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22 views5 pages

Chem Notes Random

good notes read them !!

Uploaded by

yashsawinain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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NDA

Study Material for Chemistry


MIXTURES AND COMPOUNDS
● Depending upon the chemical composition, matter is classified into elements, compounds
and mixtures.
● A mixture contains more than one substance mixed in any proportion.
● Air is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapour and other gases. Soil is a
mixture of clay, sand and various salts.
● Milk, ice cream, rock salt, tea, smoke, wood, sea water, blood, tooth paste and paint are
some other examples of mixtures.
● Alloys are mixtures of metals.
● Mixtures can be separated into pure substances using appropriate separation techniques.

Types of Mixtures
● Homogeneous mixture
● Heterogeneous mixture
Homogeneous Mixture
● A mixture in which the components cannot be seen separately is called a homogeneous
mixture.
● It has a uniform composition and every part of the mixture has the same properties.
● Tap water, milk, air, ice cream, sugar syrup, ink, steel, bronze and salt solutions are
homogeneous mixtures.

Heterogeneous Mixture
● A mixture in which the components can be seen separately is called a heterogeneous
mixture.
● It does not have a uniform composition and properties.
● Soil, a mixture of iodine and common salt, a mixture of sugar and sand, a mixture of oil and
water, a mixture of sulphur and iron filings and a mixture of milk and cereals are
heterogeneous mixture.

Solutions
● A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. You come across various
types of solutions in your daily life. Lemonade, soda water, etc.
● We can also have solid solutions (alloys) and gaseous solutions (air)
● The particles of a solution are smaller than 1 nm (10-9 metre) in diameter. So, they cannot
be seen by naked eyes.
● Because of very small particle size, they do not scatter a beam of light passing through the
solution. So, the path of light is not visible in a solution.
● Solution has a solvent and a solute as its components.
Suspension
● Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the solute particles do not dissolve, but
rather remain suspended throughout the bulk of the medium.
● The particles of a suspension scatter a beam of light passing through it and make its path
visible.
● The particles of a suspension can be seen by the naked eye.
● The salute particles can be separated from the mixture by the simple process of filtration.
Colloids
● A colloid is a heterogeneous mixture.
● The size of particles of a colloid is too small to be individually seen by naked eyes.
● Colloids are big enough to scatter a beam of light passing through it and make its path
visible.
● Colloid particles cannot be separated from the mixture by the simple process of filtration.
● The special filtration technique i.e., centrifugation, can be used to separate the colloidal
particles.

Examples Of Colloids

Dispersed phase Dispersing Medium Type Example


Liquid Gas Aerosol Fog, clouds, mist
Solid Gas Aerosol Smoke, automobile exhaust
Gas Liquid Foam Shaving cream
Liquid Liquid Emulsion Milk, face cream
Gas Solid Foam Foam, rubber, sponge, pumice
Solid Liquid Sol Milk of magnesia, mud
Liquid Solid Gel Jelly, cheese, butter
Solid Solid Solid Sol Coloured gemstone, milky glass

Separating The Components of a Mixture


● Separate the volatile component (solvent) from its non-volatile solute by the method of
evaporation.
o Application: Ink is a mixture of a dye in water.
● Centrifugation is the process by which fine insoluble solids from a solid-liquid mixture can
be separated in a machine called a centrifuge. A centrifuge rotates at a very high speed. On
being rotated by centrifugal force, the heavier solid particles move down and the lighter
liquid remains at the top. Its applications include:
o Used in diagnostic laboratories for blood and urine tests.
o Used in dairies and home to separate butter from cream.
o Used in washing machines to squeeze out water from wet clothes.
● Separation of components of a mixture containing two miscible liquids that boil without
decomposition and have sufficient difference in their boiling points this method is called
distillation.
o Application: Salt water turned to fresh water using distillation process.
● The crystallization method is used to purify solids. Its applications include:
o Purification of salt that we get from sea water.
o Separation of crystals of alum from impure samples.
● Chromatography is a separation technique. It is used to separate different components of a
mixture based on their different solubilities in the same solvent. Its applications include:
o To separate colours in a dye.
o To separate pigments from natural colours.
o To separate drugs from blood.

Homogeneous & Heterogeneous Mixture

Homogeneous mixture Heterogeneous mixture


Consists of single phase Consists of two or more phases
Has the same uniform appearance and Has different non uniform appearance and
composition composition
Components are unrecognizable Components are recognizable
Examples: Air, saline solution and bitumen Example: Sand, oil and water

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