DATE: April 06, 2021

CLASS-9 PERIODIC TEST-1 SYLLABUS

BIOLOGY
CH-05: THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Ch-5: The Fundamental Unit of Life (Till 5.2.4-Cytoplasm)
WORKSHEET-1

PLASMA MEMBRANE

Q1. Read the text and answer the following questions.

You took a fresh tomato and put it in a highly concentrated salt solution for 2 hrs. Your little brother
looked at it and stated “The fat tomato is so thin now.” What a magic!
a) Define the phenomenon which has taken place.
b) How does a cell wall help a plant to withstand hypotonic external media without bursting?

Q2. Look at the figure given below and answer the questions that follow.

a) Identify the organism shown in the figure.

b) It shows the nature of cell membrane as: (rigid/flexible).

NUCLEUS

Q3. Draw the nucleus of a cell and label the following:

(i) a) Double layered structure which encloses the nucleus.

b) Visible entangled mass of thread like structures.

c) A darkly stained round structure inside the nucleus.
ii) Name the two components of Chromosomes. Mention the role of nuclear pore.
iii) What does DNA molecule contain?
iv)Give one difference between cytoplasm and nucleoplasm
 DATE: April 13, 2021

CLASS-9
BIOLOGY
WOKSHEET-2
CH-05: THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Sub-Topic- In-Text Questions (Pg-59, 61, 63)

Page-59
Q1: Who discovered cells and how?
Ans. Cell was discovered by Robert Hooke with the help of his self-designed microscope. He
examined a thin slice of cork and saw that the cork resembled the structure of a honeycomb
consisting of many compartments.

Q2: Why is the cell called the structural and functional unit of life?
Ans. There are various components in the animal and plant cell known as cell organelles. Each
kind of cell organelle performs a specific function, such as making new materials in the cells,
release of waste, transportation, etc. Thus, a cell can perform all its functions with the help of
these organelles. That is why the cells are called structural and functional unit of life.
Page-61
Q1: How do substances like CO2 and water move in and out of the cell? Discuss.
Ans. Substances like CO2 accumulate in high concentration inside the cell. There is CO2
concentration difference in the internal and external environment of a cell. CO2moves out of
the cell, from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration outside the cell by
the process of diffusion.

Q2: Why is the plasma membrane called a selectively permeable membrane?

Ans. The plasma membrane selectively allows the entry and exit of some materials in and out
of the cell. It also prevents movement of some other materials. Therefore, it is called a
selectively permeable membrane.
Page-63
Q1. Fill in the gaps in the following table illustrating differences between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells.
Ans.
Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell
1. Size : generally small ( 1-10 μm) 1. Size: generally large ( 5-100 μm)
1 μm = 10–6 m.
2. Nuclear region: not defined by a 2. Nuclear region: well defined and
membrane and known as Nucleoid. surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
3. Chromosome: Single 3. More than one chromosome
4. Membrane-bound cell organelles absent 4. Membrane-bound cell organelles
present.
 DATE: April 20, 2021

CLASS-9
BIOLOGY
WOKSHEET-3
CH-05: THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Sub-Topic- Back Exercises + Extra Questions (PT-1 Syllabus Only)

Instructions- Write the following question-answers in your fair register. Draw the diagram using a pencil only. You are
strictly NOT allowed to use any pen/colors for diagram/labellings.

2. How is a prokaryotic cell different from a eukaryotic cell?

Ans. Answer written as part of Worksheet-2.
Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell
1. Size : generally small ( 1-10 μm) 1. Size: generally large ( 5-100 μm)
1 μm = 10–6 m.
2. Nuclear region: not defined by a 2. Nuclear region: well defined and
membrane and known as Nucleoid. surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
3. Chromosome: Single 3. More than one chromosome
4. Membrane-bound cell organelles absent 4. Membrane-bound cell organelles
present.

3. What would happen if the plasma membrane ruptures or breaks down?

Ans. In case of plasma membrane ruptures or breaks down:
1. All the useful substances will move out of the cell.
2. There will be no difference between cell content and its external environment.
3. The cell will lose its normal shape and die.

7. How does an Amoeba obtain its food?

Ans. The flexibility of the cell membrane enables the cell to engulf in food and other material from its external
environment. Such processes are known as endocytosis. Amoeba acquires its food through such processes.

8. What is osmosis?
Ans. The movement of water from a region of its high concentration to a region of its low concentration through
a semipermeable membrane is called osmosis. During osmosis, the water molecules (solvent) are free to cross
the plasma membrane in both the directions.

9. Carry out the following osmosis experiment:

Take four peeled potato halves and scoop each one out to make potato cups. One of these potato cups
should be made from a boiled potato. Put each potato cup in a trough containing water. Now,
(a) Keep cup A empty
(b) Put one teaspoon sugar in cup B
(c) Put one teaspoon salt in cup C
(d) Put one teaspoon sugar in the boiled potato cup D.
Keep these for two hours. Then observe the four potato cups and answer the following:
(i) Explain why water gathers in the hollowed portion of B and C.
Ans. Sugar and salt increases osmotic concentration which results in passage of water osmotically from the
trough through the cells of potato into its cavity.
(ii) Why is potato A necessary for this experiment?
Ans. Potato A functions as control experiment which indicates that the cavity of potato alone does not induce
movement of water.
(iii) Explain why water does not gather in the hollowed out portions of A and D.
Ans. Water does not gather in the hallowed out portion of ‘A’ because there is no difference in concentration of
water. Water does not gather in the hollowed out portion of ‘D’ because potato ‘D’ was boiled, and hence its
cells are dead.

ANSWERS TO EXTRA QUESTIONS OF WORKSHEET-1

Ans1. a) Osmosis- The movement of water from a region of its high concentration to a region of its low
concentration through a semipermeable membrane.
During osmosis, the water molecules (solvent) are free to cross the plasma membrane in both the directions.
b) In hypotonic media, the plant cells tend to take up water by osmosis. The cell swells, building up pressure
against the cell wall. The wall exerts an equal pressure against the swollen cell. Because of their walls, such
cells can withstand much greater changes in the surrounding medium than animal cells.
Ans2. a) Amoeba
b) Flexible.

Ans3. (i) a) Double layered structure which encloses the nucleus- Nuclear Membrane.
b) Visible entangled mass of thread like structures- Chromatin network.
c) A darkly stained round structure inside the nucleus-Nucleoplasm.
ii) DNA & Protein.
Nuclear pore allows the transfer of material from inside the nucleus to its outside, that is, to the cytoplasm
iii) DNA molecules contain the information necessary for constructing and organising cells.
iv) Cytoplasm is the fluid content inside the plasma membrane which also contains many specialised cell
organelles whereas nucleoplasm is the fluid present inside the nucleus enclosed by nuclear membrane.
 DATE: June 15, 2021

CLASS-9
BIOLOGY
WORKSHEET-4
CH-05: THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Sub-Topic- Plant & Animal Cell

Comparison between plant cell and animal cell:

S.No. Plant cell Animal cell

1 Cell wall is present outside Cell wall is absent.
the plasma membrane.
2 Generally regular in shape. Generally irregular in shape.
3 Larger in size than animal Smaller in size than animal cells.
cells.
4 Plastids are present. Plastids are absent except in
Euglena.
5 A permanent and large Vacuoles are many and small
vacuole is present.
6 Centrosome and centrioles Centrosome and centrioles are
are absent, instead polar present.
caps are present.
 DATE: June 29, 2021

CLASS-9
BIOLOGY
WORKSHEET-5
CH-05: THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Sub-Topic- Cell Organelles

NAME OF THE ORGANELLE STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS

LYSOSOMES Lysosomes are spherical, single 1. Lysosomes are involved in
membrane bound sacs containing intracellular digestion.
several digestive enzymes. 2. During aging, the cell digests its
Lysosomes are formed by Golgi own organelles through lysosomal
complex. They are found in the enzymes.
cytoplasm of eukaryotic cell, mostly 3. Lysosomes help to keep the cell
in animal cells. clean by digesting any foreign
material as well as worn out cell
organelles.
4. When the cell gets damaged,
lysosomes may burst and the enzymes
digest their own cell. Therefore,
lysosomes are also known as the
‘suicide bags’ of a cell.
PLASTIDS Plastids occur in most plant cells and
are absent in animal cells.
The internal organisation of the
plastids consists of numerous
membrane layers embedded in a
material called the stroma.
Plastids contain their own DNA and
ribosomes

On the basis of colour, plastids are of

following three types:
1. Chloroplasts: Green coloured plastids containing Chloroplasts are important for
chlorophyll. photosynthesis in plants. Chloroplasts
also contain various yellow or orange
pigments in addition to chlorophyll.

2. Leucoplasts: Colourless plastids. Leucoplasts are organelles in which

materials such as starch, oils and
protein granules are stored.

Give colours to fruits and flowers

3. Chromoplasts: Coloured plastids

VACUOLES Vacuoles are fluid-filled membrane 1. In plant cells vacuoles are full of
bound spaces in the cytoplasm. cell sap and provide turgidity and
Vacuoles are small sized in animal rigidity to the cell.
cells while plant cells have very large 2. Many substances of importance in
vacuoles. the life of the plant cell are stored in
vacuoles. These include amino acids,
sugars, various organic acids and
some proteins.
3. In single-celled organisms like
Amoeba, the food vacuole contains
the food items that the Amoeba has
consumed.
4. In some unicellular organisms,
specialised vacuoles also play
important roles in expelling excess
water and some wastes from the cell.
 DATE: July 06, 2021

CLASS-9
BIOLOGY
WORKSHEET-6
CH-05: THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Sub-Topic- Cell Organelles-2; In-Text Questions (Pg-65); Back Exercises
(Remaining)
NAME OF THE ORGANELLE STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM  Large network of membrane-  Serves as channels for the
(ER) bound tubes and sheets. transport of materials (especially
 Looks like long tubules or round proteins) between various regions
or oblong bags (vesicles). of the cytoplasm or between the
Types-  ER membrane is similar in cytoplasm and the nucleus.
1. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum structure to the plasma  Functions as a cytoplasmic
(SER) membrane. framework providing a surface
2. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum  RER looks rough under a for some of the biochemical
(RER) microscope because it has activities of the cell.
particles called ribosomes  In the liver cells of vertebrates,
attached to its surface. SER plays a crucial role in
detoxifying many poisons and
drugs.
 SER helps in the manufacture of
fat molecules, or lipids which
along with proteins help in
building the cell membrane
(membrane biogenesis). Other
proteins and lipids function as
enzymes and hormones.
GOLGI APPARATUS  System of membrane-bound  Storage, modification and
(first described by Camillo Golgi) vesicles arranged approximately packaging of products in vesicles.
parallel to each other in stacks  Material synthesised near the ER
called cisterns. is packaged and dispatched to
 Often have connections with the various targets inside and outside
membranes of ER. the cell through the Golgi
apparatus.
 Complex sugars may be made
from simple sugars in the Golgi
apparatus.
 Also involved in the formation of
lysosomes.
MITOCHONDRIA  Has two membrane coverings.  Powerhouse of the cell- energy
 Outer membrane is very porous required for various chemical
while the inner membrane is activities needed for life is
deeply folded. released by mitochondria in the
 Folds create a large surface area form of ATP (Adenosine
for ATP-generating chemical triphopshate) molecules (energy
reactions. currency of the cell).
 Have their own DNA and
ribosomes. Therefore,
mitochondria are able to make
some of their own proteins.
In text - Page-65
Q1: Can you name the two organelles we have studied that contain their own genetic material?
Ans. Mitochondria and Plastids

Q2. If the organization of a cell is destroyed due to some physical or chemical influence, what will
happen?
Ans. If the organization of a cell is destroyed due to some physical or chemical influence, cell will not be able
to revive and lysosomes will digest the cell.

Q3. Why are lysosomes known as suicide bags?

Ans. If the organization of a cell is destroyed due to some physical or chemical influence, lysosomes may burst
and the enzymes digest their own cell. Therefore, lysosomes are also known as the ‘suicide bags’ of a cell.

Q4. Where are proteins synthesized inside the cell?

Ans. The proteins are synthesized in the ribosomes that are also known as protein factories.

Back Exercises
Q1. Make a comparison and write down ways in which plant cells are different from animal cells
Ans.
S. No. Plant cell Animal cell
1 Cell wall is present outside the Cell wall is absent.
plasma membrane.
2 Plastids are present. Plastids are absent except in
Euglena.
3 A permanent and large vacuole is Vacuoles are many and small
present.
4 Larger in size than animal cells. Smaller in size than animal cells.
5 Centrosome and centrioles are Centrosome and centrioles are present.
absent, instead polar caps are
present.

Q4. What would happen to the life of a cell if there was no Golgi apparatus?
Ans. Golgi apparatus has the function of storage, modification and packaging of the products in vesicles. If
there were no Golgi bodies, packaging and dispatching of materials synthesized by the cell will be stocked.

Q5. Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell? Why?

Ans.
 Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell.
 The energy required for various chemical activities needed for life is released by mitochondria in the
form of ATP (Adenosine triphopshate) molecules which is known as the energy currency of the cell.
 The body uses energy stored in ATP for making new chemical compounds and for mechanical work.

Q6. Where do the lipids and proteins constituting the cell membrane get synthesized?
Ans. Lipids and proteins are synthesized in Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER).
 DATE: July 13, 2021

CLASS-9
BIOLOGY
WORKSHEET-7
CH-06: TISSUES
Sub-Topic-Overview; Plant tissues (Meristems); In-text (Pg-69)

Purpose of Having Tissues in Our Body-

• Multicellulars perform variety of life functions. And, division of roles makes work convenient. So,
similar cells are placed together as one Tissue.
• ++Tissues help in division of labour in multicellulars

PLANT TISSUES ANIMAL TISSUES

Mostly Supportive Comparatively less supportive (no cell wall)

Most are dead and need less maintenance Most are living
Growth in tissues is limited to certain regions in Growth in tissues is uniform in animals
plants
PLANT TISSUES
 MERISTEMATIC
TISSUE

Lateral Meristem/ Intercalary Meristem

Apical Meristem
Cambium (Location- at base of
(Location- growing tips of
(Location- along the length leaves/internodes on
stems & roots
of plant in vascular bundles either side of nodes
Function-Increases length
Function- increases girth of Function- formation of
of stem & root)
stem & root) branches/leaves etc.)

• Meristems- Divide throughout plant’s life.

• Permanent Tissues- Have lost the ability to divide and are derived from Meristems.

Meristems
• Dividing Tissue in plants.
• Located at specific regions only.
• Differentiate and become permanent tissues at maturity.
• Cells are very active, lack vacuoles, have dense cytoplasm, thin cellulose walls and prominent nuclei.
Meristems- Types (based on location)

In-text (Pg-69)
Q1. What is a tissue?
Ans. A group of cells that are similar in structure and/or work together to achieve a particular function forms a
tissue.

Q2. What is the utility of tissues in multi-cellular organisms?

Ans.
 Multi-cellular organisms show division of labour.
 Cells specialising in one function are often grouped together in the body.
 This means that a particular function is carried out by a tissue at a definite place in the body.
 This tissue is arranged and designed so as to give the highest possible efficiency of function.
 DATE: July 20, 2021

CLASS-9
BIOLOGY
WORKSHEET-8
CH-06: TISSUES
Sub-Topic- Plant tissues (Simple Permanent Tissues); Extra Questions

Q1. What do you mean by differentiation of cells?

Ans. Differentiation is the process of taking up a permanent shape, size and function.

Q2. Write a short note on epidermis.

Ans.

--
SIMPLE PERMANENT
TISSUES
 COMPLEX PERMANENT PLANT TISSUES
(Made up of more than one type of cells which
coordinate to perform a common function)

DATE: July 27, 2021

CLASS-9
BIOLOGY
WORKSHEET-9
CH-06: TISSUES
Sub-Topic- Plant tissues (Complex Permanent Tissues); In-Text (Pg-74);
Extra Questions

Intext (Pg-74)

Q1. Name types of simple tissues.

Ans. Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma.

Q2. Where is apical meristem found?

Ans. Apical meristem is present at the growing tips of stems and roots.

Q3. Which tissue makes up the husk of coconut?

Ans. Sclerenchyma

Q4. What are the constituents of phloem?

Ans. Phloem is made up of four types of elements: sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres and the phloem
parenchyma.

Extra Questions
Q1. What do you mean by Vascular tissue?
Ans. Vascular Tissues is the conductive tissue present in complex plants that has made possible their survival in
the terrestrial environment. Xylem and Phloem form parts of a vascular bundle.

Q2. Which are the components of Xylem? Write the functions of each of them.
Ans. The different components of Xylem and their functions are as follows.
 Tracheids and Vessels – tubular structures which transport water and minerals vertically.
 Xylem Parenchyma - stores food and helps in the sideways conduction of water.
 Xylem Fibres - mainly supportive in function.

Q3. Differentiate between Xylem and Phloem.

Ans.
XYLEM PHLOEM
1. Transports water and minerals in upward direction 1. Transports food materials in both directions.
only.
2. Most of the components are dead. 2. Most of the components are living.

Q4. Draw well-labelled diagrams showing Types of complex tissue/Components of Xylem and Phloem.
Ans. A. Xylem

B. Phloem
 DATE: August 03, 2021

CLASS-9
BIOLOGY
WORKSHEET-10
CH-06: TISSUES
Sub-Topic- Animal Tissues-1

ANIMAL TISSUES
1. Epithelial Tissue
 The covering or protective tissues in the animal body are epithelial tissues.
 Epithelium covers most organs and cavities within the body.
 Forms a barrier to keep different body systems separate.
 Its cells are tightly packed and form a continuous sheet, they have only a small amount of cementing material
between them and almost no intercellular spaces.
 Permeability of cells of various epithelia play an important role in regulating the exchange of materials between
the body and the external environment and also between different parts of the body.
 All epithelia are usually separated from the underlying tissue by an extracellular fibrous basement membrane.

EPITHELIAL DIAGRAM FEATURES LOCATION

TISSUE TYPE

SIMPLE • Extremely thin, flat • Lining of blood vessels

SQUAMOUS • Form delicate lining • Lung alveoli
• Lining of oesophagus
• Lining of mouth

STRATIFIED • Layered • Skin

SQUAMOUS

COLUMNAR • Pillar-like cells • Inner lining of

• Facilitates movement intestine
acroos epithelial
barriers

CILIATED • hair-like projections • Respiratory Tract

COLUMNAR on the outer surfaces
of epithelial cells

CUBOIDAL • Cube-like cells • Lining of kidney

tubules
• Ducts of salivary
glands
 GLANDULAR • Specialised epithelium • Endocrine glands
• Secrete substances at
surface
• Folded inwards

2. Connective Tissue
 The cells of connective tissue are loosely spaced and embedded in an intercellular matrix which may be jelly like,
fluid, dense or rigid.
 Nature of matrix differs in concordance with the function of the particular connective tissue.

CONNECTIVE PICTURE FEATURES FUNCTIONS

TISSUE TYPE

BLOOD • fluid matrix called • blood transports

plasma which gases, digested
contains proteins, food, hormones
salts and hormones and waste
• RBCs, WBCs and materials
platelets are
suspended in plasma

BONE • strong and • framework of the

nonflexible tissue body
• hard matrix • anchors muscles
composed of calcium and supports
and phosphorus main organs of
compounds the body

LIGAMENT • very elastic • Connect two

• has considerable bones
strength
• contain very little
matrix
TENDON • limited flexibility • connect bones to
• fibrous tissue with muscles
great strength

CARTILAGE • widely spaced cells • smoothens bone

• solid matrix which is surfaces at joints
composed of
proteins and sugars
 • present in the nose,
ear, trachea and
larynx

AREOLAR • found between the • fills the space

skin and muscles, inside the organs,
around blood vessels supports internal
and nerves and in the organs and helps
bone marrow in repair of
tissues

ADIPOSE • found below the skin • Fat storing tissue

and between internal • acts as an
organs insulator
• Cells are filled with
fat globules
 DATE: August 10, 2021

CLASS-9
BIOLOGY
WORKSHEET-11
CH-06: TISSUES
Sub-Topic- Animal Tissues-2; In-text (Pg-78); Extra Questions
Kindly write this worksheet in fair notebook.

ANIMAL TISSUES
3. Muscular Tissue
 Consists of elongated cells, also called muscle fibres.
 Responsible for movement in our body.
 Muscles contain special proteins called contractile proteins, which contract and relax to cause movement.

MUSCULAR TISSUE DIAGRAM FEATURES EXAMPLES

TYPE

VOLUNTARY • Can move by conscious • Muscles

MUSCLES/ will present in limbs
SKELETAL MUSCLES/ • Mostly attached to
STRIATED MUSCLES bones
• Help in body movement
• Show alternate light &
dark bands when
stained properly
• Cells are long,
cylindrical, unbranched
and multinucleate

INVOLUNTARY • Not in our control • Movement of

MUSCLES/ • cells are spindle- food in
SMOOTH MUSCLES/ shaped and uninucleate alimentary
UNSTRIATED MUSCLES canal
• Contraction and
relaxation of
blood vessels
• Found in iris,
uterus, bronchi
 CARDIAC MUSCLES • show rhythmic • Muscles of the
(Involuntary) contraction and heart
relaxation throughout
life
• cells are cylindrical,
branched and
uninucleate

In-text (Pg-78)
Q1. Name the tissue responsible for movement in our body.
Ans. Muscular Tissue

Q2. What does a neuron look like?

Ans.
 A neuron consists of a cell body with a nucleus and cytoplasm, from which long thin hair-like parts arise.
 Usually each neuron has a single long part, called the axon, and many short, branched parts called dendrites.
 An individual nerve cell may be up to a metre long.

Q3. Give three features of cardiac muscles.

Ans.
 The Cardiac muscles (muscles of the heart) show rhythmic contraction and relaxation throughout life.
 These are involuntary muscles.
 Their cells are cylindrical, branched and uninucleate.

Q4. What are the functions of areolar tissue?

Ans.
 Areolar tissue fills the space inside the organs.
 It supports internal organs.
 It helps in repair of tissues.

Extra Questions
(4. Nervous Tissue)

Q1. How are cells of the nervous tissue specialized? What are these cells called?
Ans. Cells of the nervous tissue are highly specialised for being stimulated and then transmitting the stimulus very rapidly
from one place to another within the body.
These cells are called neurons/nerve cells.

Q2. Which parts of our body consist of nervous tissue?

Ans. The brain, spinal cord and nerves are all composed of the nervous tissue.

Q3. What does a neuron consist of?

Ans.
 A neuron consists of a cell body with a nucleus and cytoplasm, from which long thin hair-like parts arise.
 Usually each neuron has a single long part, called the axon, and many short, branched parts called dendrites.
 An individual nerve cell may be up to a metre long.

Q4. What is a nerve composed of?

Ans. Many nerve fibres bound together by connective tissue make up a nerve.

Q5. Name the unit of nervous tissue.

Ans. Neuron.

Q6. How is the combination of nerves and muscles advantageous to most animals?
Ans.
 Nerve impulses allow animals to move their muscles when they want to.
 The functional combination of nerve and muscle tissue is fundamental to most animals as it enables them to move
rapidly in response to stimuli.
 DATE: August 17, 2021

CLASS-9
BIOLOGY
WORKSHEET-12
CH-06: TISSUES
Sub-Topic- Back Exercises
Kindly write this worksheet in fair notebook.

Back Exercises
Q1. Define the term “tissue”.
Ans. A group of cells that are similar in structure and work together to do a particular function is called tissue.

Q2. How many types of elements together make up the xylem tissue? Name them.
Ans. Xylem consists of tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres.

Q3. How are simple tissues different from complex tissues in plants?
Ans. Simple tissues are made up of one type of cells which coordinate to perform a common function.
Complex tissues are made up of more than one type of cells which coordinate to perform a common function.

Q4. Differentiate between parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma on the basis of their cell wall.
Ans.
 Parenchyma: The cells have thin cell walls made up of cellulose.
 Collenchyma: The cells have cellulosic cell walls irregularly thickened at the comers (pectin deposition).
 Sclerenchyma: Their walls are thickened due to lignin deposition. (a chemical substance which acts as cement and
hardens them). Often these walls are so thick that there is no internal space inside the cell.

Q5. What are the functions of the stomata?

Ans.
 Stomata are necessary for exchanging gases with the atmosphere.
 Transpiration (loss of water in the form of water vapour) also takes place through stomata.

Q6. Diagrammatically show the difference between the three types of muscle fibres.
Ans.
STRIATED MUSCLE SMOOTH MUSCLE CARDIAC MUSCLE
Q7. What is the specific function of the cardiac muscle?
Ans. Cardiac muscles are involuntary muscles. They show rhythmic contraction and relaxation throughout life. This
rhythmic contraction and relaxation helps in pumping action of heart.

Q8. Differentiate between striated, unstriated and cardiac muscles on the basis of their structure and site/location
in the body.
Ans.
STRIATED MUSCLES UNSTRIATED MUSCLES CARDIAC MUSCLES
1. Cells are long, cylindrical, 1. Cells are spindle-shaped and 1. Cells are cylindrical, branched and
unbranched and multinucleate. uninucleate. uninucleate
2. Cells show alternate light and dark 2. Cells do not show such light and 2. Cells show alternate light and dark
bands. dark bands. bands. (less prominent)
3. Voluntary muscles. 3. Involuntary muscles. 3. Involuntary muscles.
4. Show contraction and relaxation 4. Show contraction and relaxation 4. Show rhythmic contraction and
but not rhythmic. but not rhythmic. relaxation.
5. Present in limbs 5. Present in alimentary canal, blood 5. Present in the heart.
vessels, iris, uterus, bronchi etc.

Q9. Draw a labelled diagram of a neuron.

Ans.

Q10. Name the following.

(a) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth.
Ans. Simple squamous epithelium.
(b) Tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans.
Ans. Tendons
(c) Tissue that transports food in plants.
Ans. Phloem
(d) Tissue that stores fat in our body.
Ans. Adipose
(e) Connective tissue with a fluid matrix.
Ans. Blood
(f) Tissue present in the brain.
Ans. Nervous tissue

Q11. Identify the type of tissue in the following:

skin, bark of tree, bone, lining of kidney tubule, vascular bundle.
Ans.
Skin- Stratified squamour epithelium
Bark of tree- Cork, protective tissue
Bone- Connective tissue
Lining of kidney tubule- Cuboidal epithelium
Vascular Bundle- Conducting tissue (xylem, phloem), Cambium
Q12. Name the regions in which parenchyma tissue is present.
Ans. In the pith of the roots and stems.
When it contains chlorophyll, it is called chlorenchyma, found in green leaves.

Q13. What is the role of epidermis in plants?

Ans.
 Epidermis protects all the parts of the plant.
 Epidermal cells on the aerial parts of the plant often secrete a waxy, water-resistant layer on their outer surface
which aids in protection against loss of water, mechanical injury and invasion by parasitic fungi.
 Epidermal cells of the roots commonly bear long hair-like parts that greatly increase the total absorptive surface
area.
 In some plants like desert plants, epidermis has a thick waxy coating of cutin (chemical substance with waterproof
quality) on its outer surface.

Q14. How does the cork act as a protective tissue?

Ans.
 Cork acts as a protective tissue because its cells are dead and compactly arranged without intercellular spaces.
 They also have a chemical called suberin in their walls that makes them impervious to gases and water

Q15. Complete the table:

Ans.
 DATE: August 24, 2021

CLASS-9
BIOLOGY
WORKSHEET-13
CH-05: THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE;
CH-06: TISSUES
Sub-Topic- LIST OF DIAGRAMS FOR PRACTICE (Ch-5 & 6)

1. Various cells from the human body (Fig.5.3)

2. Prokaryotic Cell (Fig. 5.4)
3. Animal Cell (Fig.5.5)
4. Plant Cell (Fig.5.6)
5. Location of meristematic tissue in plant body (Fig.6.2)
6. Various types of simple tissues: (Fig.6.4)
(a) Parenchyma (i) transverse section, (ii) longitudinal section;
(b) Collenchyma (i) transverse section, (ii) longitudinal section;
(c) Sclerenchyma (i) transverse section, (ii) longitudinal section.
7. Guard cells and epidermal cells: (Fig. 6.5)
(a) lateral view,
(b) surface view
8. Types of complex tissue: (Fig. 6.7)
(a) Tracheid (b) Vessel (c) Xylem parenchyma
(d) Section of phloem
9. Different types of epithelial tissues: (Fig.6.9)
(a) Squamous
(b) Cuboidal
(c) Columnar (Ciliated)
(d) Stratified squamous
10. Types of connective tissues: (Fig. 6.10)
(a) areolar tissue,
(b) adipose tissue,
(c) compact bone,
(d) hyaline cartilage,
(e) types of blood cells
11. Types of muscles fibres: (Fig. 6.11)
(a) striated muscle,
(b) smooth muscle,
(c) cardiac muscle
12. Neuron-unit of nervous tissue
 DATE: August 31, 2021
CLASS-9
BIOLOGY
WORKSHEET-14++
CH-05: THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE;
Sub-Topic- REVISION NOTES
 DATE: September 07, 2021
CLASS-9
BIOLOGY
WORKSHEET-15
CH-06: TISSUES
Sub-Topic: REVISION QUESTIONS

Q1. Identify the tissue type in the given picture.

a) Adipose √
b) Areolar
c) Parenchyma
d) Cartilage

Q2. Give another name for Cambium.

a) Epidermal tissue
b) Apical meristem
c) Lateral Meristem √
d) Intercalary meristem

Q3. Parenchyma is a dead tissue. T/F

Ans. False

Q4. Which of the following locations in human body has Ciliated Epithelium?
a) Buccal Cavity
b) Respiratory tract √
c) Inner lining of Small Intestine
d) Walls of blood vessels

Q5. In which of the following locations in plants is sclerenchyma present?

a) Stomatal apparatus
b) Root hair
c) Hard covering of seeds and nuts √
d) Cortex
Q6. Which kind of plants have cutin present outside epidermis?
a) Aquatic plants
b) Desert plants √
c) Shrubs
d) Plants growing in snowy areas

Q7. Suberin is present in cork. T/F

Ans. True

Q8. Which connective tissue connects bones to muscles?

a) Cartilage
b) Areolar
c) Ligaments
d) Tendons √

Q9. Muscles contain special proteins called _____________________________.

Ans. Contractile proteins.

Q10. Which tissue is specialized for transmitting signals?

a) Muscular tissue
b) Epidermal tissue
c) Connective tissue
d) Nervous tissue √
 DATE: September 15, 2021
CLASS-9
BIOLOGY
WORKSHEET-16
CH-13: WHY DO WE FALL ILL?
Sub-Topic: Chapter At A Glance
 DATE: October 05, 2021
CLASS-9
BIOLOGY
WORKSHEET-17
CH-06: TISSUES
Sub-Topic: Revision MCQs

Q1. Read the given statements and select the correct ones.
1. There is no demarcation of dividing and non-dividing regions in animals.
2. Animals consume less energy as compared to plants.
3. Most of the tissues that plants contain are living.
4. Structural organization of organs and organ systems are more specialized animals than even in very complex plants.
5. Growth of animals is indefinite.

(a) 2, 3 and 5
(b) 2, 3 and 4
(c) 1 and 4
(d) 1 and 5
Ans : (c) 1 and 4

Q2. Parenchyma cells containing air cavities are called

(a) aerenchyma
(b) sclerenchyma
(c) chlorenchyma
(d) prosenchyma
Ans : (a) aerenchyma

Q3. What is chlorenchyma?

(a) It is a simple permanent tissue
(b) It is a parenchymatic tissue of green leaves and stems
(c) It is a photosynthetic in nature
(d) All of the above
Ans : (d) All of the above

Q4. Identify the features of striated muscles.

(a) Cylindrical, striped, skeletal and voluntary
(b) Spindle, unbranched and uninucleated
(c) Cylindrical, unstriped and without nucleus
(d) Cylindrical, striped and branched
Ans : (a) Cylindrical, striped, skeletal and voluntary

Q5. Identify the tissue that is present in leaf stalks below the epidermis.
(a) Collenchyma
(b) Sclerenchyma
(c) Parenchyma
(d) Xylem
Ans : (a) Collenchyma

Q6. A person met with an accident in which two long bones of hand were dislocated. Which among the following may
be the possible reason?
(a) Tendon break
(b) Cartilage
(c) Ligament break
(d) Areolar tissue break
Ans : (c) Ligament break

Q7. The muscle fibre shown in the diagram is:

(a) involuntary
(b) voluntary
(c) voluntary and involuntary
(d) none of these
Ans : (b) voluntary

DIRECTION : In each of the following questions (8-10), a statement of Assertion is given and a corresponding statement
of Reason is given just below it. Of the statements, given below, mark the correct answer as:
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.

Q8. Assertion : Parenchyma cells help in storage of food.

Reason : Parenchyma cells are the main seats of photosynthesis.
Ans : (b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.

Q9. Assertion : The inner lining of intestine has tall epithelial cells.
Reason : Columnar epithelium facilitates absorption and secretion.
Ans : (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

Q10. Assertion : Ciliated epithelium helps in movement of particles.

Reason : Cilia help in movement.
Ans : (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
 DATE: October 12, 2021
CLASS-9
BIOLOGY
WORKSHEET-18
CH-13: WHY DO WE FALL ILL?
Sub-Topic: Some Common Disease & Their Causal Organisms

Q. Complete the following table.

DISEASE CAUSAL ORGANISM
Peptic Ulcers
Protozoan (Leishmania)
Acne
Protozoan (Trypanosoma)
Roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides)
Common cold, influenza, dengue fever,
jaundice, AIDS, Japanese encephalitis (brain
fever), cowpox, smallpox, Hepatitis A
Typhoid fever, cholera, tuberculosis and
anthrax
Common skin infections
Malaria
Elephantiasis
 Term-II
DATE: November 09, 2021
CLASS-9
BIOLOGY
WORKSHEET-1
CH-13: WHY DO WE FALL ILL?
Sub-Topic: Important Notes
 Term-II
DATE: November 16, 2021
CLASS-9
BIOLOGY
WORKSHEET-2
CH-13: WHY DO WE FALL ILL?
Sub-Topic: Important Notes

Q1. Name any two air-borne diseases. How does the disease-causing microbe spread
though air?
Q2. How does HIV virus spread from a patient to a healthy person? Give any two
methods.
Q3. How does the immune system of our body function/what is immunisation?
Q4. Tabulate two differences between acute and chronic diseases.
Q5. What is inflammation?
Q6. Why is making of anti-viral medicines harder than that of antibacterial medicines?
 Term-II
DATE: November 30, 2021
CLASS-9
BIOLOGY
WORKSHEET-4
CH-13: WHY DO WE FALL ILL?
Sub-Topic: In-Text and Back Exercises

In-text (Pg-178)
Q1. State any two conditions for good health
Ans: Two conditions essential for good health are:
1. State of physical, mental and social well-being.
2. Better surroundings or -environment.

Q2. State any two conditions essential for being free of disease.
Ans. The two conditions essential for being free of disease are:
1. Personal and -domestic .hygiene.
2. Clean environment and surroundings.

Q3. Are the answers to the above questions necessarily the same or different ? Why ?
Ans: The answer to the above questions are different because a person may be free of disease but his mental,
social or economic health may not be good.

In-text (Pg-180)
Q1. List any three reasons why you would think that you are sick and ought to see a doctor. If only one of
these symptoms were present, would you still go to the doctor? Why or why not?
Ans: The 3 reasons why one would think that he is sick are—(1) headache, (2) cold and cough, (3) loose-
motions.
This indicates that there may be a disease but does not indicate what the disease is. So one would still visit the
doctor for the treatment and to know the cause of above symptom.
Even in case of single symptom one needs to go to the doctor to get proper treatment.

Q2. In which of the following case do you think the long-term effects on your health are likely to be most
unpleasant?

 If you get jaundice

 If you get lice
 If you get acne.
Why.
Ans: In the above cases, lice and acne are acute problems of our health which can be cured in short duration.
But jaundice is the disease that can have most unpleasant effect on our health as it affects the most important
organ of our body i.e., liver. This disease is a chronic one.

In-text (Pg-187)
Q1. Why are we normally advised to take bland and nourishing food when we are sick?
Ans: We are advised to take bland and nourishing food when we are sick because our body needs energy to
release cells to overcome the infection, the wear and tear of body organ. The nourishing food provides nutrients
to our body that will further provide energy and make new cells. No spices in the food makes its digestion
process faster, does not release acids in the body that can interfere in the treatment and cure.
Q2. What are the different means by which infectious diseases are spread?
Ans: The different means by which infectious diseases spread are:
(a) Through air: They are also called air-borne diseases. The air carries bacteria, virus and the diseases that can
be caused are: common cold, influenza, tuberculosis etc.
(b) Through food and water: When one eats/drinks contaminated food/water, that contains bacteria, virus,
worm etc. it can cause diseases like cholera typhoid, hepatitis.
(c) Through contact: Many diseases spread by contact of infected person with the healthy person. Example,
fungal infections, skin diseases, scabies etc.
(d) By sexual contact: Many diseases can be transmitted, example, syphilis, AIDS.
(e) By body fluids: Fluids like blood, semen, mother’s milk, when infected,
can also cause diseases. Example, AIDS.
(f) Vectors: The organism that spreads a disease by carrying pathogens from one place to another is called
vector. Example, mosquitoes are vectors that carry pathogens like protozoa.

Q3. What precautions can you take in your school to reduce the incidence of infectious diseases?
Ans: The precautions that one can take in school to reduce the incidence of infectious diseases are
(a) By using handkerchief while coughing sneezing.
(b) Washing hands before eating tiffins.
(c) Staying at home if anyone suffers from infectious diseases.
(d) Getting vaccinated before the infection affects.
(e) Keeping the school surroundings clean, checking for stagnant water.

Q4. What is immunisation?

Ans: When the body attains immunity against any disease, due to vaccination. This process is called
immunisation.

Q5. What are the immunisation programmes available at the nearest health centre in your locality?
Which of these diseases are the major health problems in your area?
Ans: The immunization programmes available at the nearest health care centres are:

1. Child immunization programme starts from 0 to 12 years.

2. Polio eradication programme
3. H1N1 screening programme

In major areas tuberculosis cases are reported in a large number which is a major concern.

Back Exercises
Q1. How many times did you fall ill in the last one year? What were the illnesses?
(a) Think of one change you could make in your habits in order to avoid any of/ most of the above
illnesses.
(b) Think of one change you would wish for in your surroundings in order to avoid any of/most of the
above illness.
Ans: The illness was 2-3 times, common-cold, occurred in a year.
(a) One change I would make in my habits in order to avoid the above illness is that I would take proper diet
rich in vitamin C and would avoid too cold food.
(b) The surroundings should be neat, and clean,

Q2. A doctor/nurse/health worker is exposed to more sick people than others in the community. Find out
how she/he avoids getting sick herself/himself?
Ans: A doctor/nurse/health worker when exposed to sick people they keep their nose and mouth covered, take
care of hygiene, wash hands with soap before drinking water or eating food. They use mask, gloves, etc to avoid
the direct contact with the person suffering from infectious diseases.

Q3. Conduct a survey in your neighbourhood to find out what the three most common diseases are.
Suggest three steps that could be taken by your local authorities to . bring down the incidence of these
diseases.
Ans:

Q4. A baby is not able to tell bis/her.caretakers that she/he is sick. What would help us to find out
(a) that the baby is sick?
(a) what is the sickness?
Ans:
(a) The symptoms like body temperature, fever, cough, cold, loose-motions, non-stop crying improper or no
food intake etc. would help up to find that the baby is sick.
(b) The symptoms could help us to find out the sickness of the body.

Q5. Under which of the following conditions is a person most likely to fall sick?
(a) When she is recovering from malaria.
(b) When she has recovered from malaria and is taking care of someone suffering from chicken-pox.
(c) When she is on a four-day fast after recovering from malaria and is taking care of someone suffering
from chicken-pox.
Why?
Ans: (c) When she is on a four-day fast after recovering from malaria and is taking care of someone suffering
from chicken-pox.
As the person is not taking proper diet which is required for her proper health and healing of body.
Her chances of getting chicken-pox also high as her body’s immunity has lowered.

Q6. Under which of the following conditions are you most likely to fall sick?
(a) When you are taking examinations.
(b) When you have travelled by bus and train for two days.
(c) When your friend is suffering from measles.
Why?
Ans: (c) When your friend is suffering from measles, as it is an infectious disease.
 Term-II
DATE: December 11, 2021
CLASS-9
BIOLOGY
WORKSHEET-5
CH-13: WHY DO WE FALL ILL?
Sub-Topic: Practice questions

Q1. Which one of the following is an infectious disease?

a) Diptheria √
b) Diabetes
c) Hypertension
d) Cancer

Q2. Ascaris worm lives in which part of human body?

a) Kidneys
b) Liver
c) Small intestine √
d) Large intestine

Q3. Microbes which enter the body through nose most likely affect-

a) Liver
b) Heart
c) Brain
d) Lungs √

Q4. Which of the following is a viral infection?

a) Diptheria
b) Influenza √
c) Cholera
d) Typhoid

Q5. HIV when active in body mainly attacks on-

a) Lungs
b) Liver
c) Immunity √
d) Nerves

Q6. An organism which carries pathogens is termed as

a) Host
b) Vector √
c) Parasite
d) Predator

Q7. DPT vaccines are administered to develop immunity against

a) Tetanus
 b) Diptheria
c) Pertussis
d) All of these √

Q8. Anti-viral drugs are difficult to make because viruses

a) Live outside the host cells √

b) Live inside the host cells
c) Live in consumed food particles
d) Live in blood stream

Q9. BCG vaccine is used to develop immunity against

a) Jaundice
b) Polio
c) Influenza
d) Tuberculosis √

Q10. Vaccination helps in controlling diseases because

a) It develops resistance against the pathogen attack √

b) It kills the pathogens causing disease
c) It blocks the food supplied to pathogens
d) It does not allow pathogens to multiply in hosts
 Term-II
DATE: December 21, 2021
CLASS-9
BIOLOGY
WORKSHEET-6
CH-14: NATURAL RESOURCES (14.3-14.5)
Sub-Topic: Chapter At A Glance
 Term-II
DATE: January 04, 2022
CLASS-9
BIOLOGY
WORKSHEET-7
CH-14: NATURAL RESOURCES (14.3-14.5)
Sub-Topic: Chapter at A Glance-2
 Term-II
DATE: January 11, 2022
CLASS-9
BIOLOGY
WORKSHEET-8
CH-14: NATURAL RESOURCES (14.3-14.5)
Sub-Topic: Revision

Write the answers to the following questions.

Q1. Give full-form of CFC.
Q2. State two effects of depletion of ozone layer in the atmosphere.
Q3. Why is step farming common in hills?
Q4. Explain the various factors that help in soil formation.
Q5. Carbon-dioxide is necessary for plants. Why do we consider it as a pollutant?
 Term-II
DATE: January 18, 2022
CLASS-9
BIOLOGY
WORKSHEET-9
CH-14: NATURAL RESOURCES (14.3-14.5)
Sub-Topic: Important Notes

Soil

Soil and its formation

Soil is the uppermost layer of the Earth’s crust, formed by the continuous weathering of mountains. Factors
causing soil formation are- Parent material, Time, Climate and Organisms.

Soil composition
Soil is a mixture of organic matter. The basic components of soil are minerals, inorganic matter, water and air.
Various types of soil are the clay, loam, silt, sand, etc.

Humus
The organic constituents including the dried leaves, twigs, remains of plants and animals decompose to form the
upper organic layer, known as humus. It plays an important role in increasing the fertility of the soil.

Soil pollution
The addition of harmful or toxic chemicals to the soil which renders it unproductive is called soil pollution.
Fertilizers, insecticides, industrial wastes, accidental oil spills, acid rain, etc. are pollutants and are the main
causes of soil pollution.

Soil erosion
Soil erosion is one form of soil degradation. Flowing water, rainwater and the wind are the prime agents which
cause soil erosion. This causes loss of topsoil and also reduces crop production potential.

Bio-geo-chemical cycle
The natural cycle or pathways in which the essential matter is circulated through the biotic and abiotic parts of
an ecosystem.
Biogeochemical = Biological Chemical + Geological Process

Carbon
Carbon is a chemical element with the symbol C. It is a nonmetallic chemical element, found in various forms:

1. In Elemental forms- Diamond, graphite

2. In Combined form-carbon dioxide, carbonates
3. Carbon-containing molecules are proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids, vitamins

Carbon cycle
The circulation and transformation of carbon between living things and the environment is called the Carbon
Cycle.
Nitrogen Cycle
The nitrogen cycle is the recycling and reusing of nitrogen in different forms to meet the demands for various
environmental activities.

Oxygen Cycle
It is a biological process which helps in maintaining the oxygen level.
Photosynthesis is a biological process used by plants to prepare their food with the help of sunlight and energy.

Ozone layer
The ozone layer is a thin part of the Earth’s atmosphere, which functions as a shield over the Earth’s
stratosphere and absorbs the greatest amount of the Sun’s ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The ozone layer
comprises high concentrations of ozone (O3) in relation to other parts of the atmosphere.

Ozone layer depletion

Ozone layer depletion is the reduction of the amount of ozone in the stratosphere which results in greater UV
radiations reaching the earth surface.

CFCs
Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) is an organic compound that contains carbon, chlorine and fluorine

Greenhouse effect
The greenhouse effect is the natural phenomenon, which occurs when the greenhouse gases present in the
Earth’s atmosphere trap solar radiation. Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), ozone (O3), chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs), nitrous oxide (N2O) and water vapour (H2O) are called greenhouse gases.
 Term-II
DATE: January 25, 2022
CLASS-9
BIOLOGY
WORKSHEET-10
CH-13: WHY DO WE FALL ILL?
Sub-Topic: Revision Worksheet

 Health- a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing.

 Disease- Any disturbance in the structure or function of any organ or part of body. It may be caused
due to the attack of pathogens (virus, bacteria), lack of nutritious diet/balanced diet and lack of public
health services.
 Types of Disease:
(i) Acute Disease- The disease which lasts for only a short period of time is called Acute Disease. For
example: Influenza (Flu), Common cold, etc.
(ii) Chronic Disease: The disease which lasts for a long period of time is called Chronic Disease. For
example: TB, Cancer, etc.
 Term-II
DATE: February 01, 2022
CLASS-9
BIOLOGY
WORKSHEET-11
CH-13: WHY DO WE FALL ILL?
Sub-Topic: Revision Worksheet

Causes of Diseases:
1. Immediate cause: The organisms that enter our body and cause the disease are termed as an immediate
cause. For example, virus, bacteria, protozoa etc.
2. Contributory cause: The secondary factors which led these organisms enter our body are termed as a
contributory cause. For example, dirty water, contaminated food, improper nourishment, poor standard of
living, etc.
3. Infectious causes: They include the agents like microbes or micro-organisms as the immediate causes which
spread the disease from an infected person to a healthy person.
4. Non-infectious causes: The disease which does not spread by contact between infected and healthy person
through air and water, is called noninfectious disease. •

Infectious and Non-infectious Diseases:

1. Infectious Diseases: The diseases which spread due to infection by micro-organisms are called infectious
diseases. When a disease causing organism enters our body it causes infection, it multiplies and grows in the
body called host and micro-organisms multiplies in the host body. For example: Tuberculosis, tetanus,
Common cold, AIDS, etc.
2. Non-infectious Diseases: The disease which does not spread by contact between infected and healthy
person through air and water, is called non-infectious disease. For example: Cancer, genetic abnormalities,
high blood pressure, etc.
 Term-II
DATE: February 08, 2022
CLASS-9
BIOLOGY
WORKSHEET-12
CH-13: WHY DO WE FALL ILL?
Sub-Topic: Revision Worksheet

• Antibiotics- These are the chemicals (medicine, drugs) that block biochemical pathways important
for bacteria. They are used for diseases caused by bacteria. Antibiotics do not work against viral
infections as the viruses do not have their own biochemical mechanisms but depend upon that of the
host.

• Principles of treatment
1. To reduce the effects of the diseases- By taking medicines to bring down the effects of the disease
like fever, pain, etc. and by taking complete rest to conserve the body’s energy.
2. To kill the cause of the disease- By taking suitable antibiotics and drugs which kill the disease
causing microbes.

• Principles of Prevention
1. General methods involve-
(a) Preventing exposure against microbes can be done in the following ways: For air-born microbes we
can prevent exposure by avoiding overcrowded places. For water-borne microbes we can prevent
exposure by not using contaminated water. For vector-borne infections we can prevent exposure by
providing a clean environment.
(b) By boosting the immune system: Our immune system plays an important role in fighting against the
microbes that enter our body. Strengthening the immune system can help in preventing many diseases.
So, proper nourishment or healthy diet that includes all the necessary nutrients as well as vitamins and
minerals is necessary for better functioning of our immune system.
2. Specific methods involve the prevention method directed against a particular disease-
It is done by immunisation which is the process of introducing a weakened pathogen inside the body of
the host to make his/her immune system to produce antibodies against that particular disease so that the
next time even if the disease will strike the host’s body with full vigor, the body will be able to protect
itself with the help of these antibodies.
 Term-II
DATE: February 15, 2022
CLASS-9
BIOLOGY
WORKSHEET-13
CH-13: WHY DO WE FALL ILL?
Sub-Topic: Revision Questions

Q1. What is a vector? Give one example.

Q2. What is Vaccination? Give the details, how it works in human body.

Q3. State any two conditions essential for good health.

Q4. Differentiate between communicable and non-communicable diseases. Give one example of each.

Q5. Name the pathogens which can cause acne and sleeping sickness.

Q6. What are the different means by which infectious diseases are spread?

Q7. What do you mean by active and passive immunisation?

Q8. State two principles of treatment of a disease.

Q9. Why making anti-viral medicines is harder than making anti-bacterial medicines?