Formation of Elements Found in the Universe Nuclear fusion – process by which two light atomic

nuclei combine to form a single massive amounts of

Big Bang Timeline
energy.
 Big Bang – Energy(cosmos)
Stellar Nebular – Birthplace of stars
 Matter
*E=mc2 MODELS OF THE ATOM
-protons
Atomic model: John Dalton
-neutrons
-electrons  Matter is made of small indivisible atoms.
 Atoms
-Hydrogen 75%  Atoms can’t be subdivided, created or destroyed.
-Helium 25% 2.1 Atoms of the same element have the same
 Stars and Galaxies property.
 Our Solar System  2.2 Atoms of different elements have different
*Sun and all planets properties.
 Earth(present day)
 Atoms of different elements can form
Pieces of evidence support the Big Bang theory of compounds.
George Gamow
 All matter is was made of atom.
a.) Measurements showed that the universe is
expanding and that galaxies are moving away from
one another. Plum-pudding model: J.J. Thomson

b.) A cosmic background radiation was detected. The  An atom is electrically neutral. It has no charge.
radiation observed was the same in all directions and  In an atom, both positive charges and negative
found to be independent of direction. charges are equal.
c.) Primordial helium was discovered. Scientist  An atom is made out of a sphere of positive
believe that the helium and hydrogen were the first charges with negatively charged electron
to be formed in the early stages of the evolution of embedded in it.
the universe.

Formation of Elements in Universe

*All was started after a few second after Big Bang
which is 10-5 second.
*Quarks combine to formed protons and neutrons.
*After a few moments protons and neutrons form He,
Li and Be thru the process of Nucleosynthesis.

Nucleosynthesis – the creation of an element that

originates from the nucleus of an atom.

 Combination and collision of He4 and Triton

Nuclear model: Ernest Rutherford
formed Li.
 Combination and collision of He4 and He3  Atoms are mostly empty space.
formed Be.
 Most of the mass is concentrated in the center of
atom. This tiny, dense, positively charged core
Heavier Elements
called a nucleus.
 Sun is one of the stars
 Star is the one that making the heavier  Electrons are located outside the nucleus.
elements thru the process of Nuclear fusion
 Planetary model: Niels Bohr

 Electrons orbit the nucleus in orbits that have

specific size and energy.

 The energy of the orbit is related to its size. The

lowest energy is found in the smallest orbit.

 Electrons reside in orbits. They move between

each shell when gaining or losing energy.

 When gaining energy, electrons move to farther

orbit from the nucleus. When losing energy,
electrons move to closer orbit from the nucleus. Law of Multiple Proportions-“If two elements can
combine to form more than one compound, the
mass of one element that combines with a fixed mass
of the other element is in ratios of small whole
numbers’’.

---A law that states that when a product is formed,

elements always combine in a consistent whole
number ratio of mass regardless of the amount of
the starting material.

Atomic Theory- A theory that proposed by John

Dalton stating that it is an indivisible building blocks
Quantum Mechanical Model: Erwin Schrödinger of matter called atoms.

 Electrons don’t move around the nucleus in Edwin Hubble-- An astronomer that proved that the
orbits. “nebulae” were distant galaxies containing 10 9 to 1013
 Electrons exist in specific energy levels as a stars.
cloud.
Radioactivity--is a process that involve emission of
 The electron cloud is the region of negative energetic particles of an atom.
charges, which surrounds the nucleus.

 Orbital : The region with a high probability of Democritus--proposed that all matter is made up of
containing electrons. very small particles called atoms.
Isotopes--are atoms of an element that have the similar to that of the first.
same number of protons but different numbers of
neutron. -1869, a Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev and a
German chemist Lothar Meyer proposed a much
Law of conservation of mass--states that’s the mass more extensive tabulation of the elements based on
of the substances formed in a reaction is equal to the periodic recurrence of the properties of
the mass of that reacted. elements .Mendeleev organized elements according
to recurring properties to make a periodic table of
--states that mass is neither created nor elements. Elements within a group (column) display
destroyed during a chemical similar characteristics. The rows in the periodic table
reaction. (the periods) reflect the filling of electrons shells
around the nucleus, so when a new row begins, the
elements stack on top of each other with similar
properties. For example, helium and neon are both
fairly unreactive gases that glow when an electric
current is passed through them. Lithium and sodium
STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM both have a +1 oxidation state and are reactive, shiny
The Nucleus- is found at the center of the atom. metals.
Two main sub particles of the atom are in the nucleus
(proton and neutron). 1913 Henry Moseley, a young English physicist.,
The Proton- is a positively charged sub particle found discovered a correlation between what he called
in the nucleus of the atom. atomic number and frequency of x-rays generated by
-the mass of a proton is 1 a.m.u. bombarding the elements with high energy electrons.

The Neutron - He concluded that atomic number is equal to the

- electrically neutral. number of protons in the nucleus and the number of
-They have no charge electrons in an atom.
- they share the nucleus with the protons. Equation:
- All neutrons are identical mass number(A) = number of proton(Z) + number of
- they are slightly more massive than a proton, but neutron
their mass is still considered as 1 a.m.u like proton.
Denoting atomic number and mass number:
The Electron- revolving rapidly outside the nucleus of
Mass number (# of proton and neutrons)
an atom are negatively charged particles. Each
A
particle has a mass of 1/1836 a.m.u. X element symbol
Z
- the exact location of the electrons cannot be Atomic number (number of protons)

known. The location of the electron in the cloud

depends on the energy it possesses. Isotopes- are atoms with the same atomic number (Z)

HOW DID THE CONCEPT OF ATOMIC NUMBER LEAD Identity Symbol Charge Mass
TO THE SYNTHESIS OF NEW ELEMENTS IN THE (a.m.u)
4
LABORATORY? Helium 2 α +2 4.001506
-1864, John Newlands, an English chemist noticed nucleus
0
that when the elements were arranged according to Electron -1β or β- -1 0.000549
increasing mass, every eight element would exhibit Photon 0
0y - -
similar properties. 1
Neutron 0n 0 1.008665
The Law of Octaves- while arranging the elements in
1
increasing order of their atomic masses in the Proton 1 p +1 1.007276
0
periodic table, the eighth element's properties are Positron +1β or +1 0.000549
β+
but different mass number (A). 2. 13153 I 131
54 Xe + -10 e
3. 3819 K 38
18 Ar + +10 e
Nuclear Reactions
Parent daughter + particle
Example: Synthesis of Element
1. The reaction of an α particle with magnesium 25
(2512 Mg) produces a proton and a nuclide of Transuranic Elements ( man - made) - are
another element. Identify the new nuclide elements artificially produced in nuclear reactors
produced. or accelerators (heavier elements after
Equation: Uranium)
25 4 1
12 Mg + 2 He 1 H + X
Solution: *Actinides : elements 93, Neptium to 103,
25 4
12 Mg + 2 He
1
1 H +
28
13 Al
Lawrencium

2. Cuium (Cm) (z=101) was formed by reacting *Transactinides : elements 104, Rutherfordium
Plutonium (Pu) 239 with alpha particles 42 He. It to 118, Oganesson ( heavy, radioactive,
has a half - life of 162 days. unstable, short leave, man made, synthetic).
Equation:
239 4
94 Pu + 2 He
242 1
96 Cu + 0 n Atomic Mass No. of No. of
Symbol number number Proton neutrons
3. Mendelevium (Md) (z = 101) was formed by 18
10Ne 10 18 10 8
reacting Einsteinium (Es) 253 with alpha particle.
Equation : 108
47 Ag 47 108 47 61
253 4 256 1
99 Es + 2 He 101 Md + 0 n
119
50 Sn 50 119 50 69
75 4 78 1
33 As + 2 He 35 Br + n
0
209
83 Bi 83 209 83 126
37
17 Cl + 01n 38
Cl
17 137
56 Ba 56 137 56 81
56
26Fe 26 56 26 5
Nuclear Reaction - changed in the identity or
characteristics of an atomic nucleus, induced by
bombarding it with an energetic particle.

Nuclear Transmutation Reaction - involves the

transformation of one element or isotopes into
another element. First carried out by Ernest
Rutherford.
14 4 17 1
7 N + 2 He 8 O + 1 H

* Artificial transmutation - bombardment of a

stable isotope to force it to decay.
- has two or more nuclear reactants.
Example:
23 4 30 1
13Al + 2 He 15 P + 0 n

14
7N + 42 He 17 1
8 O + 1 H
*Natural Transmutation - elements that
naturally emit energy without the absorption of
energy from an outside source.

Example:
1. 23892 U 234
90 Th + 42 He