ENGG 412: Materials Science and Engineering Activity No.

Group No.3

Leader:

Lambio,Jeremiah Peter John B.

Members:

Desierto,Michael Vince D.

Herrera,Paulo F.

Lamano,John Luis B.

Lat, Lance Gabriel T.

Latayan, John Kenneth D.

Magsino,Mac Vincent D.

Manalo,Benjie Symon D.

1. Briefly cite the main differences among ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding.

Ionic bonding occurs between metals and non-metals. This type of bond is formed
through the transfer of electrons from one atom to another. Metals, which have few
electrons in their outer shell, tend to lose electrons easily, becoming positively
charged ions. Ionic bonds are held together by the electrostatic attraction between
contrarily charged ions.

Covalent bonding, in contrast, occurs between non-metal atoms. Unlike ionic

bonds, covalent bonds involve the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. Covalent
bonds are held together by the sharing of electrons between the atoms.

Metallic bonding is characteristic of metals and involves a different kind of

interaction. In metallic bonds, atoms within a metal lattice release some of their
electrons, creating a "sea of electrons" that are free to move throughout the structure.
Metallic bonds are held together by the sharing of electrons between metal atoms.
 Ionic Bond Covalent Bond Metallic Bond

Low Conductivity Very Low Conductivity Has High electrical

conductivity

Higher boiling point Lower boiling point High boiling point

Present only in one state: Present only in all 3 Present only in one
solid-state states: solid, liquid, gases state: solid-state

Occurs during the transfer Occurs when 2 atoms The attraction of metal
of electrons share their valence cations/atoms and
electrons delocalized electrons

2. What type(s) of bonding would be expected for rubber? (A) Ionic bonding (B) Metallic
bonding (C) Covalent bonding with some Van der Waals bonding (D) Van der Waals
bonding. Explain why.

Rubber is primarily characterized by covalent bonding with some Van der

Waals bonding. Rubber polymers are normally made up of hydrocarbon monomers
which contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms. Covalent linkages connect the atoms
within these monomers. Covalent bonding includes the sharing of electron pairs
between atoms, which results in strong and durable interactions within polymer
chains. Rubber's covalent bonds serve as the polymer structure's backbone,
preserving its integrity and flexibility.

Rubber has van der Waals forces between its polymer chains in addition to
covalent connections. Van der Waals forces are weaker intermolecular forces created
by transient dipole interactions between molecules or chains. These pressures
influence the physical qualities of rubber, such as its flexibility and elasticity. Van der
Waals forces, albeit weaker than covalent connections, contribute to rubber's ability to
deform and restore shape.
3. Draw the Material Science tetrahedron and discuss briefly the interrelation of each
component.

The Material Science Tetrahedron illustrates that the Structure of a

material determines its Properties, which are in turn affected by the Processing
methods used. These three components together influence the Performance of the
material in real-world applications. The tetrahedron model emphasizes the
integrated approach required in material science and engineering to design and
select materials with optimal performance for specific applications.
 4. Enumerate the major classifications of engineering materials and briefly cite the
differences between them.

CERAMICS
In Engineering materials, ceramics refers to the compounds between the
non-metallic and non-metallic elements bonded together. They are typically made
from clay or other natural minerals and hardened by high-temperature firing. These
materials are characterised by their high hardness, brittleness, and resistance to heat,
wear, and chemical attack. Some applications that ceramics take part of are
automotives like brakes, spark plugs or sensors, in medical where it is used in dental
implants and bone substitutes, and in electronics like capacitors, insulators and
substrates for integrated circuits. Ceramics may also be used in construction like
pipes, tiles and blocks. Ceramics play a crucial role in various engineering fields,
offering solutions where metals and polymers might fail due to extreme conditions.

COMPOSITES
In Engineering materials, composite refers to the materials that are made by
two or more different materials to achieve properties that are superior to those of the
individual components. The components of a composite typically consist of a matrix
which is the continuous phase that binds the composite together and reinforcement
that provides stiffness and strength to the composite. One of the most common types
of composite is fiber-reinforced composite where fibers like glass, carbon or aramid
are embedded in a matrix material which is usually a polymer. Some examples of this
are glass fiber-reinforced polymer which are used in construction, sports goods and
automotive parts, carbon fiber-reinforced polymer which is used in aerospace, high
performance sports equipment and automotive components and aramid
fiber-reinforced polymer are known for impact resistance used in ballistic protection
and aerospace applications. Composites are integral in modern engineering because
they can be designed to meet specific performance criteria that are difficult to achieve
with traditional materials like metals or ceramics alone.
METALS
In Engineering materials, metals are normally a combination of elements. They
are a fundamental class of materials known for their distinctive properties, which
make them essential in a wide range of applications. They form cations and ionic
bonds with non-metals. Two classifications of metals are ferrous metals and non
ferrous metals. Ferrous metals contain iron as the primary element. Its properties are
usually magnetic and prone to corrosion if not properly protected. Some examples of
these are steel, cast iron and stainless steel. The other one, which is the non-ferrous
metal, does not contain iron and if it does, it is very little. They are generally more
resistant to corrosion, non-magnetic, and lighter than ferrous metals. Some examples
of non-ferrous metals are aluminum, copper, titanium, zinc gold and silver.
Applications of metals include construction, automotive, aerospace, electrical, medical
and manufacturing.Some specific examples include machinery tools, implants and
prosthetic, conductive components like copper and aluminum for electrical purposes,
lightweight metals like titanium for aerospace and metals like steel, aluminum and
magnesium that are used in chassis and engine components in automotives. Metals
play a critical role in modern engineering and technology, providing essential
properties for the construction of everything from simple tools to complex machines
and infrastructure.
POLYMERS

Polymers are among the most essential materials in the field of engineering due to their
versatility, lightweight nature, and ability to be molded into various shapes and forms. In our
daily lives, we frequently use polymer materials in products such as plastic bags, bottles, and
containers. In the automotive and engineering industries, polymers are integral to
manufacturing car parts, as they help reduce the overall weight of vehicles and improve fuel
efficiency. Additionally, polymers like PVC (polyvinyl chloride) are commonly used in pipes
and fittings because of their strength, flexibility, and resistance to corrosion. A study by Zhao
et al. (2022) highlights that, in response to the growing problem of plastic pollution, engineers
have begun utilizing plastics as building materials. This shift is driven by the unique
characteristics of plastics, including durability, weather resistance, low maintenance,
cost-effectiveness, lightweight nature, and design flexibility, making them highly suitable for
construction. Moreover, polymers are excellent insulators; they resist electron flow due to the
low presence of subatomic particles, which hinders the transit of electrical charges. In thermal
insulating polymers, valence electrons are bonded to atoms, and the dielectric strength is
attached to an insulating element. In practice, electrical insulators made from polymers are
the opposite of electrical conductors and are widely used in the electrical and electronics
sectors to isolate electricity in protective equipment or electrical circuits (Polyexcel, 2021). In
general, polymer materials are widely used across different sectors and play a crucial role in
the innovation and development of modern technology.

DIFFERENCES
Metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites are the major
classifications of engineering materials, each with distinct characteristics
that make them crucial in the engineering industry. Metals are typically
combinations of metallic elements and are known for their strength and
deformability, making them ideal for structural applications. They form
cations and ionic bonds with non-metals and have a crystalline structure.
Metals are relatively strong and ductile at room temperature and maintain
good strength even at high temperatures. Meanwhile, ceramics are
compounds formed between non-metallic elements that are chemically
bonded together. They often consist of oxides, nitrides, or carbides and
are composed of clay, minerals, cement, and glass. Ceramics are valued
for their high strength and hardness, offering excellent heat and wear
resistance, although they can be brittle. Polymers, on the other hand, are
chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other non-metallic elements.
They are characterized by their low density and flexibility, making them
suitable for a wide range of applications, including everyday items. Some
polymers are excellent insulators and are used for electrical insulation.
Lastly, composites are mixtures of two or more materials, such as fibers
and resins. For instance, fiberglass combines the strength of glass with
the flexibility of polymers, while plywood integrates layers of wood to
enhance its structural properties. Each material class is made to meet
specific performance criteria, making them suitable for various
engineering challenges.
 REFERENCES
Zhao, J. R., Zheng, R., Tang, J., Sun, H. J., & Wang, J. (2022b). A mini-review on

building insulation materials from perspective of plastic pollution: Current issues

and natural fibres as a possible solution. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 438,

129449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129449

(2022, November 17). Difference Between Ionic, Covalent and Metallic bonds with

Detailed Comparison. BYJUS.

https://byjus.com/chemistry/difference-between-ionic-covalent-and-metallic-bond

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(2022) Walk Rubber Limited. The Science of Rubber.

https://www.walker-rubber.co.uk/knowledge-hub/the-science-of-rubber-363#:~:tex

t=Rubber%20polymers%20are%20normally%20made,without%20changing%20t

heir%20net%20charge.

Kasatochkin V. I., V. B. Lukin (1952, March 01). The Molecular Structure and

Properties of Rubber .

https://meridian.allenpress.com/rct/article-abstract/25/1/12/87204/The-Molecular-

Structure-and-Properties-of-Rubber?redirectedFrom=fulltext