: SEWER

Page 103 of 181

 SERVICES INFRASTRUCTURE DEPARTMENT
Water and Sanitation Department

Tel: 012 358 7733/7 PO Box 1022

Fax: 012 358 4684 Pretoria
0001

Room A709, 7th Floor, Capitol Towers Building, 225 Madiba Street, Pretoria,
0001

Your ref: Initiator: Retha Rall

Our ref: E-mail: rethar@tshwane.gov.za
Date:
Fax: (012) 358-7785
Tel: (012) 358-7686

COMPLETION INSPECTION REPORT FOR

NEW TOWNSHIPS / RELOCATION OF SERVICES - SEWER

NAME OF TOWNSHIP:

DATE OF INSPECTION:

“AS BUILT” DRAWING NO:

Meters of pipe installed:

PVC-U pipes as per SANS 1601
Nominal Diameter Pipe Material Length Class
160 PVC-U 400 kPa
200 PVC-U 400 kPa
250 PVC-U 400 kPa
315 PVC-U 400 kPa
355 PVC-U 400 kPa
400 PVC-U 400 kPa

Page 104 of 181

Polyethylene (PE) pipes, as per SANS (ISO) 4427

Nominal Diameter Pipe Material Length (m) Class

PE PE 100 PN 10 SDR 17
PE PE 100 PN 10 SDR 17
PE PE 100 PN 10 SDR 17
PE PE 100 PN 10 SDR 17
PE PE 100 PN 10 SDR 17
PE PE 100 PN 10 SDR 17
PE PE 100 PN 10 SDR 17
Concrete Pipe

Nominal Diameter Pipe Material Length (m) Class

Other types / diameters (specify)

Number of house connections installed:

Number and size of lamp holes installed:

Manholes:
Cleaning eyes

Please confirm the following:

All manholes are clearly visible:

All connections are marked with a wire and concrete marker
All pipes have been inspected by camera and found to be in order:

Page 105 of 181

Other comments:

AS BUILT” INFORMATION REQUIRED*

MEDIA NUMBER OF COPIES

1. Hard copy of ‘as built” drawings 1
2. Electronic format (CD/DVD) .dxf or .dwg file format**: 1
Connection slip for every erf (.dwg, .dxf or .pdf format): 1
CCTV Inspection report on CD/DVD (.pdb format) 1
* See attached check list for “as built” requirements
** Also include .CTB layer description file

I, …… ……..a Professional Civil Engineer (Reg. No:…… ……….),

of the firm…………… ……………., hereby certify the following:

All materials used for construction comply with the specifications of the City of Tshwane.

The construction methods used comply with the specifications of the City of Tshwane.

I and the firm of Consulting Engineers with which I associate myself assume professional
responsibility for the work performed.

Signature of Responsible Engineer:

Date
Name of Inspector of works (print):

Signature of Inspector of works:

Date

PLEASE NOTE: NO “AS BUILT” DRAWING WILL BE ACCEPTED IF NOT

ACCOMPANIED BY THIS SIGNED COMPLETION CERTIFICATE

Page 106 of 181

CHECK LIST FOR SEWER "AS BUILT" DRAWINGS - Complying with CoT Standards

ITEM INFORMATION Yes No

1 The word "As Built" and Section 21 where applicable has been
indicated clearly on the plan together with the signature of the Engineer
and Inspector of works.
2 All dimensions with regards to the distance of the pipes and the position
of the manholes and connections from the erf boundary have been
shown.
3 Longitudinal sections of all pipes have been provided with designed "As
Built" heights, gradients, design flows, maximum flows shown.
4 A legend must be shown indicating:- pipe size, symbols, existing and
new services, and phases where applicable.
5 The pipes must be clearly shown on the "As Built" drawings as new
pipeline and not as a proposed pipeline.
6 The scale must be clearly indicated.
7 Indicate revisions where applicable and add notes and remarks where
necessary.
8 The Township Name and Extension must be indicated in the title block,
AND NOT ONLY THE Complex Name, please add SECTION 21 where
applicable.
9 If SECTION 21 applicable, submission of A4 sheet Sewer Connection
slip showing the connection point and layout plan showing internal
services is required.
10 The drawings must be drawn on the Tshwane latest title block
(available on our website (www.tshwane.gov.za/services/water and
sanitation) or Technical Information Office, tel. 012 358 4584/7689.
11 The logo of the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality.
12 A north arrow must be shown.
13 Coordinates of at least one erven.
14 The layout plan must be from the approved SG Diagram indicating the
correct erf numbers and street names. The SG Diagram must be
attached.
15 A Locality plan is necessary due to the fact that Tshwane is a large
area.
16 Electronic format of drawings (.dwg/.dxf format) is required.
17 Pipe material and size must be specified on the drawing.
18 When applicable, provide a key-plan of all the Phases when a township
or project is done in phases, and show phase boundary clearly of new
township/project drawing.
19 Legend line-styles and symbols must correlate with what has been
used in the drawing.

APPROVED / NOT APPROVED BY TECHNICAL INFORMATION OFFICE

SIGNATURE: ………………………………………… DATE: …………………..

Page 107 of 181

ANNEXURE R3: GUIDELINES FOR THE APPLICATION FOR
AND CONSTRUCTION OF A NEW SEWER CONNECTION
(MAINLY AT SUBDIVISIONS)

Page 108 of 181

 SERVICES INFRASTRUCTURE DEPARTMENT
Water and Sanitation Department
Tel: 012 358 7733/7 PO Box 1022
Fax: 012 358 4684 Pretoria
0001

Room A709, 7th Floor, Capitol Towers Building, 225 Madiba Street, Pretoria, 0001

WASTE WATER COLLECTION

GUIDELINES FOR THE APPLICATION FOR AND CONSTRUCTION OF NEW SEWER

CONNECTIONS (CHIEFLY AT SUBDIVISIONS)

1. Supervision and Approval

Ownership over municipal sewers rests with the City of Tshwane (hereafter “CoT” or
“Municipality”). As such no work may be done on any municipal sewer infrastructure without the
supervision and approval of the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation or his delegate. Such
work may only be done according to the specifications as indicated on the standard drawings for
sewerage of the municipality as available on the date of construction and as specified in this
document. The aforementioned supervision and approval will only be considered under the
conditions as set out in this document.

2. Application for a new municipal sewer connection point

Official application not required

It is not required to lodge an official application to CoT if a new sewer connection can be
constructed by joining onto a municipal sewer line situated directly alongside the erf boundary of
the erf for which the connection is required.

Only the relevant foreman must be contacted for inspections and construction work may only be
done according to the conditions as set out in this document. (Also refer to points 4 and 5 below).

Official application required

It is required to lodge an official application with the Section: System Development if an additional
sewer connection cannot be constructed by joining into a municipal sewer line situated directly
alongside the erf boundary of the erf for which the connection is required. In such instances the
Page 109 of 181
 additional sewer connection could also include a pipeline that crosses an adjacent neighbour’s
stand or a road reserve. Such an application may only be made by a professional civil engineer,
officially appointed and paid by the owner (hereafter the “consultant”), with the explicit qualification
that the consultant takes full responsibility for the installation of the sewer connection.

Actual construction work may only commence after the approval of the application and
construction drawings, and must be done according to the conditions of the approval and the
conditions as set out in this document, under supervision of the consultant.

The relevant system inspector, must be contacted for inspections after approval for the planned
construction work has been obtained from the relevant Sub-Section: System Development.

3. Competent Contractor
Only a competent contractor (hereafter the “contractor”), with an acceptable Public Indemnity
Policy, at the exclusive discretion of the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation or his delegate,
may perform work on municipal sewerage infrastructure.

4. Arrangement for Inspections (Connections As Per 2.1)

Inspections must be arranged with the relevant foreman (hereafter the “foreman”) of the Waste
Water Collection Section. All appointments for any of the inspections must be confirmed with the
relevant foreman at least 24 hours before such an inspection is desired. The following telephone
numbers are applicable:

• Southern Region

o All areas included in the area of the erstwhile Centurion Town Council)

o Tel: 012 644-0971 - Ask for the foreman responsible for the specific area.

• Central Region

o (All areas included in the area of the erstwhile City Council of Pretoria)

o Tel: 012 358-5865 or 012 358-5837 - Ask for the foreman responsible for the specific
area.

• Northern Region

o (All areas included in the area of the erstwhile NPMSS, Ga-Rankuwa, Mabopane,
Winterveldt, Hammanskraal and Temba.)

o Tel: 012 358-9248 - Ask for the foreman responsible for the specific area.

Page 110 of 181

5. Relevant Inspections
The contractor must take cognisance of the following inspections that must be executed and
approved during installation:

• Inspection 1

Pipe exposed with hole in the municipal sewer completed. The actual saddle/junction to be used
must be shown to the foreman for approval.

• Inspection 2

Connection completed and concrete anchor already placed. Depending on the contractor’s
planning and capability, it can be arranged that this action takes place and is inspected while the
inspector is on site for inspection 1.

• Final Inspection

All work must be completed in full and the work area must be reinstated to its original condition
(improvements included). With this inspection the connection slip, as prescribed in this document,
must be handed to the foreman for endorsement. It is an absolute necessity that a fully detailed
connection slip be handed over to the foreman at this stage. Failing this, the provided connection
point will not be approved. No private sewer pipeline shall therefore be allowed to be connected
to this connection point.

6. Broken Municipal Infrastructure

When municipal infrastructure is exposed and found to be damaged, the relevant foreman must
be informed immediately telephonically and in writing so that the necessary repairs can be
attended to. If the contractor fails to give such notice, it will imply that that the contractor was
responsible for the damage and that he will then reinstate it at his own cost to the satisfaction of
the owner of the infrastructure.

7. Junctions
Where conditions necessitate the use of a junction rather than a saddle piece, one of the
inspections will have to be done during the actual installation. Sewage flow must in such an
instance be handled by the contractor to the satisfaction of the Executive Director: Water and
Sanitation, all in accordance with Health Regulations.

8. Re-Inspections
An administrative fee, as per the municipality’s annually promulgated tariff, will be payable for any
re-inspection in cases where an inspection was requested and the work found to be incomplete or
unacceptable, or for the non compliance with any of the aspects prescribed herein. No further

Page 111 of 181

 inspections or approval will be given until the administrative fee has been paid via the Water and
Sanitation One Stop Service counter, 1st Floor Isivumo House, cnr. Madiba & Lilian Ngoyi Streets.

9. Connections to Pipes larger than 300 mm

Connections to pipes of a larger diameter must be done in consultation with and to the satisfaction
of the Waste Water Collection Section. Connections on pipes up to and including 300 mm in
diameter can be done with a saddle or a junction, unless a manhole is required in terms of these
guidelines.

10. Occupational Health and Safety

The contractor shall at all times be responsible for all Occupational Health and Safety issues
(such as safety relevant to excavations), as set out in the relevant acts and regulations.

11. Road Reserves

Where a connection is made inside a road reserve, the necessary consent must be obtained from
the Department Roads and Transport (Tel: 012 358-7740, Room B421, Capitol towers Building).

12. Services
All the necessary way-leaves shall be in place before construction commences. Refer to
paragraph 6.1 of Part A: General Conditions for the wayleave approval procedure.

Any reinstatement costs of any services that may be damaged during construction will be for the
account of the Contractor.

13. Compaction
Backfilling of the excavation for connections must be done in layers of 150 mm maximum
thickness, compacted to:

• Midblock- and outside road reserves: Minimum 90% MOD AASHTO density.

• Inside road reserves: According to the conditions of the Executive Director: Roads and
Stormwater.

CoT retains the right to do tests on the work at any stage of construction. If any test fails, the
contractor will rectify the mistake and the cost of such test or tests will be for the account of the
applicant

14. Access To A Neighbour’s Erf

The applicant must give a neighbour written notice that access to his/her site would be required
for the purpose of construction work before any work may commence. In instances where a
neighbour refuses such access the foreman can be contacted to provide assistance.

Page 112 of 181

15. Sewer Connection Slip
A sewer connection slip including the contractor’s/Engineer’s detail (depending on the situation),
as in Annexure R1, in A4 size, must be furnished to the foreman at the final inspection. (Also
refer to Annexure R1 for an example.) This official document must clearly show the following
information:

• Contractor’s/Engineer’s name and particulars, clearly legible.

• Erf number, suburb, street name and number.

• Erf diagram.

• Local heights of all the erf corners. The heights do not need to be part of the mean sea level
height system.

• A North arrow.

• The applicable scale (1:1000 or 1:500).

• Connection detail: Position and depth, with distance from nearest erf boundary clearly
indicated, as well as type of connection (Type 1,2,3 or 4).

• Name in block letters, with signature and certification by the contractor that the work was done
to the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation’s standards and specifications.

• Space for date and the signature of the relevant CoT foreman after the final inspection and
acceptance of the completed work, must be provided.

Drainage Area
The responsibility rests with the applicant to ensure that at least 80% of the full erf can drain to
any new sewer connection. In cases where this is impossible, this must be pertinently indicated
after consultation with and approval of the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation, and the area
of the erf that cannot be drained must be clearly indicated (shaded) on the connection slip.

Connection slip
A signed and completed duplicate connection slip may be delivered to the Water and Sanitation
One Stop Service counter by the applicant to expedite the administration process, if he so wishes.
Otherwise at least the original and one copy of the connection slip must be handed to the relevant
CoT foreman.

16. Public Liability Policy

The contractor or owner must, at own cost, procure a public liability policy to the satisfaction of
the Chief Financial Officer of CoT, before construction of the sewer connection may be

Page 113 of 181

 commenced with. CoT, the owner and the contractor must be fully covered for their respective
rights and interests for the full duration of the construction period. The policy must provide a
coverage of at least R5 million per event, with the number of events unlimited during the period of
insurance coverage.

NB: A copy of the valid insurance document must be handed to the relevant foreman at the first
site visit. The municipality has the right to verify the authenticity of the Insurance Policy.

A copy of a valid public liability policy of the contractor must be provided to the foreman with the
first site visit, and if this is not done, no inspection will take place and the administration fee as per
the municipality’s annually promulgated tariff could be payable for the additional inspection. The
contractor shall furthermore not be allowed to continue with work until proof of this policy has been
provided and authenticated.

17. Approval Of Building Plans And Other Applications

No sewer related aspect of any amendments to the town planning scheme or application where
a sewer connection is involved will, under any circumstances, be signed off for final approval
and/or acceptance if the aforementioned conditions have not been met and the sewer connection
slip has not been supplied as prescribed.

18. Guideline Notes

The following information is not meant to be exhaustive but is included to highlight the more
important issues and to serve as a guideline for the contractor.

General
• Is the public liability policy in place? (Refer to par. 16 above)

• Is all work done to the applicable safety requirements? If this is not the case and it is not
immediately rectified by the contractor, work should be stopped and Mr Nic Kruger from CoT
to be contacted.

• All required inspections must be done and the foreman must use his own judgment to decide
if the re-inspection fee is payable or not.

• Only material with the SABS mark may be used. If a specific fitting is not obtainable, an
alternative product must be discussed with the depot manager prior to installation.

• Ensure that only dolomitic aggregate (sand and stone) is used. Any other material will in time
be corroded by sewage.

• All work to be done according to the municipality’s specifications.

Page 114 of 181

• A connection that has been backfilled without having been inspected, must be re-excavated
for inspection.

• Once all work has been completed, the “sewer slip” created on the letterhead of the
contractor should be handed to the foreman for signing off. Typically the contractor should
provide 1 original and 3 copies

• Original to the foreman for forwarding to the Municipality planning office (compulsory).

o 1 Copy to the foreman for filing at his depot (compulsory).

o 1 Copy to the plumbing company file (optional).

o 1 Copy to the client (optional).

Connections To Pipelines:
• Is the hole made in the municipal pipeline of the correct size and is it properly aligned with the
saddle?

• A PVC-U saddle should be joined on the municipal line by means of 687/617 Prostruct with
either cable ties or aluminum straps.

• A clay pipe saddle should be joined to the municipal line by means of the appropriate cement
mortar mixture.

• In the case of PVC-U and clay saddles the entire saddle should be encased in concrete on all
sides. Excessive use of concrete will only complicate future rehabilitation projects, so limit
the thickness to 100 mm.

• The inside of the connection should be smooth and free of any sharp points or edges.

• A concrete stopblock of minimum 300 mm wide must be constructed where required.

• Concrete should be left for not less than 24 hours before backfilling commences.

• The alignment of the municipal pipeline must remain straight after the connection is
completed

• In the case of a clay pipe it must be checked to ascertain if any cracks are present. If so, the
contractor must repair.

• The new saddle or Y-junction installed should be aligned in the direction of the forthcoming
connection pipeline at an angle not exceeding 45º (measured from the vertical).

Page 115 of 181

• The new connection should be installed at an angle not exceeding 45º and should be
installed in the correct direction to correspond to the flow direction of the municipal pipeline.

• The correct pipe bedding, blanket and backfilling material must be used as specified. The
foreman must as far as practically possible, make sure that no rocks are backfilled onto the
pipeline or connection.

• The site must be completely finished and all building rubble removed prior to the final
inspection.

Connections In Manholes:
• Usually only the portion of the benching where the connection must join up is broken away.
The contractor must either use a cement mortar mixture or a commercially available wet-dry
bonding application to ensure that the newly built benching properly joins to the existing
benching.

• The new connecting pipeline should join soffit to soffit (levelled from the inflow side) and the
contractor should ensure that a constant positive slope in the new channel is maintained up to
the connecting point with the municipal pipeline.

• Ensure that the new connection is encased in concrete for at least 500 mm (measured from
the outside of the manhole chamber). The new connecting point should end in a hepsleave
encased in concrete to ensure that a flexible joint is created.

• The contractor should use 687/617 Prostruct to ensure that the manhole is sealed against
any possible groundwater infiltration.

• The foreman will inspect the manhole for any structural damage. The manhole will have to be
repaired or, if required, rebuilt by the contractor if such damage is a result of the work of the
contractor.

Page 116 of 181

•

ANNEXURE R4: DESIGN OF MANHOLES FOR PIPE

DIAMETERS 300mm AND LARGER

Page 117 of 181

Page 118 of 181
 Values of T as a function of θ
375mm to 600mm diameter

2.5

1.5
Distance in meters

0.5

0
0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90°
Change in direction θ

Page 119 of 181

 Values of Z as a function of θ
375mm to 600mm diameter

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
Distance in meters

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90°
Change in direction θ

Page 120 of 181

 Values of B as a function of θ
375mm to 600mm diameter

3.5

2.5
Distance in meters

1.5

0.5

0
0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90°
Change in direction θ

Page 121 of 181

 Values of T as a function of θ
Larger than 600mm diameter

7.5

6.5

5.5

4.5
Distance in meters

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90°
Change in direction θ

Page 122 of 181

 Values of Z as a function of θ
Larger than 600mm diameter

2.5

2
Distance in meters

1.5

0.5

0
0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90°
Change in direction θ

Page 123 of 181

 Values of B as a function of θ
Larger than 600mm diameter

12

11

10

7
Distance in meters

0
0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90°
Change in direction θ

Page 124 of 181

ANNEXURE R5: LIST OF SYMBOLS TO BE USED ON
DRAWINGS

Page 125 of 181

Page 126 of 181
ANNEXURE R6: GUIDELINES FOR THE DESIGN OF SEWAGE
PUMP STATIONS

Note: The Division will only consider the installation of municipal sewer pump stations in
exceptional circumstances, after all other alternatives have been exhausted.

Page 127 of 181

CONTENTS

1. PURPOSE ............................................................................................................................................................. 130

2. GENERAL ............................................................................................................................................................. 130
3. QUICK CHECKLIST OF BASIC REQUIREMENTS ..................................................................................................... 130
4. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 131
5. LOCATION AND SITING........................................................................................................................................ 132
6. ACCESS ................................................................................................................................................................ 132
7. FENCING .............................................................................................................................................................. 132
8. LIGHTING............................................................................................................................................................. 132
9. NOISE CONTROL .................................................................................................................................................. 132
10. ODOUR CONTROL ............................................................................................................................................... 133
11. SUMPS ................................................................................................................................................................ 133
Emergency storage ...................................................................................................................................... 133
Sizing ............................................................................................................................................................ 133
Self cleansing ............................................................................................................................................... 133
Sump floor shape ......................................................................................................................................... 133
11.4.1 The effective volume of the sump should be of correct size to: .......................................................... 134
Flooding ....................................................................................................................................................... 134
Level Controls .............................................................................................................................................. 134
Buoyancy Calculations ................................................................................................................................. 134
12. SAFEGUARDS ...................................................................................................................................................... 134
13. FLOOD PROTECTION ........................................................................................................................................... 134
14. PUMPS ................................................................................................................................................................ 135
Self Priming Pumps ...................................................................................................................................... 135
Submersible Pumps ..................................................................................................................................... 136
Number of Pumps ........................................................................................................................................ 137
Bell mouths .................................................................................................................................................. 137
Suction pipes ................................................................................................................................................ 137
Efficiency ...................................................................................................................................................... 138
Standby ........................................................................................................................................................ 138
Pump spacing ............................................................................................................................................... 138
Gauges ......................................................................................................................................................... 138
Flow Metering ............................................................................................................................................ 138
System Hydraulics ...................................................................................................................................... 138
Inlet protection .......................................................................................................................................... 138
Re-priming ................................................................................................................................................. 139
Solids passing ............................................................................................................................................. 139
Gate-and-check valves ............................................................................................................................... 139
Operational Testing.................................................................................................................................... 139
15. EQUIPMENT REMOVAL AND REPLACEMENT ...................................................................................................... 140
16. BACKUP POWER.................................................................................................................................................. 140
17. AIR RELEASE VALVES ........................................................................................................................................... 140
18. FIRE AND SAFETY ................................................................................................................................................ 141

Page 128 of 181

19. SURGE ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................................. 141
20. GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR PUMP CONTROL PANELS .................................................................................. 141
21. PIPEWORK........................................................................................................................................................... 142
22. RISING MAINS .................................................................................................................................................... 143
23. ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION ................................................................................................................................ 143
24. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL ........................................................................................................ 144
The Operation and Maintenance Manual shall include the following information: .................................... 144
Equipment Literature Supplement .............................................................................................................. 145
25. PRIVATE PUMPING STATIONS............................................................................................................................. 146

Page 129 of 181

1. PURPOSE
The purpose of these guidelines is to establish design standards and technical criteria for effective
and efficient sewage pump stations in the City of Tshwane (CoT) that will also minimise any risks
and negative effects on the environment.

2. GENERAL
Sewage pump stations shall be avoided as far as possible and shall be considered only where
absolutely necessary, and where a gravity connection to the existing municipal sewer system is
not feasible.

Pump stations shall be functional, but as simple as possible, and shall be located as far as
practically possible from any present or proposed residential areas to minimise community impact.

All reasonable and practical measures shall be considered and used in the planning and design of
sewage pump stations to minimise the incidence and effect of any pollution as a result of
wastewater overflows into the environment and/or stormwater systems, except under the most
extreme circumstances, inter alia through specification of quality components and good design.

3. QUICK CHECKLIST OF BASIC REQUIREMENTS

• Low-maintenance landscaping, providing aesthetic appearance.

• Adequate service connections: water and electricity.

• The area around the pump station must have a concrete apron.

• A washing slab draining into the wet sump must be provided.

• A 25 mm hose bib tap with a heavy duty garden hose capable of reaching the whole pump
station.

• Lifting devices must be provided for lifting, moving and placement of pumps and other
equipment.

• Well-designed stairs, where necessary, must be provided.

• Sufficient and safe storage area must be provided for operational manuals, tools and
lubricants.

• All sumps must be well ventilated to prevent the building up of dangerous gasses.

• A firm capacity to pump the peak hourly and peak wet weather flows, without overflows
from the station or its collection system.

Page 130 of 181

 • A pumping system consisting of multiple pumps, with one spare pump sized for the largest
series of same-capacity pumps to provide for system redundancy.

• Pumps with a minimum of five years’ service history for a similar duty and size, unless
otherwise approved by the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation. To ensure a valid
warranty, pumps shall either be supplied directly by the manufacturer, or by suppliers who
are authorized and licensed by the manufacturer to provide manufacturer's warranty
services for the pumps to be furnished

• Inlet, station, and force main piping with all necessary pressure control and measurement
features, surge protection systems, air-vacuum/release valves, isolation valves, couplings,
odour control systems, and other appurtenances required for a complete and operable
system.

• Appropriate sound attenuation for noise created by pumping, mechanical, or electrical

systems, including a standby generator.

• A secondary source of electrical power. Standby generators shall be of sufficient size to

start and run the Firm Pumping Capacity of the station, along with all other associated
electrical loads necessary to keep the station operational and functioning .A diesel supply
for at least 24 hours pumping shall be available

• Structures of adequate size, with interior and exterior clearances to facilitate access for
ease of operation and maintenance of all systems. Architectural aspects shall be subject to
the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation’s approval.

• Site development including an access road and parking, security, lighting, drainage, signs,
and landscaping meeting the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation’s requirements.

4. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Safety precautions in accordance with the relevant legislation shall be incorporated into the design
of all pump stations, and, in particular:

• The Factories, Machinery and Building Work Act (Act 22 of 1941).

• The Occupational Health and Safety Act (Act 85 of 1993).

• Any other relevant act and/or ordinance and/or bylaw

• Ventilation: All sumps and dry wells shall be adequately ventilated.

• Handrails: Rust free handrails shall be provided to all landings and staircases and to the
sides of open sumps and dry wells.
• Walking surfaces: Skid-proof surfaces shall be provided to all floors and steps.
Page 131 of 181
 • Access: The layout of the pumps, pipe work and equipment shall be such as to allow easy
access to individual items of equipment, without obstruction by pipe work.
• Audit: A safety audit of the pump station shall be conducted by an accredited
Occupational Health and Safety auditor.

5. LOCATION AND SITING

The following aspects must be meaningfully addressed in deciding on the location of any sewage
pump station:

• It must result in minimum impact on the environment.

• It must cause minimum inconvenience to those using it, as well as those operating and
maintaining it.

• It must have a minimum impact in the event of something going wrong.

• It must be situated above the 1:50 year flood line.

6. ACCESS
Pumping stations shall be readily accessible during all weather conditions.

Site layout of the pump station shall take into consideration vehicle access. Adequate access to
the site, as well as sufficient working space, shall be provided for maintenance personnel and
equipment, with proper provision being made for adequate turning radius, including adequate
clearance from any overhead lines to allow for safe operation of a crane. Parking space shall be
provided for two maintenance vehicles.

7. FENCING
The pump station shall be fenced with a concrete palisade fence, according to the specifications
of the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation, including a lockable pedestrian gate and a gate
for vehicle access. The vehicle gate shall be wide enough for all vehicles and equipment
accessing the site.

8. LIGHTING
Adequate electrical lighting, easily accessible for manual operation, shall be provided at the pump
station to ensure:

• Appropriate security lighting.

• Practical interior and exterior lighting to allow for non-daylight maintenance.

9. NOISE CONTROL
In terms of noise (sound) management of a pumping station, the following aspects should receive
explicit consideration in the design and siting process:
Page 132 of 181
 • Minimising the generation of sound energy.

• Minimising the objectionable characteristics of the sound.

• Reduction of sound energy using appropriate attenuation measures.

• Deflection of sound energy away from sensitive areas.

10. ODOUR CONTROL

Careful attention to design of the necessary odour control facilities is required in order to pro-
actively minimise complaints. Key aspects of the design process shall therefore include an
emphasis on controlling and eliminating potential odour generation at the source, with due
consideration of the septicity and prevailing wind directions applicable at the pump station.

11. SUMPS

Emergency storage
A minimum emergency storage capacity representing a capacity equivalent to six (6) hours of
design flow shall be provided.

Sizing
In all pump stations, sumps shall be so sized and pump operating controls so placed as to restrict
pump starts to a maximum of six per hour.

All equipment and fixtures in the sump shall be corrosion proof (stainless steel, unless otherwise
specified and approved by the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation).

Self cleansing
Sumps shall be designed to minimise solids build-up and shall be self-cleansing. The sump shall
be either trench or hopper style with side slopes of 45 degrees or steeper (60 degrees is
preferred), to the inlet of the pumps. Maintenance procedures shall be developed to remove any
solids that do build up in the sump.

Sump floor shape

The base of the wet sump requires a slope towards the pump inlet so that the sewage may flow
into the sump without forming deposits. All corners should be benched to a minimum angle of 45
degrees. The angle may be smaller if the section is flushed by a strong flow. Bottom area should
be minimized and liquid volume below pump stop level should be kept to a minimum.

The sump shall also be designed to avoid air entrainment and low local velocities. The suction
pipe shall have a suitably sized bellmouth to avoid the formation of vortexing and eliminate suction
cavitation. The sump shall be designed to prevent septic action from taking place during periods
Page 133 of 181
 of extreme low flow. The dissolved hydrogen sulphide content of the wet well shall be maintained
below 0,1 mg/l.

Inlet sewers shall not be used to provide wet-well storage.

11.4.1 The effective volume of the sump should be of correct size to:
• Avoid sludge accumulation in the well.

• Avoid too frequent starting and stopping of the pumps.

Location of the inlet pipe should be as remote as possible from the pump inlets.

Flooding
Care shall be taken in the design of pump stations to avoid flooding of the sump and/or electrical
installations by stormwater or infiltration.

Level Controls
Ultra-sonic level sensing devices shall be used for level control in the sump and shall be located in
the sump so as not to be unduly affected by flows entering the chamber or by the suction of the
pumps. The positioning of the ultrasonic head shall be in line with the suction pipe work and away
from any turbulence.

Buoyancy Calculations
In order to ensure that the sump of the pump station will not float when it is empty and the
groundwater level is at grade, buoyancy calculations for all structures of any pump station
constructed below grade should be submitted for review. In the event that these calculations
determine that anti-buoyancy measures are needed, it should be fully specified.

12. SAFEGUARDS
Preventative measures shall be taken to minimise the possibility of spillages. Such preventative
measures must include one or more of the following:

• Provision of a standby pump, which can be activated automatically.

• Provision of standby generators to generate electricity during power failures.

• Provision of emergency storage capacity for the containment of any sewage spillage.

13. FLOOD PROTECTION

Pump stations shall be protected from physical damage and remain fully operational during a 100
year flood.

Page 134 of 181

14. PUMPS
Pumps shall be of horizontal, self-priming, centrifugal end-suction design, located above the water
level.

Self Priming Pumps

When selecting self-priming pumps, the following aspects must be taken into account:

• The pump must be able of doing the required duty at a rotational speed not exceeding
1 500 RPM.

• The suction inlet must be at least 100 mm diameter.

• The impellors must be of a non-clog type and must be able to pass solids of up to 75 mm
in diameter.

• The base plates shall be of a sturdy construction manufactured from a 10 mm mild steel
plate which must be completely galvanised (in accordance with SABS 1463) after
manufacturing. It shall be manufactured in such a way that the motor or pump can be
removed easily without having to remove suction or discharge pipework.

• All bolts, nuts and washers used shall be of 304 stainless steel.

• An appropriate size Fenner type tyre coupling or V-belts – with a Coupling Drive safety
factor of 1,5 - shall be used between the motor and the pump. The coupling shall be
covered with a strong guard.

• The pump design to allow for clearance of blockages and to provide simple access for
service and repair without disturbing suction and discharge piping shall be specified with
the tender.

• Additional pipes and fittings shall be schedule 40 steel and shall be CO2 welded. All pipe
work shall be properly cleaned and paint with Epoxy Tar # Black.

• All flanges shall be table 16 raised face, drilled to BS 4504

• Rubber insertion gaskets of 3 mm shall seal between all flanges.

• The pumps shall be sized and installed in such a way that each pump can handle the
specified requirements but when run in series, the flow rate must double.

• The pump shall be fitted with a mechanical shaft seal by the manufacturers. The seal shall
be an oil-lubricated, double floating, self aligning mechanical seal with the rotating and
stationary seal faces made from tungsten titanium carbide. The seal shall be lubricated
from an independent oil filled reservoir. A clear sight gauge shall be fitted to provide easy
Page 135 of 181
 monitoring of the seal oil level and condition. An atmospheric vent between the mechanical
seal chamber and the bearing chamber shall form part of the pump protection.

• The pumps must be selected to ensure that the duty specified falls well into the stable
range of the head/quantity characteristic curve of the pump.

• The pump shall have a non-overloading power curve.

• Only electrical powered pumps may be installed.

• The electrical motors must be rated for continuous operation at an output of 10 % more
than the maximum power requirements of the pump when operating at the maximum duty.

• Maximum suction lift shall not exceed the pump manufacturer’s recommendations and
shall be based on a net positive suction calculation with a generous factor of safety.

• All self-priming pumps to be fitted with Supplier’s standard manufactured custom air
release valves, that close on presence of pressure, not on presence of liquid.

Submersible Pumps
Will not be permitted unless specifically approved in advance by the Executive Director: Water
and Sanitation. Where allowed, submersible pumps shall be installed on a guide rail system to
allow for removal and installation of the pump without entering the wet well. Submersible pumps
shall be readily removable and replaceable without dewatering the sump or disconnecting any
piping in the sump.

Submersible pumps shall be designed specifically for submerged use in raw sewage.

• All slide rails, locating plates, lifting eyes and lifting ropes must be of grade 304 stainless
steel

• Each pump must be fitted with a seal monitoring sensor.

• Each pump must be fitted with a temperature sensor in the motor stator.

• Motor shall be a non-overloading type under maximum kW demand, and have a S1 rating
under above conditions.

• Drive-end bearings shall be angular contact type, preferably double row C3 with expected
bearing life of 50 000 hours.

• Rotor shaft shall be minimum 30 mm at impeller bore and shall be of 431 Stainless Steel
material.

Page 136 of 181

 • No pump hosting mechanical seal or seal cavity in wet-end, will be accepted, as rags, grit
and sand will be pumped. A double, back to back mechanical seal in oil, is preferred.

• The wet-end shall be of a wear resistant material, suitable for grit removal. WET-END -
Meaning all parts in contact with product being pumped, in this case, sand and grit.

• The impeller shall be an Open Vortex or non-clogging type, as raw sewage which contains
rags and solids are present.

• SOLID PASSING – Shall be a minimum of 75 mm spherical outside diameter.

• The suction and outlet of the pump shall not be larger than 100 mm to prevent clogging at
a low hydraulic speed.

• The 100 mm duckfoot shall be the catalogued product for the specific pump and shall be
manufactured from high grade cast iron.

• The duckfoot seal shall provide for sealing between slide shoe and duckfoot bend.

Number of Pumps
Pump stations shall be designed to accommodate peak wet weather flow, with at least one
reserve pump. A minimum of two pumps shall be permanently installed, each capable of
pumping at a flow rate in excess of the peak wet weather flow, but at the same time care must be
taken not to provide excessive standby capacity. The pump performance curve must be
superimposed on the system curve to establish suitable pump operation when two pumps operate
together.

Where three or more pumps are indicated, they shall be designed to fit actual flow conditions and
must be so designed so that with any one pump out of service, the remaining pumps will have
capacity to pump peak design flows.

Pumps shall be so sized that one pump can empty the sump plus handle the average inflow in
less than 30 minutes.

Bell mouths
Must be sized to ensure that the velocity entering the bell mouth does not exceed 1m/s.

Suction pipes
Must preferably be one size greater than the inlet, not more and not smaller than the inlet. The
number of joints on the suction pipe must be minimised.

Page 137 of 181

 Efficiency
Pumps shall be selected with the required operating point near the maximum efficiency point on
the pump curve, within the pump’s recommended operating range, and within the manufacturer's
recommended limits for radial thrust and vibration.

Standby
All pump stations shall be provided with at least one standby pump of a capacity at least equal to
the capacity of the largest duty pump. The standby pump must come into operation automatically
if a duty pump or its driving motor fails due to mechanical failure.

Pump spacing
Proper consideration shall be given and allowance made to avoid suction interference and
orientation in the wet well for contingency of all pumps in operation.

Gauges
A pressure gauge shall be installed on the suction and discharge side of each pump that is
installed in a dry well, and in the valve vault on the discharge side of each submersible pump.
Discharge gauge range shall be adequate to measure the shutoff head on the pump.

Flow Metering
Run-time meters should be installed on the motor control of each pump.

A flow-totalising meter should be installed on the force main just before it exits the pump station
structure.

System Hydraulics
Pump stations shall be designed to operate under the full range of projected system hydraulic
conditions. The system shall be designed to prevent a pump from operating for long periods of
time beyond the pump manufacturer’s recommended normal operating range. Start/stop cycles
shall not exceed motor manufacturer’s recommendation. The working capacity (between pump-
on and pump-off) should provide a holding period of not more than 10 minutes for the average
daily design flow.

Inlet protection
Adequate protection measures, where necessary, shall be provided at the inlets to pump stations
for the protection of the pumping equipment against large solids in the effluent. For larger pump
stations these devices shall be mechanically operated but, in all cases, due consideration shall be
given to the practical operation and maintenance thereof and, where necessary, the removal
thereof. These aspects must first be approved by the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation.

Consideration shall be given to the intended service, in which occasionally debris will lodge
between the pump suction check valve and seat. The result is not only in loss of the suction leg,
Page 138 of 181
but also in the siphoning of the liquid from the pump casing to the approximate centreline of the
impeller. Such occurrence shall be considered normal with proper installation of an air release
line free to the atmosphere.

Re-priming
In consideration of such occurrence and of the unattended operation anticipated, each pump shall
be designed so as to retain adequate liquid in the pump casing to insure unattended automatic re-
priming while operating at its rated speed in a completely open system without suction check
valves and with a dry suction leg.

Solids passing
Openings and passages of the pump shall be large enough to permit the passage of a sphere
75 mm in diameter. The impellers shall be "non-clog” type. Pump volute or casing shall contain
no openings, such as recirculation ports, of a lesser diameter than sphere sizes specified.
Screens or any internal devices that create a maintenance nuisance or interfere with priming and
performance of the pump shall not be permitted.

Gate-and-check valves
• Gate-and-check valves shall be to the manufacturer’s standard and approved design, low
maintenance and robust.

• Gate-and-check valves shall be installed above ground level or in a separate dry sump
next to a wet sump and set at a level higher than the water level.

• Each pump shall have its own gate-and-check valve.

• A gate valve and a 100 mm diameter swage nipple shall be provided on the rising main
side of the pump's gate-and-check valve to allow for a separate pump and flexible hose to
be used in the sump.

The pumps must be controlled by ultrasonic level switches and must control the pumps such
that the running time for all pumps is more or less the same for any day. At a given water level
the first pump must be activated and should the water level rises even more, the other pumps are
activated one by one. In cases where the water level raises extremely high, the standby pump
must also be activated. At a predetermined low water level, all pumps must be switched off.

Operational Testing
The contractor shall be required to test and adjust all equipment after all construction is completed
to ensure proper operation. The contractor shall field align and balance pumps and motors per
manufacturer’s recommendations.

IMPORTANT NOTICE:

Page 139 of 181

 Before take-over of any pump station by the municipality, an official letter from the pump
suppliers must be submitted in which the suppliers categorically confirm that they have
inspected and checked the complete pump installation and that the installation has been
completed in full compliance with their own and the pump supplier’s specifications.

15. EQUIPMENT REMOVAL AND REPLACEMENT

The sewage pump station design shall include for the capability to remove or replace all major
equipment items, including pumps and motors, electrical panels, valves, surge control
components and engine generators.

For sewage pump stations with larger pumps and motors, permanent monorails and hoists shall
be provided, with a lift rating at least equal to the largest piece of equipment. The rail must extend
out of the pump station in order for any equipment to be removed directly from a vehicle parked
under it. The rated capacity of the hoist shall be stencilled on the rail and clearly visible.

The design shall ensure adequate horizontal and vertical clearance between the overhead crane
hoists and other installed equipment to allow for lifting and moving of motors and pump equipment
to the station doors via the monorail.

16. BACKUP POWER

All sewage pump stations shall be designed with capability for emergency power in case the
primary electrical supply is out of service. Larger pump stations shall have permanent diesel-oil
fuelled, engine-driven generator units with automatic transfer switches to transfer the electrical
feed from the primary to the standby unit when a power failure is detected by the instrumentation
and control system, sized to operate all electrical components.

For smaller stations, where a dedicated backup generator is not indicated, a portable generator
shall be supplied. A manual transfer switch and an emergency plug-in power connection to the
station, for use with the portable generator, shall be installed. Determining the engine generator’s
size depends upon the requirements of starting and operating the pumps at peak possible load
and all ancillary equipment in the sewage pump station that could operate during a power outage.

17. AIR RELEASE VALVES

Air relief, air-vacuum release, or combination air release and vacuum valves shall be of a type and
brand manufactured for the specific purpose in sewage service, and shall be provided at critical
locations in the pump station and force main. The valves shall serve to prevent air being captured
inside the piping system, or prevent collapse of the piping system because of vacuum conditions.
Each valve shall be sized with the proper orifice size suitable for the volume of air to be admitted
or released and each shall be provided with an isolation valve.

Page 140 of 181

18. FIRE AND SAFETY
Appropriate safety warning signs shall be posted near all hazardous equipment in plain,
unobstructed view, and shall include warnings for automatic starting of pumps, generator, and
other equipment. Adequate and safe access shall be provided to all equipment.

19. SURGE ANALYSIS

Hydraulic surges and transients (water hammer) shall be considered during design of pump
stations and force mains. All systems shall be at least conceptually reviewed for the possibility of
damaging hydraulic transients.

20. GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR PUMP CONTROL PANELS

• All overloads to be rated at motor full load current

• Each drive to have individual stop and start control

• Each drive to have individual run and trip indication

• Panel must have control power “on“ indication

• Panel must have manual and automatic selector switch

• Panel must have duty and standby selector switch

• All motor circuits to be protected by suitable motor protection breaker

• Control circuits to be protected by 2 pole control breaker

• Panel must have incoming circuit breaker or isolator protection with door interlock facility

• Panel must accommodate facility to alternate pumps in sequence (flip flop relay) and have
the facility to override a pump when a pump is removed for breakdown or maintenance
purposes

• Unless otherwise specified, all control panels will provide for high and low level start and
stop control

• All wiring will be to SANS specification according to motor size

• All control wiring to be a minimum of 1,5 mm2

• All wiring will be terminated into approved terminals with lugs incoming and outgoing

• All terminals and control gear to be clearly marked

• All wiring to be in slotted trunking

Page 141 of 181

 • Surge protection must be included where applicable

• Earth leakage protection must be included where applicable

• Where applicable, panels may include “high-high” alarm signals and both pumps to
operate in a “high-high” condition, then revert to normal alternating operation under normal
conditions

• Level control must be ultrasonic

• All enclosures to be i.p.65

• Where applicable, run hour meters must be employed

• Where applicable, kilowatt hour meters must be employed

• Where applicable, phase rotation meters must be employed

• Where applicable, a control philosophy will be submitted with control panel

21. PIPEWORK
When designing the pipework, the following must be addressed:

• Pipework must be properly designed and detailed.

• Only gate valves must be used.

• Only swing check valves must be used.

• Vortex formation at suction pipes must be prevented.

• Air must not be trapped in the suction pipe.

• A flexible coupling must be provided between the valve on the suction pipe and the pump.

• The maximum flow velocity in the suction pipes must not exceed 1,5 m/s. (Check NPSH)

• On the delivery side a check valve must be provided, followed by a gate valve.

• A flexible coupling must be provided between the pump and the check valve.

• The pipework must be properly supported to prevent the pipework from resting on the
pump.

• The maximum flow velocity in the delivery pipes must not exceed 3,0 m/s.

Page 142 of 181

 • The layout of the pipework must be such that the pump can be removed without
dissembling the pipework.

• It must be possible to remove any pump without affecting any other pump.

• For submersible pumps, the valves and check valves must be installed in a separate box
outside the wet sump and access from the natural ground must be easy.

• All pumps must be fitted with pressure meters on the delivery side.

22. RISING MAINS

Rising mains must be designed to take care of the following:

• Rising mains must be of such a diameter that solids deposited while the pumps are
stopped will be scoured out when the pumps are working. A velocity of 0,9 m/s to 1,2 m/s
is commonly considered to be desirable.

• The minimum velocity of flow in a rising main should be 0,7 metres per second. The
maximum velocity of flow in a rising main should be 2,5 metres per second.

• The minimum diameter of a rising main shall be 100 mm.

• Where possible, the rising main must have a positive grade with no low points or high
points.

• Scour valves and air valves must be avoided at all cost.

• The rising main must be analysed for water hammer.

• To prevent the release of H2S at the outlet, turbulence must be avoided.

• Unbalanced thrust must be balanced.

23. ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

Electrical supply and control circuits shall be designed to allow disconnection at a junction box
located or accessible from outside the wet well. Terminals and connectors shall be protected from
corrosion by location outside of the wet well or by watertight seals and shall be protected by
separate strain relief.

Electrical equipment in enclosed areas where explosive gases such as methane and hydrogen
sulphide vapours may be present, should be corrosive resistant.

Switchgear must always be installed above ground level. Where superstructures are provided, the
switchgear must be inside the superstructure. For submersible pump stations a weatherproof

Page 143 of 181

 panel, manufactured of corrosion resistant material, must be provided at least 2 m from the pump
station.

Panels must have at least the following functions:

• It must comply with SABS 0142.

• It must have a padlock lockout system.

• All equipment must be numbered and labelled according to the panel drawings.

• Rotation of the duty and standby pumps.

• An Amp-meter for every pump.

• A Volt-meter for every pump.

• An hour-meter for every pump.

• A kW-hour meter for the pump station.

• A 220V plug point.

• A 380V plug point.

24. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL

During the design of sewer pump stations, consideration shall be given to all operations and
maintenance needs. This shall be fully documented in an Operation and Maintenance Manual.

The consulting engineer shall supply the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation with three
copies of the operating and maintenance manuals when the pump station is taken over and shall
also be responsible for obtaining all manufacturers’ manuals and operating instructions - which
shall be assembled into an organised supplement to the Operation and Maintenance Manual.

The Operation and Maintenance Manual shall include the following information:
• A flow diagram of the pump station showing all the components as well as the working
pressures and flow rates, including updated information on the actual pumps installed.

• Detailed descriptions of all operating processes and sequence of operations including

description of the operation and interaction of systems and subsystems during start-up and
shutdown, operation in automatic mode, operation in manual mode, and operation with
backup power. This includes, but is not limited to, equipment, pumps, piping, valves,
HVAC, electrical, controls, and instrumentation.

Page 144 of 181

 • Design data for pumps, motors, force main, standby power, overflow point and elevation,
telemetry (where applicable), and sulphide control system, as applicable.

• Pump curves with computed system curves showing design operating points.

• Analysis of critical safety issues and procedures, as well as a vulnerability analysis.

• Inventory of critical components, including nameplate data for pumps and motors, etc.

• A consolidated summary of required routine scheduled maintenance and scheduled

preventative and predictive maintenance for all station equipment, along with references to
the location within the manual where detailed information may be found. These will include
lubrication, cleaning, inspection, oiling, adjusting, equipment condition monitoring, and
rebuilding to factory specifications. Scheduled maintenance shall be triggered by
frequencies (elapsed calendar days, run time, etc.) or on demand.

• A complete list of emergency spares to be kept in store.

• List of vendors and manufacturers of critical system components, including after-hour

contacts, as well as name, location, and telephone number of nearest supplier and spare
parts retailer, for all components used in the pump station, pipe work and rising main.

• Contingency plan, including redundancy considerations.

• Emergency plans and procedures.

• All safety related aspects.

• Required training and training plan for operation and maintenance teams.

• A complete set of the as built drawings, as well as electrical panel drawings.

• Description of the maintenance management system, including preventive and predictive

maintenance.

Equipment Literature Supplement

The following information shall be included in an equipment literature supplement to the O&M
manual:

• Disassembly and reassembly instructions.

• Parts lists and information for all installed equipment – by generic title and identification
number.

Page 145 of 181

 • Manufacturer’s certifications, including calibration data sheets and specified calibration
procedures and/or methods, for installed equipment.

• Warranty forms.

25. PRIVATE PUMPING STATIONS

In the event of a pumping station being approved by the Executive Director: Water and
Sanitation, but not being considered for take-over by CoT, a private service agreement must be
set up by the Applicant, fully defining operation, maintenance, cost and cost sharing. This
agreement must be reviewed and approved by the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation.

The Applicant will be required to set up and participate in a mechanism to fund the cost of such
operation, maintenance and equipment replacement for the pump station to assist the
Homeowners Association.

One copy of such pump station manuals and the maintenance contract for the Homeowners
Association will be placed on file with the Homeowners Association and at the offices of the
Executive Director: Water and Sanitation prior to the pump station being commissioned.

Page 146 of 181

ANNEXURE R7: MAP - AREAS UNDERLAIN BY DOLOMITE

Page 147 of 181

Page 148 of 181
ANNEXURE R8: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF SMALL ON-SITE
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS
Whereas the specific design, location and operating parameters for small sewage treatment
plants are the responsibility of the professional engineer / technologist engaged by the developer /
home owner for that function, some of the factors relating to:

• The environmental impact of such plants

• The potential nuisance of such plant to premises in close proximity

• The potential of such plant to cause pollution of local streams

• Public health and safety

are listed below.

All such plant installations must accord with best practice, be designed to generally accepted
engineering principles and avoid or mitigate problems of nuisance or malfunction.

1. LOAD VARIATION

The design must allow for the large variations in flow and organic loading, both on a diurnal
and seasonal (holiday periods etc) basis, that are typically experienced by small treatment
plants serving small groups of people such as in the case of cluster housing schemes, schools
and institutions.

The source and nature of the wastewater treated and the type of development served must be
accurately known and the plant designed and sized appropriately.

If the plant is not adequately designed to cater for the peak hydraulic and organic loads,
consequences could be suspended solids carry over, off- spec. effluent, soak away clogging,
stream pollution and inadequate sterilisation of the effluent.

Some form of flow balancing may well be necessary. This is often accomplished by
incorporating an enlarged septic tank ahead of the biological treatment stage but care must be
taken to avoid increased risk of odour nuisance with such an arrangement or with sewage
holding/balancing tanks.

There can be other advantages associated with the inclusion of such an anaerobic stage and
the responsible professional will be required to provide motivation if a septic tank is not to be
provided.

Page 149 of 181

In the case of Biological Trickling Filter plants the adequate design, operation and
maintenance of the flow distribution system is important for adequate treatment of the sewage
particularly during periods of low flow.

2. BACK UP SYSTEM

Measures must be taken to provide for mechanical, electrical, operational or process failure
and malfunction of the plant.

Details in this regard are to be submitted with the application for installation of the plant.

As a minimum there must be

an alarm system to warn of an electrical failure

sufficient standby equipment / (e.g. aerator / blower / pump / generators, etc) such that there is
a reasonable assurance that the plant can be fully functional within 24 hours.

A shallow (1.2m deep) “polishing dam “ with a capacity of at least one day’s normal flow must
be included. This would allow the reduction of chlorine by UV-exposure, before discharging
into a public stream where chlorine would be detrimental to aquatic life. It would also be
beneficial to contain untreated sewage in the event of a plant failure. A constructed wetland
could be achieve much the same except for containment of a spill.

3. ODOUR

Package sewage plants, by their very nature, will generate odours at times and under certain
conditions but sewage odours are normally confined to the immediate vicinity of the plant and
do not usually carry great distances.

Odour nuisance may arise as a result of mechanical failure, organic overload or under-
capacity aeration equipment.

In valley situations on calm winter nights temperature inversions occur, which condition is
conducive to entrapment and build- up of any odour release.

The plant should be located as far as possible from the closest residential unit on the property
but should also not be positioned any closer to the boundary of the neighbouring property than
it is to the closest residential unit on its own property.

Prevention of odour nuisance may be dealt with by enclosure of the plant and extraction of off-
gasses for recycling through the aerobic biological treatment unit or through a separate
biofilter unit (The latter unit will require media replacement approximately every 3 to 5 years).

Page 150 of 181

4. NOISE

High speed blowers, compressors and motors should either be housed in a sound proof room
or their use avoided.

As in the case of odour, to avoid noise nuisance the plant should be located as far from
residential units as possible, whilst also taking neighbouring properties into account.

5. PSYCHODA FLIES

These inhabit Biological Trickling Filters as an important component of the biological life on the
filter necessary for good performance of the filter. They are normally confined to the immediate
vicinity of the filter but may at times and under certain wind conditions be blown to nearby
residence where they may constitute a temporary nuisance.

6. VISUAL INTRUSION

The plant should be screened from residences and neighbours (with trees or shrubs) and/or
sunk into the ground. Note however that leaves shed from trees can cause clogging problems
in treatment units.

If the plant is totally enclosed in an aesthetically pleasing building it will be essential to provide
adequate ventilation before persons enter (see below).

7. PUBLIC HEALTH AND SAFETY

Access to children must be prevented at all times.

Adequate ventilation must be provided before any person, including the plant supervisor and
maintenance and operating personnel, enters enclosed areas or confined spaces on the plant
due to the possible presence of toxic or explosive gases (such as hydrogen sulphide and
methane) or to oxygen deficiency.

For effluent sterilisation, if chlorine is to be used it should preferably be in the form of solid or
liquid hypochlorite rather than chlorine gas from cylinders of liquid chlorine which constitute a
potential hazard and has implications for public safety if not properly supervised, handled,
maintained and secured.

Continuous flow-proportional dosage system and adequate contact time essential.

The plant must be secured to prevent unauthorised access.

8. WASTE DISPOSAL

Page 151 of 181

The removal of waste sludge from the plant should be arranged through a registered waste
disposal contractor and disposed of at an approved Metro disposal point (not into a sewer
manhole) or in such a manner as approved by the Department of Water Affairs in consultation
with the Metro Health authority.

Adequate access to allow for the removal of waste sludge must be provided.

Page 152 of 181

ANNEXURE R9: INFORMATION TO BE SUBMITTED BY THE
PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER / TECHNOLOGIST WITH THE
APPLICATION FOR ON-SITE SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
1. RELATING TO THE DEVELOPER AND PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER /
TECHNOLOGIST:

• Name and address of the developer.

• Name, Address and professional registration number of professional engineer /

technologist

• Confirmation that his / her appointment covers the design / selection and supervision of
the installation, construction and commissioning of the plant.

• Confirmation that the developer agrees to issue the financial guarantee (as required in
terms of clause 5.5 of this policy) in the form attached hereto as Annexure 5.

• Confirmation that the professional engineer / technologist has been contracted to provide
an operation and maintenance service for the first five years of operation of the plant (as
required in terms of clause 5.6)

• Confirmation that the Management Rules of the Body Corporate will incorporate a clause,
as per Annexure 6 attached to this policy, binding the Body Corporate for a service
contract commitment not only for the first five years of operation but on an ongoing basis,
for the life of the plant.

2. RELATING TO THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT:

• Physical Address of property / subdivision.

• Property description and size (area).

• Number of dwelling units proposed on the site.

• Description of dwelling unit type (s).

• Details of any industrial or commercial undertakings (reference footnote 2 and 3)

• Anticipated daily quantity of domestic wastewater that will be generated on the

development site.

• Anticipated daily quantity of non-domestic wastewater that will be generated on the

development site.
Page 153 of 181
• Estimated maximum instantaneous peak rate of inflow to the treatment plant.

• Plans to be submitted showing:

• Position of all buildings

• Position of sewage treatment plant and final discharge point / route of the treated
wastewater.

3. RELATING TO THE PROPOSED TREATMENT PLANT:

• Brief description of sewage treatment plant / process to be installed including maximum

capacity.

• Names and addresses of the manufacturers / suppliers of the main components of the
treatment plant.

• Estimated cost of design, supervision, installation, construction and commissioning of the

plant (the actual full cost is to be certified at time of commissioning).

• Measures to be taken to provide for mechanical, electrical operational or process failure

and malfunction of the plant including details of all back-up systems.

• Measures to be taken to avoid or mitigate nuisance or complaint arising from the operation
of the sewage treatment plant / system and to ensure protection of public health and
safety, including the proposed method of disposal of plant by-products / waste materials
(sludge, detrus, screenings).

• Staffing requirements, e.a. numbers and qualifications, for the normal operations of the
plants.

• A full scientific explanation of how the product should work and statistical evidence that the
system works and under what limiting parameters it works.

4. RELATING TO THE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR PRIVATELY OWNED DOMESTIC

WASTE WATER TREATMENT WORKS:

• Rating of the package plant with full disclosure of total number of points scored according
to the classification structure in the Water Research Commission Report No. TT 1869/09:
Guideline Document for Package Treatment Plants, Edition 1, May 2009. Table 8 & 9.

• Proposed treatment wastewater quality monitoring program.

Page 154 of 181

 ANNEXURE R10: ADDITION TO MANAGEMENT RULES OF
BODIES CORPORATE REGARDING OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE SERVICE CONTRACT OBLIGATIONS IN
RESPECT OF THE SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

The management rules of the Body Corporate shall contain a rule / provision, reading
substantially as follows:

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT ON COMMON

PROPERTY

1. The sewage treatment plant on the common property shall at all times be operated,
monitored and maintained by a professional engineer / technologist for the purposes of
ensuring quality compliance with the Special Limit Values applicable to the discharge of
waste water into a water resource, as prescribed by legislation.

2. It shall be the duty of the owners / members to ensure that a comprehensive operation and
maintenance contract is at all times in existence with a person contemplated in 1.1 above.

3. The owners / members shall be bound to accept the assignment (accrued debts and
obligations excepted) of a comprehensive operation and maintenance contract entered
into by the Developer during the development period.

4. This rule may not be amended or repealed without the prior written consent of the
municipality.

Page 155 of 181

ANNEXURE R11: PERFORMANCE GUARANTEE FOR ON-SITE
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS
To :

The City Manager

City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality
P.O. Box 1022
PRETORIA
0001

Sir

PERFORMANCE GUARANTEE

I /.We, in my/our capacity/capacities

and as the duly authorised representative/s of

(hereinafter referred to as ‘the Bank’) hereby bind the Bank irrevocably unto the City of Tshwane
Metropolitan Municipality (hereinafter referred to as the ‘Municipality’) for the effective and efficient
performance of the sewage treatment plant to be installed at

by

(hereinafter referred to as ‘the Developer’) in terms of achieving, at all material times, quality
compliance with the Special Limit Values (hereinafter referred to as ‘the prescribed Special Limit
Values’) applicable to the Discharge of Wastewater into a Water Resource, as published in
Government Notice No 399 dated 26 March 2004.

This Guarantee shall be on the following conditions:-

1. The total liability of the Bank to the Municipality arising from this Guarantee shall not
exceed the sum of

2. The Municipality shall, without reference and/or notice to the Bank, have complete liberty
of action to take whatever steps the Municipality may deem appropriate for the purposes of
ensuring that the sewage treatment plant achieves quality compliance, at all material times, with
the prescribed Special Limit Values. The Executive Director: Water and Sanitation shall have sole
discretion as to whether the sewage treatment plant is/is not achieving quality compliance, at all
material times, with the prescribed Special Limit Values.

Page 156 of 181

3. The Bank undertakes to pay to the Municipality such amounts as may be claimed from
time to time, in writing, by the Municipality’s Executive Director: Water and Sanitation. The
Bank shall, within fourteen (14) days of receipt of a claim, make payment to the
Municipality’s Executive Director: Water and Sanitation, Capitol Towers Building, Madiba
Street, Pretoria.

4. A payment made by the Bank to the Municipality in terms of this Guarantee shall be
subject to adjustment as between the Bank and the Municipality as and when final details
of the Municipality’s claim are ascertained.

5. The Bank reserves the right to withdraw from this Guarantee at any time by depositing the
guaranteed amount with the Municipality, whereupon the Bank’s liability ceases.

6. This Guarantee is neither negotiable nor transferable, and is limited to the payment of
money only and –

(a) must be returned to the Bank pursuant to the provisions of clause 5 above, and

(b) shall lapse pursuant to the provisions of clause 8.

7. This Guarantee shall be produced for endorsement if any part payment is made.

8. This Guarantee shall remain valid for a period of five years calculated from

and shall terminate upon the expiry of such period and be of no further force and effect,
provided that if any claim made by the Municipality prior thereto, has not been paid at that
date, the Bank’s liability to the Municipality under this Guarantee in respect of such claim
shall only be extinguished when such claim has been paid.

9. The Bank hereby chooses domicilium citandi et executandi for all purposes arising hereof
at

SIGNED at on this day

For and on behalf of

Address:

Page 157 of 181

Page 158 of 181
 C: LOW COST HOUSING PROJECTS

The procedures below embody the principles and standards to be followed for the provision of
water and sewerage networks and pipelines in low cost housing projects. If special circumstances
necessitate a deviation from the principles and standards, the proposed deviation must be based
on sound reasoning by the responsible engineer and must be referred to the Executive Director:
Water and Sanitation for approval.

1. GENERAL CONDITIONS
The latest edition of the document "Guidelines for the Design and Construction of Water and
Sanitation Systems", as issued by the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation Department, shall
be applicable to all projects.

2. HOUSING AND HUMAN SETTLEMENT DEPARTMENT APPOINTMENTS

The requirements as set out in Clause A2: "General Requirements for Consultants appointed by
the City of Tshwane" shall be applicable with references to the Executive Director: Water and
Sanitation replaced by the Executive Director: Housing Provision Project Management.

Professional Consultants involved in housing projects will accept full responsibility for their
projects and ensure that proper site supervision takes place during the course of a project to
ensure that the sewerage infrastructure, ultimately to be taken over as part of the municipal sewer
system, is constructed and installed as per the Standard Specifications and the Guidelines for
Design and Construction of Water and Sanitation Systems.

This includes the requirement that the involved professional civil engineer must:

● Sufficiently and effectively supervise all stages on the construction work and must ensure that ll
construction work is carried out strictly in accordance with the specifications. At completion of the
work, and before the work will be taken over, the consultant must certify that the project has been
executed in terms of CoT’s Standard Specifications and this Guideline document. (Refer to
Clause A 6.7)

● Submit a complete set of as-built drawings to the Water and Sanitation Department, as per
Clause A4.

3. APPROVAL OF PLANS BY WATER AND SANITATION DEPARTMENT

● A complete set of the envisaged construction drawings bound in a A2 format booklet shall be
handed in at the Water and Sanitation Department for approval.

● Upon approval, two further copies of the construction drawings in this format shall be lodged
with the Water and Sanitation Department for reference purposes during construction.
Page 159 of 181
D: CORRECTIONS AND AMENDMENTS TO THE STANDARD
SPECIFICATIONS FOR MUNICIPAL CIVIL ENGINEERING
WORKS, THIRD EDITION 2005

SERIES 3: SEWERS

SECTION 301: MATERIALS

• Clause 02 Pipes and Fittings

• Clause 02.06 Cast iron (CI) pipes and fittings

Change the heading to “Ductile iron pipes and fittings.”

Replace the contents with the following:

“Ductile pipes and fittings shall comply with the requirements of BS EN 598:2007 & A1:2009.

Pipes and fittings shall be factory coated with an approved internal lining and an external
coating.”

• Clause 02.08 Polyethylene (PE) pipes and fittings

2nd line: Replace the wording “shall be one of the following PE60 PN16 SDR 9, or PE63 PN
12,5 SDR9” with “shall be PE100 with a pressure or ring stiffness of at least PN10 SDR17.

The manufacture and installation of polyethylene (PE) piping and fittings by means of the
welding of thermoplastics is a specialist work and competent fabricators and/or contractors
registered with SAPPMA and IFPA are required.”

• Clause 02.09 Rubber joint rings

Replace the wording ‘SANS 974-1” with “SANS 4633”.

• Clause 03 Manholes

• Clause 03.01: General

Replace the wording “six” with “seven” in the first line.

Page 160 of 181
 Add the following paragraph:

“(e) Polyethylene (PE) manholes (mainly for areas underlain by dolomite)

Manholes shall be manufactured from PE100 ( or higher grade specification) structural or solid
walled polyethylene (PE) or steel reinforced or spirally wound pipes that comply with the
requirements of SANS 4427-1 or SANS 674 as appropriate.

Inlets and outlets shall be joined to compatible piping systems by means of butt-fusion or
electrofusion joints.

The manufacture and installation of polyethylene (PE) piping and fittings by means of the
welding of thermoplastics is a specialist work and competent fabricators and/or contractors
registered with SAPMA and ISPA are required.”

• Clause 04 Accessories

• Clause 04.01: Manhole covers and frames

Delete the 2nd paragraph (“Cast -iron manhole covers……..”) and replace with the following:

“Manhole covers and frames shall comply with the relevant requirements of SANS 50124
(SABS EN 124.) The types of covers and frames shall be type D400 in roadways or type B125
elsewhere as scheduled or as shown on the drawings.

The use of cast -iron or ductile-iron manhole covers and frames, which are a high theft risk,
are not encouraged. Non-metallic manhole covers meeting the above specification such as
Polyester Resin are acceptable”.

Replace the 1st sentence in paragraph 3 (“Precast concrete manhole covers…..”) to read as
follows:

“Precast concrete manhole covers will be scheduled for use with precast concrete frames”

• Clause 04.04: Lamp holes

Replace the wording “cast-iron” in paragraph 1 with “polyester resin.”

Replace the 2nd paragraph (‘Cast-iron covers…..”) to read as follows:

“Polyester resin lamp hole covers and frames shall comply with the relevant requirements of
SANS 50124 (SABS EN 124.) The types of covers and frames shall be type B125 as
scheduled or as shown on the drawings.”

Replace the 1st sentence in paragraph 3 (“Precast concrete covers…..”) to read as follows:

Page 161 of 181

 “Precast concrete covers will be scheduled for use with precast concrete frames.”

• Clause 04.06: Epoxy -tar paint

Replace the wording “SANS 801 type iii” with “AWWA Spec C210-84”

SECTION 302: CONSTRUCTION

• CLAUSE 04 - LAYING OF PIPES

Place the contents of clause 04 under a new sub-clause entitled “04.01 General”.

Add the following new sub-clause:

“04.02 Jointing of thermoplastics by means of butt welding

PE 100Ø pipes and fittings shall be joined by butt fusion welding.

Relevant Specifications:

Welding of Thermoplastics
SANS 10268
Part 1 - Heated tool welding ( Butt Welding)
SANS 6269 Welding of Thermoplastics - Test methods
SANS 10269 Welding of Thermoplastics - Testing and approval of welders
Welding of Thermoplastics - Approval of welding procedures and
SANS 10270
welds
Welding of Thermoplastics - Machines and Equipment
SANS 1672
Part 1 - Heated tool welding
SANS 21307 Plastic pipes and fittings: Butt fusion jointing procedures
Plastic piping systems - Polyethylene (PE) pipes and fittings for
SANS ISO
water supply
4427
Parts 1,2,3 and 5

Pipe jointing personnel

The contractor shall make use of a specialist subcontractor or shall have such specialist
personnel in his employ.

Pipe jointing personnel shall be adequately trained and certified in terms of SANS 10260.

The contractor/subcontractor undertaking this work shall be SAPPMA and IFPA registered.

Method statement / Quality assurance plan

Page 162 of 181
The contractor shall prepare a detailed method statement for the Engineer’s approval.

This shall include details of the equipment and how the work will be performed so that the relevant
specifications and recommendations of the pipe manufacturer can be complied with.

The following should be included in the method statement:

• Details, experience and certification of personnel who will execute the work (SANS 10269)

• Details, inspections and testing of proposed equipment to be used. (SANS 1672)

• Joint preparation procedures - cleaning, cutting, drying, alignment and support(SANS

10268)

• Inspection and testing procedures (SANS 6269)

• Quality management system (ISO 9001, sample weld records (blank pro forma sheets))

• Jointing procedures to be used - equipment, voltage, temperature, pressure. heating and

cooling times, etc. (SANS 10268)

• Occupational health and safety aspects including a risk assessment in terms of the
construction regulations 2014.

Butt-fusion Jointing

The equipment used for butt fusion jointing of pipes and fittings shall comply with the requirements
of SANS 1671 part 1.

The procedures followed shall comply with SANS 10268 Part1.

Only pipes and fittings having the same size, SDR and material shall be butt- fusion welded.

A unique joint number shall be assigned to each joint for reference purposes.

The Contractor shall generally follow the single low pressure fusion jointing procedure. In the case
of pipes having a wall thickness in excess of 20 mm the Contractor may propose to instead follow
the single high pressure fusion jointing procedure described in section 5.2 of ISO 21307 or SANS
21307.

A dummy joint shall be made at the start of each welding session using pipe off cuts of the same
size, material and SDR as the pipe being installed. The normal trimming, bead up and full heat
soak cycles will be adhered to.

Page 163 of 181

If the pipe size is changed during the day, if the heater plate is allowed to cool below 180°C or if
maintenance of the butt fusion equipment is carried out then a new dummy weld shall be
performed.

Butt Fusion Joint Inspection

All butt fusion joints shall be inspected in accordance with the requirements of Appendix B of EN
12007 Part 2. Should the joint contain any of the faults described in the standard then the joint
shall be cut out and replaced.

The inspection shall include the following points:

• The gap between the two single beads shall not be below the fusion surface.

• The displacement between the fused pipes must not exceed 10% of the pipe wall
thickness.

• The difference between two single bead widths shall not exceed 10% of the double bead
width.

• The weld beads shall be free from all contamination and have a smooth even surface with
no evidence of distortion, holes or bubbles.

• At the direction of the Engineer external beads shall be removed with an approved tool
and inspected for contamination and defects. They shall also undergo bend back testing.
Beads should be solid and rounded with a broad root as hollow beads with thin root and
curled appearance can be indicative of excessive pressure or no heat soak.

• Each removed bead shall be numbered with its corresponding joint number clearly
displayed and removed beads shall be retained for inspection by the Engineer.

• The width of each external bead width shall be measured using bead gauges and the
width of the bead shall be within the range given by the pipe and / or welding equipment
manufacturer.

• No signs of damage (such as scratches or deep impressions caused by clamps) shall be

visible on either side of the joint.

Any joints the do not comply with the above requirements shall be cut out and a new joint made
and the failed joint shall be handed over to the Engineer.

Records of all tests and inspections shall be maintained by the Contractor and made available for
review and approval by the Engineer.

Page 164 of 181

Testing of Fusion Joints

A minimum, 1 % of all butt fusion joints shall be cut out and destructively tested under laboratory
conditions in accordance with SANS 6269 by an approved testing organisation.

The fittings to be tested shall be selected by the Engineer immediately upon completion of the
welding process, whereupon they shall be cut out and delivered for testing. They shall comprise at
least 1 of each type of electro-fusion fitting even if this requires more than 1 % of all electro-fusion
fittings to be tested. It is important to note that the test requirement is for one fitting of each type
i.e. bend, coupling, tapping saddle, tee etc. not one of each size and type.

All costs associated with the testing, together with any consequent rectification of faults and
retesting shall be borne by the contractor and is deemed to be included in the applicable rates for
pipe laying.

Tying-In

Joining unconnected sections.

Where sections of the line are to be tied-in after being laid and filled in the trench the length of
pipeline left un-backfilled shall be kept to a minimum, but shall be sufficient to allow some
flexibility in the uncovered pipe and to facilitate the tying-in process.

Tie-in joints in restrained sections of the line shall be made when the ambient temperature is at
the daytime minimum, as far as is practical, to avoid strain in the pipe. Under no circumstances
shall the line be left in tension after the completion of a tie-in connection.

Excavations made in the trench bottom to facilitate electro-fusion or mechanical jointing shall
provide adequate clearance to enable the jointer to undertake their work without any restrictions.”

SERIES 4: WATER RETICULATION AND WATER MAINS

SECTION 401: MATERIALS

• Clause 04 Pipes, Fittings and specials

• Clause 04.02 Polyethylene (PE) pipes and fittings

Replace the contents of this clause with the following:

Page 165 of 181

“PIPES

General

The minimum pressure rating shall not be less than 12 Bar (1200 KPa).

When the annual average operational temperature exceeds 20oC, the consultant may need to
apply a pressure reduction factor to determine the allowable long term operating pressure of the
PE pipes and fittings. Refer Table A1 in Annex A of ISO 4427-1.

Pipes ≥ 75mmØ

Polyethylene type PE100 PN12.5; SDR 13.6 (or higher pressure class if required) as per
ISO 4427, parts 1, 2, 3 and 5.

Supply lengths:

12m min.

Jointing:

Butt-welded to SANS 10268 - Part 1 or approved bar coded electro-fusion welding as per
SANS 10268 - Part 2 where butt-welding is impossible. The latter must be applied in
accordance with the manufacturer’s specification.

The manufacture and installation of polyethylene (PE) piping by means of the welding of
thermoplastics is a specialist work and competent fabricators and/or contractors registered
with SAPPMA and IFPA are required.

No beads shall be removed on the joints of polyethylene water pipes.

Pipes < 75mmØ

Polyethylene type PE100 PN16; SDR 11 (or higher pressure class if required) as per ISO 4427,
parts 1, 2, 3 and 5.

Supply lengths:

100 m rolls min.

Jointing:

Compression fittings which shall comply with the relevant requirements of ISO 4427.

FITTINGS (Specials)

Page 166 of 181

Pipes ≥ 75mmØ

Polyethylene (PE) fittings. ( ISO 4427 part 3)

No fittings fabricated out of pipe segments will be accepted.

Only formed long radius bends and moulded fittings made in an approved or accredited factory
shall be allowed where the manufacturer can demonstrate the performance of a fitting by
providing the inspection documents as set out in the following table.

Inspection documents required as per EN 10204 (2004)

Designation of
Document content Document validated by
document type
3.1 Inspection Statement of The manufacture’s authorised inspection
certificate compliance with representative independent of the
3.1 order, with indication manufacturing department
3.2 Inspection of results of specific The manufacture’s authorised inspection
certificate inspection representative independent of the
3.2 manufacturing department and either the
purchaser’s authorised inspection
representative or the inspector or the inspector
designated by the official regulations
Note: Unless otherwise stated document designation 3.1 is usually required.

The product specification acceptance criteria shall be as set out in SABS ISO 4427 and ISO
9001:2008. Documentation to this end shall be presented to the Executive Director Water and
Sanitation for approval. All fittings delivered to site shall be clearly marked and accompanied by
the appropriate technical file.

No beads shall be removed from the prefabricated fillings.

• Pressure Derating of Fabricated Fittings

Fabricated fittings shall be designed and manufactured in accordance with the requirements of
ISO 4427, part 3, in particular Annex B. The pressure derating factors to be employed by the
fittings fabricator shall be in accordance with annex sections B3 and B5.
• Pressure Reduction Factor for Pipelines in use at Temperatures above 20oC
When the annual average operational temperature exceeds 20oC, the consultant shall apply a
pressure reduction factor to determine the allowable long term operating pressure of the PE
fittings. Refer Table A1 in Annex A of ISO 4427-1.
Steel fittings (SANS 62 and 719)

Where PE100 pipes connect to other materials or flanged fittings stub flanges with backing rings
shall be used. Stub flange backing rings shall be galvanised mild steel or ductile iron.

Page 167 of 181

Steel fittings shall be coated as follows:

Internal coating: a 500 micron epoxy coating for potable water such as Scotchkote 162 PWX.

External coating: a 500 micron epoxy coating such as Scotchkote 162 HB.

Steel fittings shall be drilled in accordance with SANS 1123 Table 1600 (or 2500 where specified.)

Pipes < 75mmØ

Compression fittings which shall comply with the relevant requirements of ISO 4427.

All pipes and fittings shall be approved by the Executive Director: Water and Sanitation before
used in any installation.”

• Clause 04.03 PVC pipes and fittings

1st paragraph: Delete and replace with the following: “PVC pipes shall comply with the
requirements of SANS 966-1(PVC-U), SANS 966-2 (PVC-M) or SANS ISO 16422 (PVC-O) for
class 12 pressure pipes and shall be fitted with integral spigot and socket joints with sealing
rubber rings. Seals for pressure pipes shall be of the combined integrated compression type with
retaining rings. Only the seals supplied with the pipes are to be used – seals are not
interchangeable.”

2nd paragraph: Replace “SANS 546” with “SANS 52842:2007 / EN 12842:2000”

• Clause 04.04 GMS pipes and fittings

2nd paragraph: Replace “SANS 514” with “SANS 52842:2007 / EN 12842:2000”

• Clause 05.01 Surface preparation

Paragraph (c): Replace “SANS test method 5769” with “SANS 5502-3:2008”

• Clause 05.02 Materials to be used

Paragraph (a) (i): Replace “Copon Solvent free Hot-Cote DW (Plascon code JHC)” with “Solvent
free epoxy coating for potable water such as Scotchkote 162 PWX.”

Paragraph (a) (ii): Replace “AWWA C 205-00” with “AWWA C 205-12”

• Clause 06.02 Butterfly valves

Paragraph (ii): Replace “BS EN 593” with “BS EN 593:2009”

• Clause 06.04 Hydrant valves

2nd Paragraph: Replace “SANS 679” with “SANS 50196-1”

• Clause 06.05 Hydrants

1st Paragraph: Replace “SANS 10400 part T” with “SANS 10400 part W”
Page 168 of 181
5th Paragraph: Replace “SANS 679” with “SANS 50196-1”

• Clause 07.04 Surface boxes and valve chamber covers and frames
(i) In roadways:

Add the following: “Valve chambers located within roadways are not encouraged and
should be avoided as far as possible”

Replace the 1st paragraph to read as follows:

“A 300mm x 300mm square Polyester Resin box in accordance with the Drawings shall be
placed on the surface. The box shall be supported by a pipe shaft as indicated on the
drawings.”

Replace the 2nd paragraph to read as follows:

“The covers and frames of valve chambers shall be of Polyester Resin and shall comply
with the requirements of SANS 50124 class D400”

(ii) On sidewalks

Delete the wording “CI” in the 4th sentence.

Replace the 2nd paragraph to read as follows:

“The covers and frames of valve chambers shall be of heavy duty Polymer Resin and shall
comply with the requirements of SANS 1882”

Add the following paragraph:

“(iii) For commercial and group housing developments

“The covers and frames of valve chambers shall be of Polyester Resin and shall comply
with the requirements of SANS 50124 class B125”

• Clause 07.05 Appurtenant materials

Paragraph (f): Replace “SANS 801” with “SANS 1823”

SECTION 402: CONSTRUCTION

Page 169 of 181

CLAUSE 05 - JOINING OF PIPES

• Sub-clause 05.01 PE pipes

Replace the wording of this clause with the following:

“Jointing of thermoplastics by means of butt welding and electro-fusion welding

PE 100Ø pipes and fittings of 75mmØ and larger shall be joined by butt fusion whenever possible.
Joins to steel pipes and fittings such as valves, steel T-pieces etc. shall be done by stub flanges
and restrained joints.

Relevant Specifications:

Welding of Thermoplastics
SANS 10268 Part 1 - Heated tool welding ( Butt Welding)
Part 2- Electro-fusion welding
SANS 6269 Welding of Thermoplastics - Test methods
SANS 10269 Welding of Thermoplastics - Testing and approval of welders
Welding of Thermoplastics - Approval of welding procedures and
SANS 10270
welds
Welding of Thermoplastics - Machines and Equipment
SANS 1672 Part 1 - Heated tool welding
Part 2 - Electro-fusion welding
SANS 21307 Plastic pipes and fittings: Butt fusion jointing procedures
Thermoplastic pipes for fluids under pressure - Mating
ISO 9624
dimensions of flange adaptors and loose backing plates
Plastic piping systems - Polyethylene (PE) pipes and fittings for
SANS ISO
water supply
4427
Parts 1,2,3 and 5

Pipe jointing personnel

The contractor shall make use of a specialist subcontractor or shall have such specialist
personnel in his employ

Pipe jointing personnel shall be adequately trained and certified in terms of SANS 10260.

The contractor/subcontractor undertaking this work shall be SAPPMA and IFPA registered.

Method statement / Quality assurance plan

Page 170 of 181

The contractor shall prepare a detailed method statement for the applicable pipe diameter and
type of welding machine to be used for butt and/or electrofusion welding for the Engineer’s
approval.

This shall include details of the equipment and how the work will be performed so that the relevant
specifications and recommendations of the pipe manufacturer can be complied with.

The following should be included in the method statement:

• Details, experience and certification of personnel who will execute the work (SANS 10269)

• Details, inspections and testing of proposed equipment to be used. (SANS 1672)

• Joint preparation procedures - cleaning, cutting, drying, alignment and support(SANS

10268)

• Inspection and testing procedures (SANS 6269)

• Quality management system (ISO 9001, sample weld records (blank pro forma sheets))

• Jointing procedures to be used - equipment, voltage, temperature, pressure. heating and

cooling times, etc. (SANS 10268)

• Occupational health and safety aspects including a risk assessment in terms of the
construction regulations 2014.

Electro-fusion jointing

Only barcoded labelled electro-fusion fittings incorporating fusion indicators and complying with
SANS ISO 4427-3 shall be used.

The equipment used shall comply with SANS 1671 part2.

Electro-fusion Joint Inspection

All completed electro-fusion joints shall be inspected in accordance with the requirements of
Appendix B of EN 12007 Part 2. Should the joint contain any of the faults described in the
standard then the electro-fusion fitting shall be cut out and replaced.

After completion of the fusion process, all fusion indicators shall be checked to ensure that they
are in the position indicated in the Manufacturer's instructions. If any fusion indicators are not in
the required position the electro-fusion fitting shall be cut out and replaced.

The Contractor shall, on a regular basis allow the Engineer to download the historical data relating
to the welds made by the unit through the data retrieval facility.

Page 171 of 181

The electro-fusion control box shall deliver the correct fusion parameters to the electro- fusion
fitting. The power generator shall provide the power requirements of the control box, taking into
account the electrical characteristics of the control box.

Positioning tools including suitable alignment clamps shall at all times be used to minimise
misalignment and prevent movement during the fusion and cooling cycle of the joint. A suitable
shelter shall be used in cold, windy, dusty or wet weather conditions.

Prior to commencing the welding process the Contractor shall measure and ensure that the ovality
of the pipe or spigot end is within the limits given in Table 3 of ISO 4427, Part 3.

All pipework shall be cleaned with disposable alcohol impregnated wipes prior to undertaking the
pipe scraping, in order to remove any contamination. Prior to scraping the All completed electro-
fusion joints shall be inspected in accordance with the requirements of Appendix B of EN 12007
Part 2. Should the joint contain any of the faults described in the standard then the electro-fusion
fitting shall be cut out and replaced.

After completion of the fusion process, all fusion indicators shall be checked to ensure that they
Contractor shall measure and mark the area of the pipe or spigot end to be scraped in order to
remove the oxidized surface to a depth between 0.2 and 0.4 mm. The length of the pipe or spigot
end to be scraped shall be equivalent to the insertion depth of the electro-fusion joint plus a
distance of between 10 and 20 mm.

Only rotating mechanical scrapers or peelers, which are capable of cutting a continuous strip or
ribbon over the insertion length of the coupler or fitting, shall be used.

Only after preparation and scraping of the pipe end shall the fitting be removed from its packaging
and immediately inserted over the pipe end.

Each pipe or spigot end shall penetrate completely its relevant part of the electro-fusion socket.

Alignment clamps shall not be removed before the appropriate cooling time has elapsed.
Abnormal displacement of the electric wire coils shall not occur. This shall be checked prior to
commencement of the fusion process.

Butt-fusion Jointing

The equipment used for butt fusion jointing of pipes and fittings shall comply with the requirements
of SANS 1671 part 1.

The procedures followed shall comply with SANS 10268 Part1.

Only pipes and fittings having the same size, SDR and material shall be butt- fusion welded.

Page 172 of 181

A unique joint number shall be assigned to each joint for reference purposes.

The Contractor shall generally follow the single low pressure fusion jointing procedure. In the case
of pipes having a wall thickness in excess of 20 mm the Contractor may propose to instead follow
the single high pressure fusion jointing procedure described in section 5.2 of ISO 21307 or SABS
21307.

A dummy joint shall be made at the start of each welding session using pipe off cuts of the same
size, material and SDR as the pipe being installed. The normal trimming, bead up and full heat
soak cycles will be adhered to.

If the pipe size is changed during the day, if the heater plate is allowed to cool below 180°C or if
maintenance of the butt fusion equipment is carried out then a new dummy weld shall be
performed.

Butt Fusion Joint Inspection

All butt fusion joints shall be inspected in accordance with the requirements of Appendix B of EN
12007 Part 2. Should the joint contain any of the faults described in the standard then the joint
shall be cut out and replaced.

The inspection shall include the following points:

• The gap between the two single beads shall not be below the fusion surface.

• The displacement between the fused pipes must not exceed 10% of the pipe wall thickness.

• The difference between two single bead widths shall not exceed 10% of the double bead
width.

• The weld beads shall be free from all contamination and have a smooth even surface with no
evidence of distortion, holes or bubbles

• At the direction of the Engineer external beads shall be removed with an approved tool and
inspected for contamination and defects. They shall also undergo bend back testing. Beads
should be solid and rounded with a broad root as hollow beads with thin root and curled
appearance can be indicative of excessive pressure or no heat soak.

• Each removed bead shall be numbered with its corresponding joint number clearly displayed
and removed beads shall be retained for inspection by the Engineer.

• The width of each external bead width shall be measured using bead gauges and the width of
the bead shall be within the range given by the pipe and / or welding equipment manufacturer.

Page 173 of 181

• No signs of damage (such as scratches or deep impressions caused by clamps) shall be
visible on either side of the joint.

Any joints the do not comply with the above requirements shall be cut out and a new joint made
and the failed joint shall be handed over to the Engineer.

Records of all tests and inspections shall be maintained by the Contractor and made available for
review and approval by the Engineer.

Testing of Fusion Joints

A minimum, 1 % of all butt fusion joints shall be cut out and destructively tested under laboratory
conditions in accordance with SANS 6269 by an approved testing organisation.

The fittings to be tested shall be selected by the Engineer immediately upon completion of the
welding process, whereupon they shall be cut out and delivered for testing. They shall comprise at
least 1 of each type of electro-fusion fitting even if this requires more than 1 % of all electro-fusion
fittings to be tested. It is important to note that the test requirement is for one fitting of each type
i.e. bend, coupling, tapping saddle, tee etc. not one of each size and type.

All costs associated with the testing, together with any consequent rectification of faults and
retesting shall be borne by the contractor and are deemed to be included in the applicable rates
for pipe laying.

Tying-In

Joining unconnected sections

Where sections of the line are to be tied-in after being laid and filled in the trench the length of
pipeline left un-backfilled shall be kept to a minimum, but shall be sufficient to allow some
flexibility in the uncovered pipe and to facilitate the tying-in process.

Tie-in joints in restrained sections of the line shall be made when the ambient temperature is at
the daytime minimum, as far as is practical, to avoid strain in the pipe. Under no circumstances
shall the line be left in tension after the completion of a tie-in connection.

Excavations made in the trench bottom to facilitate electro-fusion or mechanical jointing shall
provide adequate clearance to enable the jointer to undertake their work without any restrictions.”

SECTION 403: TESTING

Page 174 of 181

CLAUSE 06 - HYDRAULIC FIELD-TESTING OF PRESSURE PIPES

Replace the contents of this clause with the following:

“06.01 General

Hydraulic testing shall be commenced only after permanent thrust blocks have attained their
specified strength. The Contractor shall provide all the necessary testing equipment, including
pressure-testing domes, blank flanges, the pump, meters, temporary valves etc, to carry out the
tests on the various pipes. Water for testing purposes will be provided free of charge by the
Employer from the nearest supply point.

After the trench has been partially backfilled and before the trench is filled in at the pipe joints and
the fittings, the pipelines shall be tested in sections between end caps, blank flanges or other
isolating devices at a pressure as specified below. Testing shall not take place against closed
valves unless they are fully restrained and it is possible to check leakage past the valve seat.

Flush, swab and vent all air from the pipeline. Care shall be taken to ensure that all air is expelled
from the line to be tested after it has been filled and before the test commences.

Slowly fill the test length of pipeline with water, preferably from the lowest point, ensuring air is
vented at the high point valves. Allow a period, in the range of 3 hours to 24 hours, for the
temperature of the test length and the test water to stabilise and for dissolved air to exit the
system. The recommended rate of filling shall be based on a flow velocity of 0.05 m/s which
avoids air entrainment when the filling water is cascading through downward gradients along
the pipeline.

The period of stabilisation will depend on pipe dimensions, length, material, longitudinal profile,
and air exit points. For cement-mortar lined pipe, the pipeline shall be filled at least 24 hours
before the commencement of the test, to allow the lining to become saturated.

NOTE – A firm foam swab may be used ahead of the fill water to assist air removal especially
where the pipeline undulates and can be extracted at a high-point wash-out.

The contactor shall ensure that:

all the necessary safety precautions when conducting pressurised fluid leak tests have been taken
and that the necessary safety audit in terms of the Construction Regulations has been done.

all test personnel are informed of the loading limits of the temporary fittings and supports.

all persons not involved in the testing are kept a safe distance away.

Page 175 of 181

The pipeline shall be de-pressurised slowly after testing. All air-venting facilities shall be open
when emptying pipelines. The test water shall be drained to an approved waterway and all
connection points shall be reinstated.

On completion of the field-testing a Field Test Report, containing the following information for
each section of pipeline tested, shall be provided by the contractor for approval by the Engineer:

Details of pipeline including lay-out drawings, long sections, etc.

Heights and location of air valves, gauges and filling points.

Any failures in the pipes, pipe joints, fittings and anchor blocks.

Location and description of any leaks repaired.

Ambient and Water temperatures.

Test results and parameters particular to the test method followed.

Whether pipeline tested was acceptable.

06.02 Hydraulic field pressure testing of steel and PVC pipes

(a) Selection of test pressure.

The test pressure shall be 1.5 times the design maximum working pressure of the pipe, unless
otherwise specified.

(b) Visible leaks

The test pressure shall be maintained for a period of at least 3 hours (or such longer period as is
necessary for the inspection of the pipeline) by means of a suitable pump, during which period all
pipes, specials, joints and fittings shall be carefully inspected for leaks. All visible leaks shall be
made good and any pipe, special or fitting found to be defective shall be removed and replaced at
the expense of the Contractor, and such replacement material shall, after installation, be tested at
the expense of the Contractor.

(c) Permissible leakage rates

The test pressure shall be maintained for a further period of 1 hour after the completion of the
visible leaks test during which time the volume of water required to be pumped into the pipeline for
maintaining the pressure shall be measured. No additional water shall be required in the case of
continuously welded steel pipes, and in other cases the volume shall not exceed the value, in
litres, calculated from the appropriate formula below:
Page 176 of 181
Jointed pipes in steel and PVC:

0,01 x diameter of pipe in millimetres

x length of test section in kilometres

x square root of the test pressure in megapascal.

06.03. Hydraulic Field pressure testing of Polyethylene (PE) and Polypropylene (PP)
pipelines

(a) Background

The field pressure testing of polyethylene (PE) pipelines requires that an allowance must be made
for the fact that polyethylene pipes expand under pressure and are subject to creep. Additionally,
the availability of PE materials with higher stress ratings and lower modulus values has required
that a more considered approach is required for the testing of PE pipes.

Two methods that may be used are the following:

The Modified Rebound Method based on the work within CEN and specified in BS EN 805:2000,
Appendix A

The Constant Pressure Test (water loss method) based upon the Swedish Water Works
Association VAV P78 method originally developed by Prof. Lars-Eric Janson. (Outlined in AS/NZS
2566.2, Appendix M)

The modified rebound method is a quick test but cannot quantify leaks and is technically more
difficult.

The Constant Pressure Test (water loss method) takes more time to complete but is easier to
perform.

It is recommended that the Constant Pressure Test (water loss method) be used unless otherwise
ordered by the Engineer.

(b) Constant Pressure Test (water loss method)

This test is applicable to PE, PP, and ABS pressure pipelines. The test lengths may be several
kilometres in length.

NOTE – This method is based on VAV P78, as outlined in AS/NZS 2566.2, Appendix M.

Page 177 of 181

(1) Procedure

The procedure shall be as follows:

1. Purge the air from pipeline;

2. Apply the specified test pressure (STP) (see Note 1) to the test length;

3. Shut off main and allow pressure to settle for 12 hours (pressure will drop significantly);

4. Re-apply and maintain test pressure for 5 hours by successively pumping a sufficient
amount of water;

5. Measure and record water volume (V1 in litres) required to maintain this pressure between
Hour 2 and Hour 3;

6. Measure and record water volume (V2 in litres) required to maintain this pressure between
Hour 4 and Hour 5;

7. Calculate:

0.55V1 + Q
where Q is the allowable make-up volume (See note 2).
(2) Acceptance

The test length shall be acceptable where:

1. There is no failure of any thrust block, pipe, fitting, joint, or any other pipeline component;

2. There is no physical leakage; and

3. V2 ≤ 0.55 V1 + Q.

Note 1: Selection of test pressure

The hydrostatic test pressure at any point in the pipeline shall be:
1. Not less than the design pressure; and
2. Not more than 25% above the rated pressure of any pipeline component.
NOTE – The design pressure is the maximum system pressure at a point in the
pipeline, considering future developments, static pressure, dynamic pressure, and an
allowance for short-term surge pressure (water hammer), as determined by analysis.
Note 2: Make-up water quantity:
The quantity of make-up water necessary to maintain the test pressure shall comply
with the following equation:
Q ≤0.14LDH
Where
Q = allowable make-up water, in litres per hour
L = length of the test length, in kilometres
Page 178 of 181
 D = nominal diameter of the test length, in metres
H = average test head over length of pipeline under test, in metres
NOTE – The make-up water is not a leakage allowance, but is an allowance to cover
the effects of the test head forcing small quantities of entrapped air into solution.
Normally the test should last for a minimum of 2 hours and be concluded within 5 to 8
hours. The make-up water requirement should reduce with time as air goes into
solution. Where, after 12 hours the make-up water still exceeds the allowable limit,
testing should cease and the cause of loss investigated.

(c) Modified Rebound Test

(i) Maximum system test pressure

Maximum system test pressure (STP) is 1.25 times maximum working pressure of
pipeline.

(ii) Preliminary Phase

• Fill pipeline overnight

• Reduce pressure to atmospheric, let stand for 60 minutes.

• Raise to STP in less than 10 minutes and hold for 30 minutes, pumping as needed.

Measure pressure reading P60 > 70% STP.

(iii) Main Test Phase

• Quickly(<5 minutes) reduce pressure by 10 - 15% of STP - ∆P.

• Measure water volume bled out - ∆V

• Calculate ∆Vmax allowable

• ∆Vmax allowable = 1.2V*∆P(1/Ew + D/e*ER)

where:-

1.2 = air allowance

V = pipe volume in litres

∆P = pressure drop in kPa

D = pipe internal diameter in metres

e = pipe wall thickness in metres

Page 179 of 181

 ER = pipe material modulus in kPa (see table 303-1 for values in MPa)

Ew = Bulk modulus of water in kPa (see table 303-2 for values in MPa)

∆V may not exceed ∆Vmax allowable

Observe and record pressure rise for 30 minutes

(iv) Acceptance (requirements to pass test)

1. No leaks

2. No components break

3. Pressure reading rises/remains static over 30 minutes. If in doubt, leave for

90 minutes, maximum allowable pressure drop in 90 minutes = 20kPa.

Table 303-1: PE Material Modulus ER

PE 80B - E MODULUS (MPa) PE 100 - E MODULUS (MPa)

TEMP °C
1 HOUR 2 HOURS 3 HOURS 1 HOUR 2 HOURS 3 HOURS

5 740 700 680 990 930 900

10 670 630 610 900 850 820
15 600 570 550 820 780 750
20 550 520 510 750 710 680
25 510 490 470 690 650 630
30 470 450 430 640 610 600
Note: Table assumes MDPE for PE 80B and HDPE for PE 100.

Table 303-2: Bulk Modulus EW - WATER

TEMPERATURE °C BULK MODULUS (MPa)

5 2080
10 2110
15 2140
20 2170
25 2210
30 2230

Page 180 of 181

”

Page 181 of 181