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3. Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan dua litar, P dan Q, dengan komponen-komponen yang serupa.
Diagram 3.1 shows two circuits, P and Q, with identical components.

Rajah 3.1
Diagram 3.1

(a) Beri satu contoh bahan semikonduktor.

Give one example of semiconductor material.

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[1 markah/mark]

(b) Beri dua sebab yang menyebabkan perbezaan antara bacaan ammeter dalam litar P dan
litar Q.
Give two reasons that causes the difference between the reading of the ammeters in
circuit P and circuit Q.

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[2 markah/marks]

(c) Berdasarkan jawapan dalam 3(b), apakah fungsi diod dalam litar-litar tersebut?
Based on the answer in 3(b), what is the function of the diodes in the circuit?
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[1 markah/mark]
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(d) Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan isyarat output yang dipaparkan pada skrin osiloskop sinar katod
(OSK) apabila sebuah litar disambungkan kepada bekalan kuasa a.u.
Diagram 3.2 shows the output signal displayed on the screen of a cathode ray
oscilloscope (CRO) when a circuit is connected to an a.c. supply.

Rajah 3.2
Diagram 3.2

Jelaskan mengapa isyarat output dihasilkan seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 3.2.
Explain why the output signal is produced as shown in Diagram 3.2.

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[2 markah/marks]

Total A3

6
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4. Rajah 4.1 menunjukkan satu litar elektrik bagi satu eksperimen untuk menentukan daya
gerak elektrik dan rintangan dalam bagi sel-sel kering. Rajah 4.2 menunjukkan graf beza
keupayaan melawan arus yang diperolehi daripada eksperimen tersebut.
Diagram 4.1 shows an electric circuit of an experiment to determine the electromotive force
and internal resistance of dry cells. Diagram 4.2 shows a potential difference against current
graph obtained from the experiment.

Rajah 4.1 Rajah 4.2

Diagram 4.1 Diagram 4.2

(a) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan daya gerak elektrik?

What is the meaning of electromotive force?

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[1 markah/mark]

(b) Tanda (√) jawapan yang betul dalam kotak yang disediakan.
Tick (√) the correct answer in the box provided.
Di manakah kedudukan voltmeter yang sesuai?
Where is the suitable position of a voltmeter?

[1 markah/mark]
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8. Rajah 8.1 menunjukkan satu sistem komunikasi yang melibatkan penghantaran terus isyarat
gelombang elektromagnet dari stesen pemancar ke stesen penerima.
Diagram 8.1 shows a communication system that involves the direct transmission of
electromagnetic wave signals from a transmitter station to a receiver station.

Rajah 8.1
Diagram 8.1

(a) Apakah maksud gelombang elektromagnet?

What is definition of electromagnetic wave?

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[1 markah/mark]

(b) Satu gelombang mikro mempunyai panjang gelombang 3.0 ×10-2 m. Laju gelombang
tersebut di dalam vakum ialah 3.0 × 108 m s-1. Hitungkan frekuensi gelombang ini.
A microwave has wavelength of 3.0 × 10-2 m. The speed of the wave in a vacuum is
3.0 ×108 m s-1.Calculate the frequency of this wave.

[2 markah/marks]
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(c) Satu stesen pemancar seperti dalam Rajah 8.1 ingin dibina di sebuah pulau di negeri
Sabah. Berikan cadangan berdasarkan aspek-aspek berikut supaya stesen pemancar
tersebut dapat memancarkan isyarat dengan berkesan ke Semenanjung Malaysia.
A transmitting station as in Diagram 8.1 wants to be built on an island in the state of
Sabah. Give reasons based on the following aspects so that the transmitter station can
transmit signals efficiently to Peninsular Malaysia.

(i) Jenis gelombang

Types of wave

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Sebab
Reason

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[2 markah/marks]

(ii) Frekuensi
Frequency

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Sebab
Reason

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[2 markah/marks]

(iii) Ketinggian pemancar dan penerima

Height of transmitter and receiver

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Sebab
Reason

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[2 markah/marks]

Total A8