LECTURE NOTE

BY
DR. ABODUNDE OMOTAYO JACOB

GST 222
PEACE AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION
COURSE OUTLINE
1. What is Peace?
▪ According to Professor Ben Wortley, Peace is essentially a state of order in society in harmony
with man’s reasonable nature.
▪ According to Pope John xxiii, he believes that true peace which all men yearned for can only be
achieved if the ORDER laid down by God are dutifully observed. The creator of the world has
imprinted in man’s heart an order which his conscience reveals to him and enjoin him to obey.
▪ While whitehead remarks that true peace is indeed the foundation of everything else that assures
good and healthy living for mankind worldwide.
▪ World Religion and Peace:
Christianity and Islam are generally acknowledged as religion that teach, promote peace among
people and nations of the world
▪ Peace in action in civil society
Justice Chukwudi Opula (Rtd.) define peace as tranquility of order, he added that it is not just
tranquility alone, for tranquility may be tranquility of slavery or tranquility imposed by violence
and maintained by force, therefore, peace is that order that provide for the welfare of all men.
▪ According to Albert Einstein, peace cannot be kept by force, it can only be achieved by
understanding.
2. We will look at world peace or universal peace
3. Crime against peace
4. Treaty of peace
5. The first and the second world war will be review
6. Peace-making, peace enforcement and peace keeping
7. The AU, UN and peace keeping
8. Nigeria role in peace keeping
9. Peace building commission
10. Peace palace and peaceful co-existence
 SECTION B

1. What is conflict?
2. Vocabulary of Conflict
3. Conflict theories in our society i.e. conflict or coercion model, Marxist theory or class struggle
model, Anarchism
4. Types of conflict and violence and their root cause in Africa
▪ Boundary Disputes
▪ Inter-communal Disputes
▪ Human Rights Violation
▪ Poverty
5. Conflict dynamics and Analysis
▪ What is conflict dynamics? Our discussion here will focus on:
i. Important of conflict analysis
ii. Method of conflict analysis i.e. Conflict mapping
▪ Case study/ Group discussions conflict cases i.e.
i. Ife-Modakeke Tragedy
ii. Tiv Jukun Feud
iii. Jos Crises
iv. Okrika/Elemo dispute
v. Kaduna Riots
vi. Aguleri-Umuleri Crises
▪ The role of women and youths in peace building
Peace keeping

ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION MECHANISM (ADR)

Here we study

1. What is ADR?
2. Objectives of ADR

Non-violent conflict management and resolution techniques

Here we discuss the meaning satyagraha according to Ghandi

We briefly look at media coverage of conflict resolution, national peace and reconciliation and lastly we
look at mechanism of conflict resolution, regional peace processes and best practices of conflict resolution
in Nigeria

WORLD PEACE OR UNIVERSAL PEACE

▪ The preamble to the charter of the United Nations (1145) summarizes the world view on the issue of
world peace
▪ We the people of the united nations determined
i. To save succeeding generations from the scourge of war which twice in our lifetime has brought
untold sorrow to mankind
ii. To reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights in the dignity and worth of the human person
iii. To establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties
and other source of international law can be maintained.
iv. To practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighbors and to
unite our strength to maintain international peace and security.

CRIME AGAINST PEACE

Is planning, preparation, initiation or waging of a war of aggression or a war in violation of international

treaties, agreements or assurances or participation in a common plan or conspiracy for the accomplishment
of any of the foregoing.

THE TREATY OF PEACE

Under the law of armed conflict, the most authoritative and clearest method of terminating an armed conflict
that is to say the normal mode of terminating war is by means of a peace treaty. However, since the terms
of a treaty must be negotiated and depend upon the political desires of the parties in negotiation.

The First World War 1914-1918

The Second World War 1939-1945

PEACE MAKING

The act and art of settling disputes or conflicts through peaceful methods like mediation, arbitration,
conciliation or any other form of peaceful settlement.

Peace Enforcement involve an actual use of force under the auspices to deal with proven cases of armed
aggression.
Peace keeping is a newer form of third party peaceful interventions designed to prevent conflict escalation
and keep out the intrusion of rival power blocked (in the era of cold war politics) it is the prevention,
containment, moderation and termination of hostilities between or within states.

WHAT IS PEACE?

According to professor Ben Worthily peace is essentially a state of order in society in harmony with man’s
reasonable nature.

According to Pope John the XXIII peace on Earth which all men of every era have mostly eagerly yearned
for can be firmly established if only order laid down by God are dutifully observed.

According to St. Augustine of Hippos, he defined peace as the tranquility of order, he added however that
is not just tranquility alone “for tranquility may be tranquility of slavery or a tranquility imposed by violence
and maintained by force”.

According to Albert Einstein, peace cannot be kept by force, it can only be achieved by understanding.

Justice Chukwudifu Oputa however, concluded that true order, an order imposed by force, oppression, fear,
blackmail etc, but a true and balanced order favours the welfare of all men, it is that order that guarantee
self-respect, it’s that order that produces a society that is free, harmonious, honoured by all.

WORLD PEACE OR UNIVERSAL PEACE

The preamble of the Charter of the Uniter Nations (1945) summarizes the world-view on the issue of world
peace as stated in its preamble.

“We the people of the United Nations determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge
of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind and to reaffirm faith in
fundamental human rights”.

CRIME AGAINST PEACE: Crime against peace is planning preparation/initiative or waging war of
aggression or a war in violation of international treaties, agreements or assurances or participation in a
common conspiracy for the accomplishments of any of the foregoing.

TREATY OF PEACE OR PEACE TREATY: The normal mode of terminating war, is by means of a
peace treaty.

The first world war (1914-1918)

The second world war (1939-1938)

 PEACE MAKING is the Act and Art of settling disputes or conflicts through peaceful methods like
mediation, Arbitration, conciliation or any other form of peaceful settlement, it involves a third-party role.

PEACE ENFORECEMENT: Involves an actual use of force under United Nations [U.N] auspices to deal
with proven cases of Armed aggression.

PEACE KEEPING: is a newer form of third-party intervention designed to prevent escalation and keep
out the intrusion of power blocs (Cold War) it is the prevention, containment, moderation, and termination
of hostilities between or within States, through the medium of a peaceful third-party intervention organized
and directed internationally using multilateral forces of soldiers, police and civilians to maintain peace.

TYPES OF PEACE KEEPING OPERATIONS

Peace keeping operation under United nations (U.N) fall into principal types namely;

i. Unarmed observers who verify compliance to truces cease fire and Armistice.
ii. Armed military contingents interposed between two armed groups, thus are deployed not to fight but to
prevent wars and maintain peace while negotiations are going on.

AU AND UN PEACE KEEPING DARFUR, SUDAN

In the western Sudanese region Darfur rebels and government forces and poor government militias have
been engaged in serious fighting since early 2003.

For over 7 years of fighting 700 strong forces from the African Union (A.U) has been trying rather
unsuccessfully, the AU troops have not been able to protocol Darfur civilians especially those who live
outside the refugee camps which the troops held to protect from the assault of pro-governmental Militias
known as Janjaweed,

NIGERIA PEACE-KEEPING ROLES

Nigeria has been an active participant in multilateral Peace-Keeping operation within the auspices of the
UN, organization of African Unity (O.A.U) now African Union (AU) and the Economic Community of
West African States (ECOWAS) these include peace-keeping operations in the Congo [in the 1960s)
Tanzania I n 1964, Indian-Pakistan Mission [1966] Lebanon (1978) Chad Republic (1979), Chad/OAU
force (1981) UN/Iran/ Iraq military observation force, ,Western Sahara Referendum [1991], UN
observation Force [1992] Rwanda (1993) ECOWAS/ECOMOG (1990) Angola(1990s) Somalia [1993-
1995].

Ass we speak only few countries in Africa can actually boast of any peace-keeping experience whatsoever,
the people of Nigeria can take justifiable pride in the fact that Nigeria has emerged as a credible peace-
keeping Nation, competing with the Nordic States.

SOME OF NIGERIA’S PEACE KEEPING EFFORTS

• United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS): Nigeria has contributed troops to UNMISS, which
aims to support the implementation of the peace agreement in South Sudan and protect civilians in
the conflict-affected areas.
• African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID): Nigerian forces were part of
UNAMID, a joint mission between the African Union and the United Nations, established to bring
stability to the Darfur region of Sudan.
• United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA): Nigeria has
contributed troops to MINUSMA, which focuses on supporting the peace and stability efforts in
Mali.
• United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL): Nigerian peacekeepers have been deployed to
UNIFIL, which works to maintain peace and security along the Blue Line between Lebanon and
Israel.
• African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM): Nigeria has contributed troops to AMISOM, aimed at
stabilizing Somalia and supporting its government in the face of insurgent groups.
• United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI): Nigerian forces were part of UNOCI, which was
established to support the peace process in Côte d'Ivoire.
• United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
(MONUSCO): Nigerian peacekeepers have been part of MONUSCO, supporting stability efforts
in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Peacekeeping movements or interventions are typically necessitated by situations characterized by conflict,

violence, instability, or threats to peace and security. Various factors contribute to the need for
peacekeeping efforts. Some common situations include:

Armed Conflict:
The most common trigger for peacekeeping is armed conflict, whether it's a civil war, interstate conflict, or
regional conflict. Peacekeepers are deployed to help manage and resolve the conflict, protect civilians, and
facilitate peace processes.

Internal Strife and Civil Unrest:

Instances of internal strife, civil unrest, or political turmoil within a country can lead to the breakdown of
law and order. Peacekeeping forces may be deployed to help stabilize the situation, protect civilians, and
create an environment conducive to peace and reconciliation.

• Post-Conflict Reconstruction: In the aftermath of armed conflict, peacekeeping missions may be

required to assist with post-conflict reconstruction. This involves activities such as disarmament,
demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) of former combatants, rebuilding institutions, and
fostering reconciliation.
• Humanitarian Crises: Natural disasters, famine, or other humanitarian crises can lead to
widespread suffering and displacement. Peacekeepers may be involved in providing humanitarian
assistance, protecting displaced populations, and facilitating the delivery of aid.
• Threats to Regional Stability: When conflicts have the potential to spill over into neighboring
regions or pose a threat to regional stability, peacekeeping forces may be deployed to prevent the
escalation of violence and contain the conflict.
• Ethnic or Religious Tensions: Instances of heightened ethnic or religious tensions that could lead
to violence and mass atrocities may trigger peacekeeping interventions. Peacekeepers aim to create
conditions for peaceful coexistence and prevent further conflict.
• Failed States: In situations where a state has failed or is unable to provide basic services, maintain
law and order, or protect its citizens, peacekeepers may be deployed to assist in stabilizing the
country and rebuilding governance structures.
• Preventive Diplomacy: In some cases, peacekeeping efforts are initiated as a preventive measure
to address potential sources of conflict before they escalate into violence. This can involve
diplomatic efforts, conflict resolution, and early intervention strategies.

Peacekeeping interventions are often conducted under the auspices of international organizations, such as
the United Nations or regional bodies like the African Union. The primary goal is to promote peace,
security, and stability in regions affected by conflict or crisis.

PEACE BUILDING COMMISSIONS

 The UN millennium Summit in New York, 17th September, 2005, unanimously adopted the United Nations
Millennium Declarations at the conclusion of the Summit. The Summit commissioned the peace building
which primarily is to help countries recover from conflict and rebuild, to also help assess the needs of such
countries and create long-term strategies for reconstruction and co-ordinate international aid and financing.

PEACE-PALACE

The “Peace Palace” at the Holland, has been aptly described as “both hub and symbol of peace studies, it
houses not only the international Court of Justice but also the permanent court of Arbitration, the Hague
Academy, the breeding ground of internationalists still one of the greatest collections in the field of
international law, it is managed by the Trustees of Carnegies’ extraordinary gift; thee Dutch stitching.

PEACEFUL CO-EXISTENCE: Peaceful co-existence was mutually a concept being the legal content of
which was both uncertain and lacking in sufficient details to act as adequate regulator of international
intercourse. Efforts in 1960-1962 to remedy this by hanging the principles of peaceful co-existence codified
within the framework of the United Nations were unsuccessful. However, peaceful co-existence was a
distinctive feature of Sino – Indian Treaty of 1954, it was in the China – Indian Treaty of April 29, 1954 in
Tibet that the

Five (5) principles of peaceful co-existence were stated as follows;

i. Respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty.

ii. Mutual non – aggression.
iii. Mutual non - interference in internal affairs.
iv. Equality and mutual benefits.
v. Peaceful co-existence is a principle and the concept resulting from all principles.
 SECTION B

THE VOCABULARY OF CONFLICT

There are many synonyms for conflict which describes its varied manifestations such as war, battle, strife,
feud, collision, a fight, a skirmish and combat of chaos and Anarchy, all of these words imply some form of
physical violence, on the other hand, there are words in the relationship that actualize human interactions i.e,
discord, protest, debate, dispute, disagreement, dissention, argument, confrontation, a quarrel or a difference
in opinion and prejudice, suggest conflict using spoken or written words.

THEORIES OF CONFLICT

I. The Consensus Model or Order Model

The major proponent of the consensus model is known is a historian DE-TEEQUEVILLE, was the
originator of the theory of consensus, his argument is “ a society commonly exist when a great number of
men consider a great number of things from the same point of view, when they hold the same opinion
upon many subjects, when the occurrences suggest the same thought and impression to their minds”. In
reality, consensus involves agreement about the rules which should govern the conduct of members of
any system concerning the goals of the system, and the allocation of roles and rewards within the system.
The Basic Assumptions therefore of the Consensus or order Model are that;
1. Rules are basic elements of social life.
2. People must be committed to the society in which they live.
3. Social life depends on group unity.
4. Social life is based on occupation.
5. Social systems rests on agreement on the rules.
6. Society recognizes the correctness of authority and societies tend to continue overtime.

THE CONFLICT OR COERCION MODEL

The conflict theory is found in the argument that in human society, people typically seek to improve their
outcomes with regards to those things they desire as worthwhile and desirable, where two groups of people
both view themselves as having exclusive and legitimate claim to certain good things, so that each can
realize what it defines as a rightful outcome only at the expense of the other, conflict result, because
resources are limited and human desire are not satiable conflict entails a struggle over or claims to possess
wealth, power, status or territory to neutralize, injure or eliminate their rivals.

The basic assumptions of the conflicts or coercion Model are that;

 i. Interests are basic elements of social life.
ii. Social life involves coercion.
iii. Social life involves group with interest.
iv. Social life generates oppositions, exclusion and hostility.
v. Social life generates conflicts.
vi. Social differences involve power and social systems are not united or harmonious, but tend to change.

THE MARXIST THEORY OR CLASS STRUGGLE

It’s an ideological term by Karl Marx where they postulated the these that is the pivotal characteristics of
social life is class struggle from the slave.

Mode of Production;

- Slave and the slave owners.

- Landlord and the staffs.

The owners of the means of production and owners of labour. The Bourgeoisies and the proletariat
According to them, a society ruling class owes its production to its ownership and control of the means of
production distribution vulnerable and susceptible to their wishes and dictates, it dominates the whole moral
and intellectual life of people while making government, law, military, science, religion and education the
vehicles for entrenching its rules and its position of privilege.

ANARCHISM

The principle of Anarchism conceive society without law and rejects all forms of authority.

(1) The Anarchist Conceives a society in which all it mutual relations of the members are regulated not
by law, not by Authorities, George Woodcock, in his classic work on ANARCHISM defines
“ANARCHISM” as a system of social thought, aiming of fundamental changes in the structure of
society and particularly their replacement of the authoritarian state by some form of non-
governmental cooperation between free individual.

At a conference in Geneva in 1882, the Anarchist International adopted a manifesto, which state that our
ruler is our enemy we Anarchist, that is men without any rulers, fight against all those who have usurped
any power, or who wish to usurp it, our enemy is the owner who keeps the land for himself and make the
peasants work for his advantage, our enemy is the manufacturer who fill his factory with wage slaves, our
enemy is the state, whether monarchical, oligarchical or democratic, with is every thought of Authority
whether men call it God or Devil, in whose name is the Priests have so long ruled honest people. The ideal
state for the Anarchist is to live without state and law.

Now for the Marxist a classless society is envisaged as the ideal end result,but the ethical society required
the state for its actualization when by means of the state a classless society has been achieved.

However, its important I mention though there is element of violence in Anarchism, it should not be equated
with Nihilism and Terrorism, in a general sense. The Nihilist believes not in any moral sense or principle
and no natural principles, it’s a philosophy of destruction. But the Anarchist believed in a moral urge
powerful enough to survive the destruction of authority and still hold society together in free and natural
bond of fraternity.

TYPES/CAUSES OF CONFLICT AND VIOLENCE IN AFRICA

1. The colonial legacy of artificial boundaries which in many cases partitioned otherwise some national
groups into the competing territorial possessions of the former imperialists European power each of
which had pursued a separate self-serving politico-economic agenda is a source of contention.
2. At the wake of independence bad governance that characterized the post-independence Africa, the
affected communities often times, resorted to violence and conflict to settle issues like communal
disputes or to press their demands for good governance, peace, security and development.
3. Wanton violations of the rights of citizens by the ruling Elites and their agents dominated the checkered
history of most states in Africa, you can recall the proceedings of Justice Oputa (retired) an investigation
commission on Human Rights violations reportedly modelled along South Africa’s truth and
reconciliation commission is a case in point.

CONFLICT ARISING FROM THE COMPARTMENTALIZATION OR

TERRITORIALIZATION OF THE WORLD

God after the creation of the earth and man, had presented two very important privileges for man;

i. Dominion over nature coupled with the gift of mother tongue, the ability to communicate in other
languages and the freedom to migrate to different places worldwide, and the dignity of human persons.
As soon as man began to live and settle on earth and to exercise dominion over nature, he gradually
began to compartmentalize as well as territorialize the universe, partitioning the earth (as with Pope
Alexander VI’s PAPAL BULL OF DEMANCATION) and naming its oceans, seas, and rivers after the
sectors of their locations on earth or individuals who reportedly discovered those features. It is with this
perspective of partitioning that we must perceive the continent of America. Asia, Europe, Australia,
 Africa, South America, with the same perspective of partitioning that we must recall the failed Empires
of the world. The Greek (Byzantine) Empire, Holy Roman Empire, the Songhai Empire, the British
Empire, Astro-Hungarian Empire, Iranian Empire.
It is with the same mentality of partitioning and territorializing that we recall the era of colonialism and
imperialism in the world which among other things produced post-independence African State including
Nigeria thereafter giving rise to AU and ECOWAS. It is also in the spirit of partitioning that Nations of
the Earth introduced languages and words. Sovereignty, titles, ownership, possessions.
MAJOR DISPUTES IN AFRICA
1. Boundary disputes.
2. Intercommunal disputes.
3. Human rights violations.
4. Poverty.
TYPES OF BOUNDARY DISPUTES
i. Territorial Disputes: where the parties concerned are disputing the ownership of or titled to a
specified area of state or local government territory, whether land or water.
ii. Positional Disputes: involving issues of delimitation, demarcation survey and mappings.
iii. Derivative Disputes: Arising from uncertainties about the positions and resource control
onshore/offshore oil dichotomy in the Niger Delta region.

CONFLICTS DYNAMICS

There is no conflict that is the same. In every conflict situation there is a progression [dynamics] of the
emergence of the conflict in question, the creation of support, the consolidation of positions in the conflict,
breakdown in communicationis some of the evolutionary processors of every conflict situation.

It is important to note that conflict prevention is emerging as a central strategy that seeks to integrate efforts
of all those working to peace, community leaders, women groups, journalist, businessmen and women,
students and teachers have demonstrated that their influence could sometimes extend beyond that of a
soldier. This observation is important because conflict dynamics has an all-embracing dimension.

COMPONENT OF CONFLICT DYNAMISM

Faleti (2006) has observed that conflict is a phenomenon that is an important part of human existence and
“a natural part of our daily lives” however, whatever may be the reasons for the conflicts, the following
component becomes visible;

1. The emergence of an issue or event

 2. Initial disagreement
3. Degeneration to crisis point
4. Escalation or protraction
5. Effects or consequences

CONFLICTS ANALYSIS

Conflict Analysis according to Albert(2021) has to do with a critical review, interpretation and explanation
of what is observed and recorded about the conflict situation. It is a graphic representation of the finding s
gathered from a conflict situation so as to present a precise documentation of the nature of conflict in
question.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CONFLICT ANLAYSIS

- Conflict analysis is a process that embraces both internal and external efforts of stakeholders and
interested individuals to bring about the understanding of the interrelation of the situation
- Conflict Analysis is a way of understanding the component of the conflict situation and what
peaceful methods could be applied
- Conflict Analysis allow you to gain good understanding of the problem in which external
organization can make meaningful contributions to reducing the potentials for conflict and
advancing the peace building process
- Conflict Analysis is an action-oriented analysis of the courses and dynamics of a conflict and of
the starting point for peaceful management and overcoming of a conflict.

IMPORTANT OF CONFLICT ANALYSIS

The process of conflict analysis is important for the following reasons

- It helps in understanding courses and development of a conflict

- It enables (intervener or mediator ) know the parties involved in the conflict, their level of strength
and influences
- Help one to be equipped with a better understanding of the context of the conflict in question
- There is a need to identify the entry point (that is when and how to come in) to the conflict
- It gives better insight into the issue of the conflict and how it could be resolved

COMPONENTS OF CONFLICT ANALYSIS

This aspect comprises the nature of the conflict and the various style and stages of manifestation

1. Historical Preview:This is as a regards to what happened in the past that may contribute to the
persistence of a conflict, taking the history of the conflicts into consideration helps as a guide to the
reason for the long duration, what approach was applied in the past while trying to resolve the conflict.
Does the past conflict has any link with the present one? What sort of relationship exists between the
warring parties in the past when the conflict started?
2. Nature and Background of the Study:This analysis component provide an insight into the steps that
should be taken presently to resolve the conflict
i. The nature of the physical environment (i.e., in terms of their politics and socio-economic
lives) of where the conflict is situated.
ii. The parties involve in the conflict are identified here, the intervener would thereafter try to
find out if each party’s position, interest need and ideology are at variance with those of the
other party.
iii. Examine how the warring parties make decisions amongst themselves
iv. Identify the decision makers amongst them and what level of authority/ influence they occupy
amongst the people that make the society in question.
v. How is the communication level between the warring parties?
vi. How do warring parties perceive one another
3. STRENGTH/ WEAKNESSES:
- Identify what level of power each party of the conflict possesses (is it hard or soft power) Albert
2000 sees hard power, as the name suggest as that which identifies constructive conflict and
dialoging the essence of this power identification is to further inform the intervener about the
progression of the conflict
- The types of power used will determine the level of escalation or de-escalation of the situation
- Identify the extent at which these powers are displayed during the conflict (i.e., the Niger Delta)
- Of what importance are those powers as to resolving the conflict
- What part is more influential in terms of finance authority.
4. STAKEHOLDERS ANALYSIS
This is another component that makes up conflict analysis process. It is equally crucial in examining
a conflict situation, it is made up of primary, secondary and external stakeholders.
The primary stakeholders: are made up of those directly affected in the conflict (e.g. women,
children/ the elderly).
These are the most vulnerable at times of war, their interests should be considered in analyzing a
conflict situation.
 The secondary stakeholders consist of government agencies, militants, politicians, civil societies
and clergiesfall into the secondary stakeholders. They act as mediators and as expected to use their
personal areas of influence in quenching down the situation.
The external stakeholders are the United Nation, AU, ECOWAS, Multi-national Companies and
donors are those that have direct interest in the conflict
5. CONSEQUENCES OF THE CONFLICTS
i. The number of lives or property lost in the course of the conflict is examined.
ii. How peace building process can be initiated is considered.
iii. The periods of pre-conflict/conflict/post-conflict are put into consideration at this stage.
6. THE CURRENT SITUATION
a. Are the parties still threatening to attack one another
b. How approachable are the parties presently
c. Are they presently interested in negotiating too
d. The options given to those warring parties to accept before coming over for negotiation
should be properly weighed before presentation
7. THE EVOLUTIONARY STAGES OF THE CONFLICT
This section examines the conflict progression and entails the following
i. What are the notable changes
ii. Is the conflicting escalating or de-escalating
iii. Find out why is it at the present state
iv. Consider the style of negotiations that were put in place and what kind of peace was
achieved in the post, it negative peace which is usually imposed or positive peace which
develops in the cause of negotiations
v. How was it resolves in the past and what progress was achieved
vi. Is the same approach presented being applied
vii. How workable are those approaches now
viii. Who are the negotiator? Access their level of competence
8. NEGOTIATION PERIOD
This component should examine the following;
i. How appropriate is the timing for negotiation.
ii. The intervener should know when to approach the parties depending on what he finds on
ground as regards to the party’s present states of mind and the environment.
 9. TRADE-OFFS FOR CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
i. The warring parties should be made aware of each party’s option as regards to solving the
conflict. They should each contribute to the implementation of these options.
j. They also should note here that the steps taken by these parties independently in trying to
resolve the conflict before the intervention of a moderator should be monitored

METHODS OF CONFLICT ANLAYSIS

1. CONFLICT MAPPING METHOD

This is a graphic record or representation of the conflict location and the positioning of the warring
parties in rotations to conflicts, the relationship shared by the warring parties is carefully examined
here. Conflict mapping according to albert (2002) is an initial snap short, it enables the intervener
know the timing and his method of gaining entry into the conflict at hand.
Circles are used to represent a party in conflict mapping method. The size of the circle used in the
process of conflict mapping will determine the extent of the power of the parties concerned. This in
formation giving in mapping is adopted time to time. This is referred to as “conflict Tracking” Tracking
in this sense, means to monitor, observe and record the trend of change and continuity in the process.
It also serves as a guide to what the seriousness of the conflict looks like if there is any resolution.
The illustration below indicates levels of relationship shared by warring parties when applying conflict
mapping.

Parties to the conflict and their level of power is defined

by the size of the circle.

External influence present in the conflict

The double line shown define a form of alliance.

The two slanting lines in between indicate a broken

alliance.
 This single line suggest cordiality between conflict
parties.
Indicator of broken relationship.

The arrows shown on the big/small circles clearly define

the level of influence and authority over the other.
Dotted lines are signs of intermittent relationship or
unsteady relationship.

The zig-zag lines in an indication of a conflict.

Outer Layer (Position) what people are saying

Mid Layer (Interest) What they want

Inner layer (Need) What they must have

The above diagram is the Onion Layers Methods as the names suggests it represent the various layers by
which a conflict situation is made up of the how it should be approached, the interviewer.