ENGLISH

GRAMMAR
The 16 tenses and More

PRESENT FUTURE

The rules only

PAST CONDITIONALS
Content
The present simple rule ............................................................................................................................................................ 4
Present Progressive/ continuous Tense Rules ............................................................................................................... 5
Present Perfect Tense Rules .................................................................................................................................................. 6
Present Perfect Progressive Tense Rules ......................................................................................................................... 8
Past Simple Tense Rules ....................................................................................................................................................... 10
Past continuous Tense Rules .............................................................................................................................................. 12
Past Perfect Tense Rules ..................................................................................................................................................... 14
Past Perfect continuous Tense Rules .............................................................................................................................. 16
Simple Future Tense Rules .................................................................................................................................................. 18
Future continuous Tense Rules.......................................................................................................................................... 20
Future Perfect Tense Rules .................................................................................................................................................. 22
Future Perfect continuous Tense Rules ......................................................................................................................... 24
First Conditional Rules........................................................................................................................................................... 26
Second Conditional Rules .................................................................................................................................................... 27
Third Conditional Rules ......................................................................................................................................................... 28
Active and Passive Voice ...................................................................................................................................................... 29
Direct and Indirect Speech ................................................................................................................................................... 31
 The present simple rule

❖ Usage of the Present Simple Tense

• Expressing Daily Habits and Routines:
o Used to describe regular habits, frequent actions, or established facts.
o Example: I eat breakfast every morning.
• Stating General Truths and Facts:
o Used to express universally accepted facts or truths.
o Example: The sun rises in the east.
• Indicating Schedules or Plans:
o Used to describe fixed schedules or plans.
o Example: The train leaves at 7 PM.

❖ Structure of the Present Simple Tense

1. Affirmative Sentences:
Subject + Base Verb (Third-person singular verbs add -s/es)
Example: He plays soccer.

2.Negative Sentences:
Subject + do/does + not + Base Verb
Example: She does not like coffee.
3.Interrogative Sentences:
Do/Does + Subject + Base Verb
Example: Do you speak English?
Important Notes:
• Third-person Singular Rule:
o When the subject is third-person singular (he, she, it, or a single noun), an -s or -es is added to
the verb. Example: He goes to school.
• Verb Changes:
o For verbs ending in s, x, z, ch, sh, add -es.
o Example: She watches TV.
 Present Progressive/ continuous Tense Rules

❖ Usage of the Present Progressive Tense

• Expressing an Ongoing Action: The present progressive tense is used to describe an action
that is happening at the time of speaking.
o Example: I am eating breakfast. (I am eating breakfast.)
• Expressing Temporary Actions or States:
o The present progressive tense is used to describe temporary situations or actions.
o Example: She is staying with her friend this week. (She is staying with her friend this week.)
• Expressing Prearranged Future Plans:
o The present progressive tense is used to describe future plans that have already been arranged.
o Example: We are meeting him tomorrow. (We are meeting him tomorrow.)

❖ Structure of the Present Progressive Tense

Affirmative Sentences:
Subject + am/is/are + Present Participle (Verb + ing)
Example: They are playing soccer. (They are playing soccer.)

Negative Sentences:
Subject + am/is/are + not + Present Participle (Verb + ing)
Example: He is not watching TV. (He is not watching TV.)

Interrogative Sentences:
Am/Is/Are + Subject + Present Participle (Verb + ing)
Example: Are you reading a book? (Are you reading a book?)

Important Notes
Verb Conjugation Rules:
• For regular verbs, simply add -ing to the base form of the verb.
• For verbs ending in -e, drop the -e and add -ing. Example: make → making (make → making)
• Doubling the Final Consonant:
o For one-syllable verbs that end in a consonant followed by a vowel, double the final consonant
and add -ing. Example: run → running (run → running)
 Present Perfect Tense Rules

❖ Usage of the Present Perfect Tense

• Expressing Actions Completed with Ongoing Effects:

o The present perfect tense is used to describe actions or events that happened in the past and
whose results or effects continue to the present.
o Example: I have lost my keys. (I have lost my keys.)
• Expressing Recently Completed Actions:
o The present perfect tense is used to describe actions that have been completed recently, often
with adverbs like "just," "already," or "yet."
o Example: She has just finished her homework. (She has just finished her homework.)
• Expressing States or Actions Continuing from the Past to the Present:
o The present perfect tense is used to describe states or actions that began in the past and
continue up to the present, often used with "for" or "since."
o Example: They have lived here for five years. (They have lived here for five years.)

❖ Structure of the Present Perfect Tense

Affirmative Sentences:
Subject + have/has + Past Participle
Example: He has eaten breakfast. (He has eaten breakfast.)

Negative Sentences:
Subject + have/has + not + Past Participle
Example: We have not seen that movie. (We have not seen that movie.)

Interrogative Sentences:
Have/Has + Subject + Past Participle
Example: Have you finished your homework? (Have you finished your homework?)

Important Notes

Past Participle Formation:

• Regular verbs add -ed to the base form of the verb.
• Irregular verbs have unique past participle forms that need to be memorized. Example: go →
gone (go → gone), see → seen (see → seen)

Usage of "for" and "since":

• "For" is used to describe a duration of time, indicating "how long." Example: I have known him
for ten years. (I have known him for ten years.)
• "Since" is used to describe a starting point in time, indicating "from when." Example: She has
been here since 9 AM. (She has been here since 9 AM.)
 Present Perfect Progressive Tense Rules

❖ Usage of the Present Perfect Progressive Tense

• Expressing Actions Continuing from the Past to the Present:

o The present perfect progressive tense is used to describe an action that began in the past and
has been continuing up to the present moment.
o Example: I have been studying English for two hours. (I have been studying English for two
hours.)
• Emphasizing the Duration of an Action:
o The present perfect progressive tense is often used to emphasize the duration of an action,
often with "for" or "since."
o Example: She has been working here since 2019. (She has been working here since 2019.)
• Describing Recent Continuous Actions:
o The present perfect progressive tense can also be used to describe recent actions or behaviors
that have been ongoing for a while.
o Example: They have been playing soccer all afternoon. (They have been playing soccer all
afternoon.)

❖ Structure of the Present Perfect Progressive Tense

Affirmative Sentences:
Subject + have/has + been + Present Participle (Verb + ing)
Example: He has been reading a book. (He has been reading a book.)

Negative Sentences:
Subject + have/has + not + been + Present Participle (Verb + ing)
Example: We have not been watching TV. (We have not been watching TV.)

Interrogative Sentences:
Have/Has + Subject + been + Present Participle (Verb + ing)
Example: Have you been waiting for a long time? (Have you been waiting for a long time?)
 Important Notes

Verb Conjugation Rules:

• For regular verbs, simply add -ing to the base form of the verb.
• For verbs ending in -e, drop the -e and add -ing. Example: write → writing (write → writing)

Doubling the Final Consonant:

o For one-syllable verbs that end in a consonant followed by a vowel, double the final consonant
and add -ing. Example: run → running (run → running)
 Past Simple Tense Rules
❖ Usage of the Past Simple Tense
• Expressing Past Actions or Events:
o The past simple tense is used to describe actions or events that happened at a specific point in
the past.
o Example: I visited my grandparents last weekend. (I visited my grandparents last weekend.)
• Expressing Past Habits or Frequently Occurring Actions:
o The past simple tense is used to describe actions or behaviors that happened regularly in the
past.
o Example: He always walked to school when he was a child. (He always walked to school when
he was a child.)
• Expressing Past States:
o The past simple tense is used to describe states or situations that existed for a period of time in
the past.
o Example: They were very happy yesterday. (They were very happy yesterday.)

❖ Structure of the Past Simple Tense

Affirmative Sentences:
Subject + Past Tense Verb
Example: She watched a movie. (She watched a movie.)

Negative Sentences:
Subject + did not (didn't) + Base Verb
Example: We did not (didn't) go to the park. (We didn't go to the park.)

Interrogative Sentences:
Did + Subject + Base Verb
Example: Did you finish your homework? (Did you finish your homework?)

Important Notes

Past Tense Verb Formation:

• Regular Verbs: Add -ed to the base form of the verb.
o Example: play → played (play → played)
• Irregular Verbs: Irregular verbs have unique past tense forms that need to be memorized.
o Example: go → went (go → went), see → saw (see → saw)
Negative and Interrogative Sentences:
• In negative and interrogative sentences, the base verb is used.
o Example: She did not (didn't) play. (She didn't play.)
o Example: Did he see the movie? (Did he see the movie?)
 Past continuous Tense Rules
❖ Usage of the Past continuous Tense
• Expressing an Ongoing Action at a Specific Time in the Past:
o The past progressive tense is used to describe an action that was happening at a specific point
in the past.
o Example: I was reading a book at 8 PM last night. (I was reading a book at 8 PM last night.)
• Expressing an Action Continuing Over a Duration in the Past:
o The past progressive tense is also used to describe an action that was ongoing for a period of
time in the past.
o Example: They were playing soccer all afternoon. (They were playing soccer all afternoon.)
• Expressing an Interrupted Action in the Past:
o The past progressive tense can be used to describe an action that was happening in the past
when another action suddenly occurred and interrupted it.
o Example: She was cooking when the phone rang. (She was cooking when the phone rang.)

❖ Structure of the Past continuous Tense

Affirmative Sentences:
Subject + was/were + Present Participle (Verb + ing)
Example: He was watching TV. (He was watching TV.)

Negative Sentences:
Subject + was/were + not + Present Participle (Verb + ing)
Example: We were not (weren't) listening to music. (We were not listening to music.)

Interrogative Sentences:
Was/Were + Subject + Present Participle (Verb + ing)
Example: Were you sleeping at 10 PM? (Were you sleeping at 10 PM?)

Important Notes

Verb Conjugation Rules:

• For regular verbs, simply add -ing to the base form of the verb.
• For verbs ending in -e, drop the -e and add -ing. Example: write → writing (write → writing)
• Doubling the Final Consonant:
o For one-syllable verbs that end in a consonant followed by a vowel, double the final consonant
and add -ing. Example: run → running (run → running)
Subject-Verb Agreement:
• Use "was" with singular subjects.
• Use "were" with plural subjects. Example: She was reading. (She was reading.) / They were
reading. (They were reading.)
 : Past Perfect Tense Rules
❖ Usage of the Past Perfect Tense
• Expressing Actions Completed Before a Specific Time in the Past:
o The past perfect tense is used to describe an action that had already been completed before a
specific point in the past.
o Example: I had finished my homework before dinner. (I had finished my homework before
dinner.)
• Expressing Past States or Experiences Before a Specific Time:
o The past perfect tense is also used to describe a state or experience that existed before a
specific time in the past.
o Example: She had never seen the ocean before she went to the beach. (She had never seen the
ocean before she went to the beach.)

❖ Structure of the Past Perfect Tense

Affirmative Sentences:
Subject + had + Past Participle
Example: They had visited China. (They had visited China.)
Negative Sentences:
Subject + had + not + Past Participle
Example: I had not (hadn't) seen that movie. (I hadn't seen that movie.)
Interrogative Sentences:
Had + Subject + Past Participle
Example: Had you eaten breakfast? (Had you eaten breakfast?)

Important Notes

Past Participle Formation:

• Regular verbs add -ed to the base form of the verb.
o Example: play → played (play → played)
• Irregular verbs have unique past participle forms that need to be memorized.
o Example: go → gone (go → gone), see → seen (see → seen)
Negative and Interrogative Sentences:
• In negative sentences, "not" is added after "had," and the verb remains in the past participle
form.
o Example: She had not (hadn't) finished her work. (She hadn't finished her work.)
• In interrogative sentences, "had" is moved to the beginning of the sentence, and the verb
remains in the past participle form.
o Example: Had they arrived? (Had they arrived?)
Time Adverbs:
• The past perfect tense is typically used with explicit past time adverbs, such as "before," "by the
time," etc.
o Example: By the time we arrived, the show had already started. (By the time we arrived, the
show had already started.)
 Past Perfect continuous Tense Rules
❖ Usage of the Past Perfect Progressive Tense
• Expressing Actions Ongoing Before a Specific Time in the Past:
o The past perfect progressive tense is used to describe an action that had been ongoing for a
period of time before a specific point in the past, and may have continued even further.
o Example: I had been studying for two hours before he arrived. (I had been studying for two
hours before he arrived.)
• Expressing a Continuous State Before a Specific Time in the Past:
o The past perfect progressive tense is also used to describe a state that had been persisting for a
period of time before a specific point in the past.
o Example: She had been living in London for five years before she moved to Paris. (She had been
living in London for five years before she moved to Paris.)

❖ Structure of the Past Perfect continuous Tense

Affirmative Sentences:
Subject + had + been + Present Participle (Verb + ing)
Example: He had been working. (He had been working.)

Negative Sentences:
Subject + had + not + been + Present Participle (Verb + ing)
Example: They had not (hadn't) been sleeping. (They hadn't been sleeping.)

Interrogative Sentences:
Had + Subject + been + Present Participle (Verb + ing)
Example: Had she been waiting long? (Had she been waiting long?)

Important Notes

Verb Conjugation Rules:

• To form the present participle, simply add -ing to the base form of the verb.
o Example: play → playing (play → playing)
o Example: write → writing (write → writing)
• Doubling the Final Consonant:
o For one-syllable verbs that end in a consonant followed by a vowel, double the final consonant
and add -ing.
o Example: run → running (run → running)
Time Adverbs:
• The past perfect progressive tense is typically used with explicit past time adverbs, such as
"before," "by the time," etc.
o Example: He had been reading for an hour before she called. (He had been reading for an hour
before she called.)
 Simple Future Tense Rules

❖ Usage of the Simple Future Tense

• Expressing Actions or States That Will Happen in the Future:
o The simple future tense is used to describe actions or states that will occur at some point in the
future.
o Example: I will go to the store tomorrow. (I will go to the store tomorrow.)
• Expressing Spontaneous Decisions Made at the Time of Speaking:
o The simple future tense can also be used to describe decisions that are made at the time of
speaking.
o Example: I think I will have a cup of tea. (I think I will have a cup of tea.)
• Making Predictions or Guesses About the Future:
o The simple future tense can be used to make predictions or guesses about what will happen in
the future.
o Example: It will rain tomorrow. (It will rain tomorrow.)

❖ Structure of the Simple Future Tense

Affirmative Sentences:
Subject + will + Base Verb
Example: She will visit her grandparents. (She will visit her grandparents.)

Negative Sentences:

Subject + will + not (won't) + Base Verb

Example: They will not (won't) come to the party. (They will not come to the party.)

Interrogative Sentences:

Will + Subject + Base Verb

Example: Will you help me? (Will you help me?)

Important Notes

Base Verb Form:

• In the simple future tense, the base form of the verb is always used.
o Example: play → will play (play → will play)
 Negative Form:
• In negative sentences, "not" is added after "will," and it can be contracted to "won't."
o Example: I will not (won't) be late. (I will not be late.)
Interrogative Form:
• In interrogative sentences, "will" is moved to the beginning of the sentence, followed by the
subject and the base verb.
o Example: Will they arrive on time? (Will they arrive on time?)
 Future continuous Tense Rules
❖ Usage of the Future continuous Tense
• Expressing an Ongoing Action at a Specific Future Time:
o The future progressive tense is used to describe an action that will be in progress at a specific
point in the future.
o Example: I will be working at 8 PM tonight. (I will be working at 8 PM tonight.)
• Expressing a Continuous Action Over a Future Duration:
o The future progressive tense is also used to describe an action that will be ongoing over a
duration of time in the future.
o Example: They will be traveling next month. (They will be traveling next month.)

❖ Structure of the Future continuous Tense

Affirmative Sentences:
Subject + will + be + Present Participle (Verb + ing)
Example: She will be studying. (She will be studying.)
Negative Sentences:
Subject + will + not (won't) + be + Present Participle (Verb + ing)
Example: He will not (won't) be sleeping. (He will not be sleeping.)
Interrogative Sentences:
Will + Subject + be + Present Participle (Verb + ing)
Example: Will you be attending the meeting? (Will you be attending the meeting?)

Important Notes

Present Participle Formation:

In the future progressive tense, verbs use the present participle form, which is the verb stem +
ing.
Example: play → playing (play → playing)
Negative Form:
In negative sentences, "not" is added after "will" and can be contracted to "won't."
Example: They will not (won't) be coming. (They will not be coming.)
Interrogative Form:
In interrogative sentences, "will" is moved to the beginning of the sentence, followed by the
subject, "be," and the present participle.
Example: Will she be cooking dinner? (Will she be cooking dinner?)
 Future Perfect Tense Rules
❖ Usage of the Future Perfect Tense
• Expressing an Action Completed Before a Future Point in Time:
o The future perfect tense is used to describe an action that will be completed before a specific
point in the future.
o Example: By next week, I will have finished the project. (By next week, I will have finished the
project.)

❖ Structure of the Future Perfect Tense

Affirmative Sentences:
Subject + will + have + Past Participle
Example: She will have graduated by June. (By June, she will have graduated.)
Negative Sentences:
Subject + will + not (won't) + have + Past Participle
Example: He will not (won't) have arrived by noon. (He will not have arrived by noon.)
Interrogative Sentences:
Will + Subject + have + Past Participle
Example: Will you have finished your homework by tonight? (Will you have finished your
homework by tonight?)

Important Notes

Past Participle Formation:

In the future perfect tense, verbs use the past participle form.
Example: finish → finished (finish → finished)
Time Adverbs:
The future perfect tense is typically used with specific future time adverbs.
Examples: by, before, etc.
Example: By the end of this year, we will have visited five countries. (By the end of this year, we
will have visited five countries.)
Negative Form:
In negative sentences, "not" is added after "will" and can be contracted to "won't."
Example: I will not (won't) have done my chores by the time you return. (By the time you
return, I will not have done my chores.)
Interrogative Form:
In interrogative sentences, "will" is moved to the beginning of the sentence, followed by the
subject, "have," and the past participle.
Example: Will they have left by the time we arrive? (Will they have left by the time we arrive?)
 Future Perfect continuous Tense Rules
❖ Usage of the Future Perfect Progressive Tense
• Expressing an Action Ongoing Until a Future Point in Time:
o The future perfect progressive tense is used to describe an action that will have been ongoing
up to a specific point in the future.
o Example: By next year, I will have been working here for five years. (By next year, I will have
been working here for five years.)

❖ Structure of the Future Perfect Progressive Tense

Affirmative Sentences:
Subject + will + have + been + Present Participle (Verb + ing)
Example: She will have been studying for three hours by 6 PM. (By 6 PM, she will have been
studying for three hours.)
Negative Sentences:
Subject + will + not (won't) + have + been + Present Participle (Verb + ing)
Example: He will not (won't) have been sleeping for long. (He will not have been sleeping for
long.)
Interrogative Sentences:
Will + Subject + have + been + Present Participle (Verb + ing)
Example: Will you have been living here for a year by December? (Will you have been living
here for a year by December?)

Important Notes

Present Participle Formation:

In the future perfect progressive tense, verbs use the present participle form, which is the verb
stem + ing.
Example: play → playing (play → playing)
Time Adverbs:
The future perfect progressive tense is typically used with specific future time adverbs.
Examples: by, for, etc.
Example: By the time she arrives, we will have been waiting for an hour. (By the time she
arrives, we will have been waiting for an hour.)
Negative Form:
In negative sentences, "not" is added after "will" and can be contracted to "won't."
Example: They will not (won't) have been traveling for long. (They will not have been traveling
for long.)
Interrogative Form:
In interrogative sentences, "will" is moved to the beginning of the sentence, followed by the
subject, "have," "been," and the present participle.
Example: Will she have been working there for ten years by next month? (Will she have been
working there for ten years by next month?)
 First Conditional Rules
❖ Usage of the First Conditional
• Describing Future Possibilities:
o The first conditional is used to describe possible future situations and their outcomes.
o Example: If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.

❖ Structure of the First Conditional

Sentence Structure:
If + Subject + Verb (Present Tense), Subject + will + Verb (Base Form)
Example: If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
Affirmative Sentences:
If + Subject + Verb (Present Tense), Subject + will + Verb (Base Form)
Example: If she calls, I will answer.
Negative Sentences:
If + Subject + Verb (Present Tense, Negative Form), Subject + will + Verb (Base Form)
Example: If you don't hurry, you will miss the bus.
Interrogative Sentences:
What will you do if + Subject + Verb (Present Tense)?
Example: What will you do if it rains?

Important Notes

Verb Forms:
In the first conditional, the if-clause uses the simple present tense, and the main clause uses will
+ base form of the verb.
Example: study → studies (learn → learns)
Future Possibilities:
The first conditional is used to describe possible future situations and their outcomes.
Example: If you eat too much, you will feel sick. (If you eat too much, you will feel sick.)
 Second Conditional Rules
❖ Usage of the Second Conditional
• Describing Hypothetical or Unlikely Situations:
o The second conditional is used to describe hypothetical, unlikely, or unreal situations and their
outcomes.
o Example: If I had a million dollars, I would buy a big house.

❖ Structure of the Second Conditional

Sentence Structure:
If + Subject + Verb (Past Tense), Subject + would + Verb (Base Form)
Example: If you studied harder, you would get better grades.
Affirmative Sentences:
If + Subject + Verb (Past Tense), Subject + would + Verb (Base Form)
Example: If he were here, he would help us.
Negative Sentences:
If + Subject + Verb (Past Tense, Negative Form), Subject + would + Verb (Base Form)
Example: If I didn't know the answer, I would ask for help.
Interrogative Sentences:
What would you do if + Subject + Verb (Past Tense)?
Example: What would you do if you won the lottery?
Important Notes
Verb Forms:
In the second conditional, the if-clause uses the simple past tense, and the main clause uses
would + base form of the verb.
Example: study → studied (learn → learned)
Hypothetical Situations:
The second conditional is used to describe hypothetical or unlikely situations.
Example: If it were not raining, we would go for a walk. (If it were not raining, we would go for a
walk.)
 Third Conditional Rules
❖ Usage of the Third Conditional
• Describing Past Hypotheticals and Outcomes:
o The third conditional is used to describe hypothetical situations in the past and their possible
outcomes. Example: If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.

❖ Structure of the Third Conditional

Sentence Structure:
If + Subject + Past Perfect (had + Past Participle), Subject + would + Present Perfect (have +
Past Participle)
Example: If you had left earlier, you would have caught the train.
Affirmative Sentences:
If + Subject + Past Perfect (had + Past Participle), Subject + would + Present Perfect (have +
Past Participle)
Example: If she had known, she would have helped.
Negative Sentences:
If + Subject + Past Perfect (had + Past Participle, negative form), Subject + would + Present
Perfect (have + Past Participle)
Example: If he hadn't missed the bus, he would have arrived on time.
Interrogative Sentences:
What would you have done if + Subject + Past Perfect?
Example: What would you have done if you had failed the test?

Important Notes:

Verb Forms:
In the third conditional, the if-clause uses the past perfect tense, and the main clause uses
would + present perfect tense. Example: study → had studied (learn → already learned)
Past Hypotheticals:
The third conditional is used to describe past hypothetical situations and their outcomes.
Example: If it had rained, we would have stayed at home. (If it had rained, we would have
stayed home.)
 Active and Passive Voice

❖ Active Voice

Definition: The active voice is a grammatical construction in which the subject of the sentence

performs the action of the verb.

Example: The cat (subject) chased (verb) the mouse (object).

Structure:

Subject + Verb + Object

Example: He writes a letter.

❖ Passive Voice

Definition: The passive voice is a grammatical construction in which the subject of the

sentence is the recipient of the action of the verb.

Example: The mouse (subject) was chased (verb) by the cat (object).

Structure:

Object (becomes the subject) + be verb + past participle + (by + original subject)

Example: A letter is written by him.

Verb Form:

The verb form in the passive voice is "be verb + past participle."

Example: The book was read by Mary.

Active to Passive:

Active: The chef cooks the meal.

Passive: The meal is cooked by the chef.

Passive to Active:

Passive: The letter was written by John.

Active: John wrote the letter.

Present Tense:

Active: She eats an apple.

Passive: An apple is eaten by her.

Past Tense:

Active: He cleaned the room.

Passive: The room was cleaned by him.

Future Tense:

Active: They will build a house.

Passive: A house will be built by them.

 Direct and Indirect Speech
❖ Direct Speech

Definition: Direct speech is the exact repetition of someone's words, enclosed in quotation
marks.

Example: He said, "I am happy."

Structure:

Subject + Verb + Comma + Quotation Marks + Spoken Content + Quotation Marks

Example: She said, "I will go to the market."

❖ Indirect Speech

Definition: Indirect speech is the reporting of someone's words using one's own words, without
quotation marks.
Example: He said that he was happy.

Structure:

Subject + Verb + that + Subordinate Clause

Example: She said that she would go to the market.

Tense Changes:

If the verb in direct speech is in the present tense, it is usually changed to the past tense in
indirect speech.
Example:

Direct speech: He says, "I am tired."

Indirect speech: He said that he was tired.

Demonstrative Changes:
Time and place words in direct speech often change in indirect speech.

Example:

now → then

today → that day

here → there

Example:

Direct speech: She said, "I am here now."

Indirect speech: She said that she was there then.

Examples

Declarative Sentences:

Direct speech: He said, "I like ice cream."

Indirect speech: He said that he liked ice cream.

Interrogative Sentences:

Direct speech: She asked, "Do you like apples?"

Indirect speech: She asked if I liked apples.

Imperative Sentences:

Direct speech: He said, "Close the door."

Indirect speech: He told me to close the door.