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CGP Reviewer

Reviewr for prelim exam

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Ralph Biaco
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20 views3 pages

CGP Reviewer

Reviewr for prelim exam

Uploaded by

Ralph Biaco
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Handout 1

Core Concepts

Computer Graphics: The use of computers to create and manipulate images.

1. Modeling: Mathematical specification of shape and appearance properties.


2. Rendering: Creation of shaded images from 3D computer models.
3. Animation: Creating an illusion of motion using a sequence of images.

Raster: An array of pixels arranged in a grid on a screen. Pixels use RGB values
between 0 and 1 to specify colors. Examples:

• Red: (1, 0, 0)
• Green: (0, 1, 0)
• Blue: (0, 0, 1)

Resolution & Precision:

• Resolution: Number of pixels in the raster.


• Precision: Number of bits per pixel.

Buffer & Framebuffer: A buffer temporarily stores data. The framebuffer stores pixel
data, including color, depth, and sometimes stencil buffers.

Animations: A sequence of images called frames displayed at a specific frame rate


(measured in FPS).

GPU & Shaders:

• GPU: Specialized for rendering with parallel processing.


• Shaders: Programs that perform computations in the rendering process.
Examples of shader programming languages:
o HLSL: Used with DirectX on Microsoft platforms.
o Metal Shading Language: Used on Apple devices.
o GLSL: Cross-platform, used with OpenGL.

The Graphics Pipeline (OpenGL)

1. Application Stage:
o Creates the window for graphics.
o Loads data into the GPU (e.g., textures, vertex shaders).
o Sends vertex data via vertex buffer objects (VBOs) and stores
associations in vertex array objects (VAOs).
2. Geometry Processing:
o The vertex shader computes the final positions of points (vertices).
o Transformations:
▪ Model Transformation: Adjusts an object's position, size, and
orientation.
▪ View Transformation: Transforms world coordinates to camera
view coordinates.
▪ Projection Transformation: Clips points outside the viewing
region.
3. Rasterization:
o Converts geometric shapes into pixels.
o Assembles primitives (points, lines, triangles) and creates fragments for
each pixel.
4. Pixel Processing:
o The fragment shader determines the final color of each pixel using:
▪ Base color, interpolated vertex colors.
▪ Textures and lighting effects.

Handout 2

Key Areas of Computer Graphics

1. Modeling: The mathematical representation of shapes and appearance properties that


can be stored and manipulated on a computer.
2. Rendering: Producing shaded images from 3D models.
3. Animation: Creating the illusion of motion by displaying a sequence of images.
4. Raster: A grid of pixels displayed on a screen, where each pixel's color is represented
by RGB values (Red, Green, Blue), ranging from 0 to 1.

Important Terminologies:

• Resolution: The number of pixels in the raster, impacting image clarity.


• Precision: Number of bits per pixel.
• Framebuffer: Memory storage for pixel data, including color, depth, and stencil buffers.
• Frame Rate (FPS): Speed at which frames (images) are displayed in animations.

GPU and Shaders

• GPU (Graphics Processing Unit): Handles rendering tasks more efficiently than a
CPU, primarily using shaders to perform calculations.
• Shader: A program executed on the GPU to manage specific tasks like rendering pixels
and vertices.
• APIs and Shader Languages:
o DirectX & HLSL: Used on Microsoft platforms.
o Metal & Metal Shading Language: For Apple devices.
o OpenGL & GLSL: Cross-platform library, widely used for graphics rendering.
Graphics Pipeline in OpenGL

1. Application Stage: Initializing the window, sending data to the GPU, and managing
attribute data through vertex buffer objects (VBOs) and vertex array objects (VAOs).
2. Geometry Processing: Determining the position of vertices through vertex shaders and
transformations (model, view, and projection).
3. Rasterization: Grouping vertices into geometric primitives (lines, triangles) and creating
fragments (data for pixel colors).
4. Pixel Processing: Determining the final color of each pixel using fragment shaders,
texture mapping, and lighting calculations.

Pygame Overview

Pygame is a Python library designed for creating interactive, graphics-based


applications, such as video games.

Phases of a Pygame Application

1. Startup: Initialize objects, values, and load necessary resources.


2. Main Loop: Consists of processing input, updating variables, and rendering graphics
continuously.
3. Shutdown: Executed when the user decides to exit the program.

Pygame Features

• Window Creation: Use pygame.display.set_mode() to define the size of the application


window.
• Rendering Points: OpenGL's GLSL vertex shaders control the position of points, lines,
and shapes in 3D space.
• Uniform Variables: Global variables used in shaders for tasks like translating shapes or
setting colors consistently across vertices.

User Input Handling in Pygame

• Discrete Events: Captured when a key is pressed or released (e.g., keydown, keyup
events).
• Continuous Events: Actions (like moving an object) that persist while a key is held
down.

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