G8

The Group of Eight (G8) was an inter-

governmental political forum from 1997
until 2014.[1] It had formed from
incorporating Russia into the Group of
Seven, or G7, and returned to its previous
name after Russia was expelled in 2014.[2]

Map of G8 member nations and the

European Union
The forum originated with a 1975 summit
hosted by France that brought together
representatives of six governments:
France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United
Kingdom, and the United States, thus
leading to the name Group of Six or G6.
The summit came to be known as the
Group of Seven in 1976 with the addition
of Canada. Russia was added to the
political forum from 1997, which the
following year became known as the G8. In
March 2014 Russia was suspended
indefinitely following the annexation of
Crimea, whereupon the political forum
name reverted to G7.[3][4][5] In January
2017, Russia announced its permanent
withdrawal from the G8.[2] However,
several representatives of G7 countries
stated that they would be interested in
Russia's return to the group.[6][7][8] The
European Union (or predecessor
institutions) was represented at the G8
since the 1980s as a "nonenumerated"
participant, but originally could not host or
chair summits.[9] The 40th summit was the
first time the European Union was able to
host and chair a summit. Collectively, in
2012 the G8 nations comprised 50.1
percent of 2012 global nominal GDP and
40.9 percent of global GDP (PPP). The G8
countries were not strictly the largest in
the world nor the highest-income per
capita, but they do represent the largest
high-income countries.

"G7" can refer to the member states in

aggregate or to the annual summit
meeting of the G7 heads of government.
G7 ministers also meet throughout the
year, such as the G7 finance ministers
(who meet four times a year), G7 foreign
ministers, or G7 environment ministers.

Each calendar year, the responsibility of

hosting the G8 was rotated through the
member states in the following order:
France, United States, United Kingdom,
Russia (suspended), Germany, Japan, Italy,
and Canada. The holder of the presidency
sets the agenda, hosts the summit for that
year, and determines which ministerial
meetings will take place.

In 2005, the UK government initiated the

practice of inviting five leading emerging
markets – Brazil, China, India, Mexico, and
South Africa – to participate in the G8
meetings that came to be known as G8+5.
With the G20 major economies growing in
stature since the 2008 Washington
summit, world leaders from the group
announced at their Pittsburgh summit in
September 2009 that the group would
replace the G8 as the main economic
council of wealthy nations.[10][11]
Nevertheless, the G7 retains its relevance
as a "steering group for the West",[1] with
special significance appointed to
Japan.[12]

History
Following 1994's G7 summit in Naples,
Russian officials held separate meetings
with leaders of the G7 after the group's
summits. This informal arrangement was
dubbed the Political 8 (P8)—or, colloquially,
the G7+1. At the invitation of UK Prime
Minister Tony Blair and U.S. President Bill
Clinton,[13] President Boris Yeltsin was
invited first as a guest observer, later as a
full participant. It was seen as a way to
encourage Yeltsin with his capitalist
reforms. Russia formally joined the group
in 1998, resulting in the Group of Eight, or
G8.

Focus of G8

Major focus of the G8 since 2009 has

been the global supply of food.[14] At the
2009 L'Aquila summit, the G8's members
promised to contribute $22 billion to the
issue. By 2015, 93% of funds had been
disbursed to projects like sustainable
agriculture development and adequate
emergency food aid assistance.[15][16]
At the 2012 summit, President Barack
Obama asked G8 leaders to adopt the New
Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition
initiative to "help the rural poor produce
more food and sell it in thriving local and
regional markets as well as on the global
market".[17][18] Ghana became one of the
first six African countries to sign up to the
G8 New Alliance for Food Security and
Nutrition in 2012.[19] There was, however,
almost no knowledge of the G8 initiative
among some stakeholders, including
farmers, academics and agricultural
campaign groups. Confusion surrounding
the plans was made worse, critics say, by
"a dizzying array of regional and national
agriculture programmes that are
inaccessible to ordinary people."[20]

Russia's participation suspension

(2014)

On 24 March 2014, the G7 members

cancelled the planned G8 summit that was
to be held in June of that year in the
Russian city of Sochi, and suspended
Russia's membership of the group, due to
Russia's annexation of Crimea;
nevertheless, they stopped short of
outright permanent expulsion.[21] Russian
foreign minister Sergei Lavrov downplayed
the importance of the decision by the U.S.
and its allies, and pointed out that major
international decisions were made by the
G20 countries.[22][3]

Later on, the Italian Foreign Affairs

minister Federica Mogherini and other
Italian authorities,[23][24] along with the
EastWest Institute board member
Wolfgang Ischinger,[25] suggested that
Russia may restore its membership in the
group. In April 2015, the German foreign
minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier said that
Russia would be welcomed to return to G8
provided the Minsk Protocol was
implemented.[26] In 2016, he added that
"none of the major international conflicts
can be solved without Russia", and the G7
countries will consider Russia's return to
the group in 2017. The same year,
Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe
called for Russia's return to G8, stating
that Russia's involvement is "crucial to
tackling multiple crises in the Middle
East".[27] In January 2017, the Italian
foreign minister Angelino Alfano said that
Italy hopes for "resuming the G8 format
with Russia and ending the atmosphere of
the Cold War".[28] On 13 January 2017,
Russia announced that it would
permanently leave the G8 grouping.[29]
Nonetheless, Christian Lindner, the leader
of Free Democratic Party of Germany and
member of the Bundestag, said that Putin
should be "asked to join the table of the
G7" so that one could "talk with him and
not about him", and "we cannot make all
things dependent on the situation in
Crimea".[6] In April 2018, the German
politicians and members of the Bundestag
Sahra Wagenknecht and Alexander Graf
Lambsdorff said that Russia should be
invited back to the group and attend the
2018 summit in Canada: "Russia should
again be at the table during the [June]
summit at the latest" because "peace in
Europe and also in the Middle East is only
possible with Russia".[7][30] The US
President Donald Trump also stated that
Russia should be reinstated to the group;
his appeal was supported by the Italian
Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte.[8] After
several G7 members quickly rejected US
President Trump's suggestion to again
accept the Russian Federation into the G8,
Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov said that
the Russian Federation wasn't interested in
rejoining the political forum. He also said
that the G20 is sufficient for the Russian
Federation.[31] In the final statement of the
2018 meeting in Canada, the G7 members
announced to continue sanctions and also
to be ready to take further restrictive
measures against the Russian Federation
for the failure of Minsk Agreement
complete implementation.[32][33]

Structure and activities

Leaders of the G8 on 18 June 2013, in

Lough Erne, Northern Ireland

By design, the G8 deliberately lacked an

administrative structure like those for
international organizations, such as the
United Nations or the World Bank. The
group does not have a permanent
secretariat, or offices for its members.
The presidency of the group rotates
annually among member countries, with
each new term beginning on 1 January of
the year. The rotation order is: France, the
United States, the United Kingdom, Russia
(suspended), Germany, Japan, Italy, and
Canada.[34] The country holding the
presidency is responsible for planning and
hosting a series of ministerial-level
meetings, leading up to a mid-year summit
attended by the heads of government. The
president of the European Commission
participates as an equal in all summit
events.[35]
The ministerial meetings bring together
ministers responsible for various
portfolios to discuss issues of mutual or
global concern. The range of topics
include health, law enforcement, labor,
economic and social development, energy,
environment, foreign affairs, justice and
interior, terrorism, and trade. There are
also a separate set of meetings known as
the G8+5, created during the 2005
Gleneagles, Scotland summit, that is
attended by finance and energy ministers
from all eight member countries in
addition to the five "outreach countries"
which are also known as the Group of Five
—Brazil, People's Republic of China, India,
Mexico, and South Africa.[36]

In June 2005, justice ministers and interior

ministers from the G8 countries agreed to
launch an international database on
pedophiles.[37] The G8 officials also agreed
to pool data on terrorism, subject to
restrictions by privacy and security laws in
individual countries.[38]

Global energy

G8 leaders confer during the 2009

summit in L'Aquila (Abruzzo, Italy).
At the Heiligendamm Summit in 2007, the
G8 acknowledged a proposal from the EU
for a worldwide initiative on efficient
energy use. They agreed to explore, along
with the International Energy Agency, the
most effective means to promote energy
efficiency internationally. A year later, on 8
June 2008, the G8 along with China, India,
South Korea and the European Community
established the International Partnership
for Energy Efficiency Cooperation, at the
Energy Ministerial meeting hosted by
Japan holding 2008 G8 Presidency, in
Aomori.[39]
G8 Finance Ministers, whilst in preparation
for the 34th Summit of the G8 Heads of
State and Government in Toyako,
Hokkaido, met on the 13 and 14 June
2008, in Osaka, Japan. They agreed to the
"G8 Action Plan for Climate Change to
Enhance the Engagement of Private and
Public Financial Institutions." In closing,
Ministers supported the launch of new
Climate Investment Funds (CIFs) by the
World Bank, which will help existing efforts
until a new framework under the UNFCCC
is implemented after 2012. The UNFCCC is
not on track to meeting any of its stated
goals.[40]
In July 2005, the G8 Summit endorsed the
IPHE in its Plan of Action on Climate
Change, Clean Energy and Sustainable
Development, and identified it as a
medium of cooperation and collaboration
to develop clean energy technologies.

Annual summit

The first G8 summit was held in 1997 after

Russia formally joined the G7 group, and
the last one was held in 2013. The 2014
summit was scheduled to be held in
Russia. However, due to the Crimean
crisis, the other seven countries decided to
hold a separate meeting without Russia as
a G7 summit in Brussels, Belgium.

The G8 leaders at the 36th summit in

Huntsville, Ontario. Left to right:
Cameron, Van Rompuy (European
Council), Harper, Medvedev, Kan,
Berlusconi, Obama, Barroso
(European Commission), Merkel,
Sarkozy.

Criticism

20 July 2001, 27th G8 summit in Genoa, Italy:

Protesters burn a police vehicle.

One type of criticism is that members of

G8 do not do enough to help global
problems, due to strict patent policy and
other issues related to globalization. In
Unraveling Global Apartheid, political
analyst Titus Alexander described the G7,
as it was in 1996, as the 'cabinet' of global
minority rule, with a coordinating role in
world affairs.[41]

In 2012 The Heritage Foundation, an

American conservative think tank,
criticized the G8 for advocating food
security without making room for
economic freedom.[42]
Relevance
The G8's relevance has been subject to
debate from 2008 onward.[43] It
represented the major industrialized
countries but critics argued that the G8 no
longer represented the world's most
powerful economies, as China has
surpassed every economy but the United
States.[44]

Vladimir Putin did not attend the 2012 G8

summit at Camp David, causing Foreign
Policy magazine to remark that the summit
has generally outlived its usefulness as a
viable international gathering of foreign
leaders.[45] Two years later, Russia was
suspended from the G8, then chose to
leave permanently in January 2017.

The G20 major economies leaders'

summit has had an increased level of
international prestige and influence.[46]
However, British Prime Minister David
Cameron said of the G8 in 2012:[47]

Some people ask, does the G8

still matter, when we have a
Group of 20? My answer is, yes.
The G8 is a group of like-minded
countries that share a belief in
free enterprise as the best route
 to growth. As eight countries
making up about half the
world's gross domestic product,
the standards we set, the
commitments we make, and the
steps we take can help solve
vital global issues, fire up
economies and drive prosperity
all over the world.

Youth 8 Summit
The Y8 Summit or simply Y8, formerly
known as the G8 Youth Summit[48] is the
youth counterpart to the G8 summit.[49]
The summits were organized from 2006 to
2013. The first summit to use the name Y8
took place in May 2012 in Puebla, Mexico,
alongside the Youth G8 that took place in
Washington, D.C. the same year. From
2016 onwards, similar youth conferences
were organized under the name Y7
Summit.[50]

The Y8 Summit brings together young

leaders from G8 nations and the European
Union to facilitate discussions of
international affairs, promote cross-
cultural understanding, and build global
friendships. The conference closely
follows the formal negotiation procedures
of the G8 Summit.[51] The Y8 Summit
represents the innovative voice of young
adults between the age of 18 and 35. At
the end of the summit, the delegates
jointly come up with a consensus-based[52]
written statement, the Final
Communiqué.[53] This document is
subsequently presented to G8 leaders in
order to inspire positive change.

The Y8 Summit was organized annually by

a global network of youth-led
organizations called The IDEA (The
International Diplomatic Engagement
Association).[54] The organizations
undertake the selection processes for their
respective national delegations, while the
hosting country is responsible for
organizing the summit. An example of
such a youth-led organization is the Young
European Leadership association, which
recruits and sends EU Delegates.

The goal of the Y8 Summit is to bring

together young people from around the
world to allow the voices and opinions of
young generations to be heard and to
encourage them to take part in global
decision-making processes.[55][56]
 Summit Year Host country Location

1st International Student Model G8 2006 Russia Saint Petersburg

2nd Model G8 Youth Summit 2007 Germany Berlin

3rd Model G8 Youth Summit 2008 Japan Yokohama

4th G8 Youth Summit 2009 Italy Milan

5th G8 Youth Summit 2010 Canada Muskoka & Toronto

6th G8 Youth Summit 2011 France Paris

** Y8 Summit 2012 Mexico Puebla

7th G8 Youth Summit 2012 United States Washington D.C.

8th Y8 summit 2013 United Kingdom London

9th Y8 summit 2014 Russia Moscow*

* The Y8 Summit 2014 in Moscow was

suspended due to the suspension of
Russia from the G8.

See also
D-8 Organization for Economic
Cooperation
Forum for the Future (Bahrain 2005)
G3 Free Trade Agreement
G4 (EU)
G-20 major economies
Group of Two
Group of Seven
Group of Eleven
Group of 15
Group of 24
Group of 30
Junior 8
List of countries by GDP (nominal)
List of countries by military expenditures
List of country groupings
List of G8 leaders
 List of G8 summit resorts
List of longest serving G8 leaders
List of multilateral free-trade
agreements
North–South divide
Western Bloc
Great power
World Social Forum

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Further reading
Bayne, Nicholas and Robert D. Putnam.
(2000). Hanging in There: The G7 and G8
Summit in Maturity and Renewal (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=BqkEAQAAIAAJ) .
Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing.
ISBN 978-0-7546-1185-1; OCLC 43186692 (ht
tps://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43186692)
Haas, P.M. (1992). "Introduction. Epistemic
communities and international policy
coordination," International Organization 46,
1:1–35.
Hajnal, Peter I. (1999). The G8 system and the
G20 : Evolution, Role and Documentation. (htt
ps://books.google.com/books?id=Bi5JO7FFk
7UC) Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate
Publishing. ISBN 9780754645504;
OCLC 277231920 (https://www.worldcat.org/
oclc/277231920)
Kokotsis, Eleonore. (1999). Keeping
International Commitments: Compliance,
Credibility, and the G7, 1988–1995 (https://bo
oks.google.com/books?id=Bi5JO7FFk7UC) .
New York: Garland Publishing.
ISBN 9780815333326; OCLC 40460131 (http
s://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40460131)
 Reinalda, Bob and Bertjan Verbeek. (1998).
Autonomous Policy Making by International
Organizations. (https://books.google.com/bo
oks?id=Bt3AzOHtXwgC) London: Routledge.
ISBN 978-0-203-45085-7; OCLC 39013643 (ht
tps://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39013643)

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related
to G8.
Wikinews has news related to:
G8
G8 Information Centre (http://www.g8.ut
oronto.ca/) , G8 Research Group,
University of Toronto
"Special Report: G8" (https://www.thegu
ardian.com/world/g8) , Guardian
Unlimited
"Profile: G8" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/h
i/world/americas/country_profiles/3777
557.stm) , BBC News
"We are deeply concerned. Again" (http
s://web.archive.org/web/200612271537
09/http://www.newstatesman.com/200
507040005) , New Statesman, 4 July
2005, —G8 development concerns since
1977
G8 Information Centre Finance Ministers
Meetings (http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/fin
ance/)
"G8: Cooking the books won’t feed
anyone" (http://www.oxfam.org/en/pres
sroom/pressrelease/2011-05-18/g8-coo
king-books-won%E2%80%99t-feed-anyo
ne) , Oxfam International (http://www.ox
fam.org/en)
"Dear G8 Leaders, don’t lie about your
aid" (http://blogs.oxfam.org/en/blog/11-
05-20-dear-g8-leaders-dont-lie-about-you
r-aid) , Oxfam International Blogs (http://
blogs.oxfam.org/)
"Wait, the G-8 still exists?" (http://bosco.
foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/05/24/w
ait_the_g_8_still_exists) Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/201105271640
52/http://bosco.foreignpolicy.com/post
s/2011/05/24/wait_the_g_8_still_exist
s) 27 May 2011 at the Wayback
Machine, Foreign Policy Magazine
"Is this the last G-8 summit meeting?" (h
ttp://bosco.foreignpolicy.com/posts/20
11/05/26/is_this_the_last_g_8_summit_
meeting) Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20110530045420/http://bosc
o.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/05/26/
is_this_the_last_g_8_summit_meeting)
30 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine,
Foreign Policy Magazine (https://foreign
policy.com/)
Chronique ONU | Le Conseil économique
et social, Le Groupe des huit et le
PARADOXE CONSTITUTIONNEL (https://
 www.un.org/french/pubs/chronique/20
06/numero1/0106p54.htm) "The Group
of Eight, ECOSOC and the Constitutional
Paradox"
No. of G8 Summit Protestors (1998–
2015) (https://web.archive.org/web/201
50705152811/http://katapult-magazin.d
e/en/artikel/article-katapult/fulltext/mis
sing-the-point/) Katapult-Magazin

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