All Important Mughal Rulers –

Medieval History Notes for

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Zahiruddin Babur (1526 – 1530 AD):

 Zahiruddin Muhammad Babar -Founder of the Mughal Empire in India.
 Babur was the King of Farghana in Afghanistan.
 After taking advantage of the political conditions prevailing in India,
Babur marched towards India. Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi in first
Battle of Panipat in 1526 A.D.
 Before the 1st Battle of Panipat (1526 AD), Babur had made 4
expeditions to India.
 In has 1519 (first-Indian expedition) he used gun powder for the first
time in India to storm fort of Bhira.
 His second expedition in 1519, captured Peshawar.
 3rd expedition in 1520, occupied Bajaur, Bhira, Sialkot and Sayyadpur.
 4th expedition in 1524-Daulat Khan Lodi (Governor of Lahore) sent son
Dilawar Khan and Alam Khan Lodi to join Babur.
 In 1527. he defeated Rana Sanga of Mewar in battle of Khanwa on the
bank of river Piliakhar.
 In 1528, he defeated Medini Rai in the Battle of Chanderi
 In 1529 he defeated Ibrahim Lodi’s younger brother, Mahmud Lodi in
battle of Ghaghara.
 His Indian Empire extended from Himalayas in north to Gwalior in
South and Khyber Pass in west to the border of Bengal in East.
 Babur had the prestige of being a descendent of the two most famous
warriors of Asia, Changez and Taimur.
 The ‘Charbaghs’, the symmetrically laid out gardens with flowing wa-
ters and fountains were introduced in India by Babur.
Humayun (1530–1540, 55-56 AD):
 Nasiruddin Muhammad Humayun succeeded his father Babur.
 Humayun ruled from 1530 A.D. to 1540 A.D. and again from 1555-1556
A.D.
 Humayun built Dinpanah at Delhi as his second capital
 He was defeated 2 times by Sher Shah at Chausa (1539 AD) & in Battle
of Kannauj (1540 AD).
 Re-Captured Lahore in 1555 AD from Sikandar Suri (son of Sher Shah
Suri), Governor of Punjab, then Delhi and Agra.
 Humayun died in 1556 A.D. by falling from his library Sher Mandal.
 Humayun’s tomb is situated in Delhi.
Sher Shah Suri (1540-1545 A.D.)
 Sher Shah was born to Hasan, the Jagirdar of Sasaram. He was not a
Mughal Ruler but he is from the same timeline of Humayun
 He received the title of Sher Shah from Bahar Khan Lohani.
 He defeated Humayun in the Battle of Chausa (1539 AD). HE adopted
the title of Sher Shah & proclaimed himself the emperor of Hindustan.
 He again defeated Humayun in the Battle of Kannauj (1540 AD).
 Sher Shah’s last campaign was against Kalingar. He succeeded but died
from an explosion in 1545 AD.
 He was succeeded by his son Islam-Shah.
 Humayun defeated Sikandar Suri and occupied Delhi in 1555.
 Sher Shah established a highly centralised Government.
 He divided his empire into 47 Sarkars (districts) which were divided
into several pargana (sub- districts). Village was the lowest unit of
administration. He made the local village headmen (muqaddams) and
zamindars re-sponsible for local crime.
 Sher Shah abolished all internal customs and duties. Sher Shah built
three important roads, Agra-Jodhpur-Chittor, Lahore-Multan, and
Agra- Burhanpur
 Sher Shah ascended the throne of Delhi at the ripe age of 67.
 Sher Shah built 1700 sarais which also worked as dak chaukis.
 Abbas Khan Sarwani was the his-torian of Sher Shah
 Sher Shah’s roads and sarais were called “The arteries of the Empire”.
 Sher Shah was succeeded by his second son, Islam Shah.
Jalaluddin Muhd. Akbar (1556-1605 AD):
 Akbar was born in Amarkot in the palace of Virasal in 1542 A.D
 Akbar’s full name was Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar.
 He was crowned at Kalanaur at the age of 13 years.
 Akbar defeated Hemu in the second battle of Panipat in 1556 AD.
 Bairam Khan was his regent from 1556 to 1560.
 His chief advisor was Mir Abdul Latif.
 In 1562, he abolished the system of making war captives as slave.
 In 1563, he abolished pilgrim tax.
 In 1564, he abolished Jaziya Tax.
 His tomb was at Sikandara, near Agra.
 Laid the foundation of Fatehpur Sikri as his capital.
 In 1568, Chittor under Rana Udai Singh of Mewar was invaded. Here
two Rajput warriors fought bravely against Akbar-Jaimal & Patta.
 Akbar had the statues of Jaimal and Patta installed at Agra fort.
 In 1575 AD, he established Ibaadat Khana for preaching.
 In 1576 Akbar defeated Rana Pratap of Chittor in the famous Battle
of Haldigati.
 European paintings was introduced in Mughal court during Akbar’s
reign.
 Later Ibadat-khana was opened to Scholars of all faiths. In 1579
Akabr read the Khutba (written by poet Faizi) in his own name like
the Prophet and Caliphs.
 In 1582 AD, Akbar established his own religion ‘Din-i-Ilahi’
 After returning from Gujarat cam-paign, Akbar appointed officials
called Karoris
 Akbar divided the empire into 12 Subas in 1580 AD.
 Akbar nominated Salim as his successor who ascended the throne
with the title of Jahangir.
 In 1605 Akbar died of dysentery.
 Hakim Ali was his personal physician while Raja Salivahan was his
court physician.
  Sheikh Farid Bukhari was his last Mir Bakshi.
 Started giving loan from royal treasury, as Musadat.
 Loan to farmers was called Takavi.
 Adopted persian as court language.
 Main Buldings of Fatehpur Sikri. Buland Darwaza, Diwan-i-Am,
Diwan-i-Khas, palace of Sultana, Panch Mahal etc. Expert exponent
of music. He played Nakkara (drum).
 His court musiciansansen, Baba Ramdas, Baz Bahadur etc.
 Famous painters in his court were Khwaja Abdus Samad, Daswant,
Basawan etc.
 Contemporary Hindu scholars Ramdas, Suradas, Tulsidas, Raskhan,
Abdur Rahim Khan- Khanan and Birbal (Raja Mahesh Das).
 Akbar’s land revenue system was called Todar Mai Bandobast or
Zabti system.

Akbar’s social & Religious work

1. 1562 AD. End of Slave system
2. 1562 AD. End of ‘Haramdal’
3. 1563 AD. End of Pilgrime tax
4. 1564 AD. End of Jazia tax
5. 1571 AD. Establishment of Fatehpur Sikri & made it his capital.
6. 1575 AD. Established Ibaadat Khana
6. 1580 AD. ‘Dahsala System’
7. 1582 AD. Din-I-Ilahi

Nine Gems of Akbar

1. Mullah do Pyaja
2. Abul Fajal 6. Tansen
3. Todar Mai 7. Abdul Rahim-Khan-I-Khana
4. Faizi 8. Man Singh
5. Birbal 9. Bhagwan Das
Nuruddin Jahangir (1605-1627 AD)
 Jahangir was born at Lahore in 1569 A.D.
 Jahangir’s full name was Nuruddin Muhammad Salim. He was
popularly known as Jahangir.
 Jahangir also married Jodha Bai of Marwar (original name was Jagat
Gosain), and a Kachchwaha princess.
 He was well read and wrote his memories Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri in Persian.
 Jahangir’s sons-Khusrau Parvez, Khurram, Shahryar and Jahandar
 James-I sent captain Hawkins and Sir Thomas Roe to Jahangir’s court
to get concession in trade for English.
 He completed Akbar’s tomb in Sikandara.
 During Jahangir, Mughal painting was on climax and zenith.
 He was himself expert painter and claimed to recognize painting at a
particular painter at a glance
 Introduced Du-Aspa and Sih-Aspa systems in Mansabdari system.
 Jahangir Married Nur Jahan in 1611 and got title Nur Mahal.
 Farmans had signature and coins were struck in her name.
 John Hawkins resided at Agra for two Years (1609-1611)
 Sir Thomas Roe (1615-1618) was ambassador of James-I.
 Jahangir was buried at Shahadara near Lahore.
 The famous Italian traveller Letro Valle came during his reign.

Shahjahan (1628-1657 AD)

 Original Name: Shihab-ud-din Muhammad Khurram
 Shahjahan was born at Lahore in 1592 A.D
 Shahjahan’s childhood name was Khurram.
 Shahjahan was born to Jagat Gosain, daughter of Mota Raja Udai Singh
of Jodhpur.
 In 1612 Shahjahan married Arzumand Banu Begum who be-came
famous as Mumtaz Mahal.
 In 1631 Mumtaj Mahal died during child birth at Burhanpur. She was
first buried at Burhanpur but later transferred to Agra (Taj Mahal).
 Shah Jahan introduced 1/3, 1/ 4, 1/5 method in Mansabadari system.
According to this a mansabdar had to keep horse-men 1/3, 1/4, 1/5 of
his sawar rank.
 Built Taj Mahal in the sweet memory of Mumtaj Mahal in 1632-1654
of marbles (white) and Built Moti Masjid (Pearl Mosque) in Agra Fort
 Jagannath Pandit was the poet of his court.
 Shah Jahan was an expert musician and his voice was very melodious.
 Appointed Amins whose main function was to assess revenue.
 Foreign travellers who visit his court were Bernier (France). Travernier
(France) and Manucci (Italy)
 His period was the climax of Mughal architecture.

Aurangzeb (1658- 1707 AD)

 Original Name: Muhi al-Din Muhammad
 Aurangzeb was the third son of Mumtaz Mahal
 Aurangzeb had to fight war of succession to gain the throne.
 He took the title of ‘Alamgir’ in 1659.
 He was called as Zinda Pir, the living saint
 He forbade inscription of Kalma on the coins.
 Built Moti Masjid (Pearl Mosque) in Red Fort of Delhi.
 No new temples were to be constructed. But old ones were not to be
destroyed and they were allowed to be repaired. In 1669, the
Vishwanath temple of Banaras and the Keshav Raj temple of Bir Singh
Bundela at Mathura were destroyed.
 The proportion of Hindus mansabdars was highest in Aurangzeb’s
reign.
 Aurangzeb ordered the arrest and execution of the ninth Sikh GuruTeg
Bahadur in AD 1675
 Shambhaji (son of Shivaji) was captured at Sanghameshwar (1689) and
executed.
 Bijapur (1686) and Golconda (1687) were annexed. His tomb is located
in Aurangabad, Maharashtra. Expert Vina player. Banned singing in
court, but allowed Royal Band (Naubat). Restarted Pilgrim tax.
 In 1669, Jats under Gokla revolted.
 In 1672, Satnamis, nick-named Mundiya Sadhus, founded by Birbhan
near Narnaul revolted.
 In 1685, second Jat rebellion under Raja Ram and his successor
Churaman.
 In 1667, Yusufzai tribe of Afghans, under the Raushanai movement led
by Bhagu rebelled.
 In 1672, second Afghan rebellion by the Afiidi tribe led by Akmal Khan.

Mughal Gardens
S.N. Garden Place Built By
1. Hast Bahist Rambagh Agra Babur
2. Shalimar Bagh Srinagar Jahangir
3. Nishant Bagh Srinagar Asafkhan
4. Shailimar Bagh Lahore Shahjahan
5. Hayat Bagh Delhi Shahjahan
6. Shalimar Bagh Delhi Shahjahan
7. Wazir Bagh Kashmir Dara Jahan
8. Char Buiji Bagh Near Lahore Zebunnisa

Mughal Rulers : At a Glance

1. Zahiruddin Babur : 1526-1530
2. Nasiruddin Humayun : 1530-1540
3. Nasiruddin Humayun : 1555-1556
4. Jalaluddin Akbar : 1556-1605
5. Nuruddin Jahangir : 1605-1627
6. Shihabuddin Shajahan : 1628-1657
7. Aurangzeb Alamgfir : 1658-1707
8. Bahadur Shah I : 1707-1712
 9. Jahandar Sah : 1712-1713
10. Farukhsiar : 1713-1719
11. Rafiul Daijat : 1719
12. Mohammad Shah : 1719-1748
13. Ahmad Shah : 1748-1754
14. Alamgir II : 1754-1759
15. Shah Alam II : 1759-1806
16. Akbar II : 1806-1837
17. Bahadur Shah II : 1837-1857

Books During Mughal Period

Books Authors Language
Tuzuk-e-Babri or Babarnama Babar Turkish
Humayun Namah Gulbdan Begam Persian
Iqbalnama Motahad Khan Persian
Alamgirnama Mohammad Kajim Persian
Akbarnama or Ain-e-Akbari Abul Fajal Persian
Tarikh-e-Rashidi Mirza Haidar Daugulat Persian
Tarikh-e-Shershahi Abas Khan Persian
Muntakhals -ul-Lubab Khafi Khan Persian
Nuska-e-Dilkhush Bhimsen Persian
Tarikh-e-Alfi Maulana Ahmad Persian
Dabistan-e-Mazahils Mohsin Fani Persian
Tarkikh-e-Salatin-e-Afgana Ahmadyadgar Persian
Shah Jahanama Inayat Khan Persian
Nuksha-dilkhusha Mohammad Saki Persian
Maz-ul-Bahrin Dara Shikoh Persian

Translated In Persian
Books Translators
Mahabarat - NakiKhan, Badauni, Abul Fajal Faizi.
Ramayan - Badauni
Atharvaveda - Badauni Hazi Ibrahim
Lilavati - Faizi
Rajtarangini - Shah Mohmmad Sahbadi
Pachas upnishad - Darashikoh
BhagwatGita - Darashikoh
Yog Vishishtha - Darashikoh

Mughal Administration
(Political system)
Department:
Dewan - Finance
Mirbakshi - Civil Services on Military line
Khansama - Management of Royal farry
Mir Tajak - Festival
Kaji - Judiciary department
Sadra Daroga-a-dak - Religious interest
Mir Bahar – Admiral
Mir Barr – Forest
Mir Munshi - Head clerk