UCSP REVIEWER  The scope of political science is vast and experts have

MODULES 1-6 divided the field of political science into five sub-disciplines
MODULE 1: that are political theory, public administration,
Nature, Goals and Perspectives of Anthropology, Sociology and comparative politics, international relations, and public
Political Science law.
The Importance of Political Science
 Anthropology is the study of what makes us human.  The importance of political science lies in the fact that all of
Anthropologists take a broad approach to understanding the us live within political systems, and we are affected by the
many different aspects of the human experience, which we changes in the global political economy.
call holism.. They consider the past, through archaeology, to  Political ideology
see how human groups lived hundreds or thousands of A political ideology is a set of ideas, beliefs, values, and
years ago and what was important to them. They consider opinions, exhibiting a recurring pattern, that competes deliberately as
what makes up our biological bodies and genetics, as well well as unintentionally over providing plans of action for public policy
as our bones, diet, and health making in an attempt to justify, explain, contest, or change the social
 Anthropologists also compare humans with other animals and political arrangements and processes of a political community.
(most often, other primates like monkeys and chimpanzees)  The first sees ideology as abstract, closed and doctrinaire,
to see what we have in common with them and what makes largely impervious to empirical evidence and superimposed
us unique. on a society.
 Cultural variation refers to the differences in social  The second sees ideology as a series of empirically
behaviors that different cultures exhibit around the world. ascertainable attitudes towards political issues that can be
What may be considered good etiquette in one culture may explored by means of behavioral methods.
be considered bad etiquette in another.  The third views ideologies as indispensable mapping
 Anthropology is the comprehensive study of human devices of cultural symbols and political concepts that
development, culture, and change throughout the world, past constitute a crucial resource for understanding and shaping
and present. sociopolitical life.
Fields of Anthropology
1. Biological Anthropology MODULE 2:
Biological (or physical) anthropologists carry out systematic Defining Culture, Society and Politics
studies of the non-cultural aspects of humans and near-humans. Non-
cultural refers to all of those biological characteristics that are CULTURE- is a composite or multifarious areas that comprise beliefs,
genetically inherited in contrast to learned. practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols,
2. Cultural Anthropology knowledge, and everything that a person learns
Cultural (or socio-cultural) anthropologists are interested in and shares as a member of society. It is a complex whole which
learning about the cultural aspects of human societies all over the include knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs and other
world. They usually focus their research on such things as the social capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.
and political organizations, marriage patterns and kinship systems,
subsistence and economic patterns, and religious beliefs of different The Concepts of Culture, Society and
societies. Politics
3. Linguistic Anthropology FORMS OF CULTURE
Linguistic anthropologists study the human communication Material(Tangible) - Material - formed by the physical objects that
process. They focus their research on understanding such people create ex. cars, clothing, books, buildings, computers, tools,
phenomena as the physiology of speech, the structure and function of economic goods, property, artifacts, non-symbolic.
languages, social and cultural influences on speech and writing, Non-Material(Intangible) - Abstract human creations (can’t touch it)
nonverbal communication, how languages developed over time, and ex.Edukasyon, Kaugalian, Gobyerno, Paniniwala, Religion, language,
how they differ from each other. family patterns, work practices, ideas, rules, values, ideals, symbols,
4. Archaeology patterns of thinking, political and economic system
Archaeologists are interested in recovering the prehistory and early LESSON CONCEPT
history of societies and their cultures. They systematically uncover the Society should have rules of conduct, customs, traditions, folkways
evidence by excavating, dating, and analyzing the material remains left and mores, and expectations that ensure appropriate behaviour
by people in the past. among members.
 Archaeologists are essentially detectives who search Anthropology - it includes man’s physical, social, and cultural
through many thousands of pieces of fragmentary pots and development that describes and explains the phenomenon of human
other artifacts as well as environmental data in order to life. In short, anthropology studies man and
reconstruct ancient life ways. In a sense, this makes analyses his behaviour as a member of society
archaeology the cultural anthropology of the past. Sociology-It may focus its attention on all kinds of social interactions:
What is sociology? social arts, social relationships,
- Sociology is the study of human social relationships and institutions. social organization, social structures, and social processes
It focuses primarily on the influence of social relationships upon Politics - any activity involving human beings associated together in
people’s attitudes and behavior and on how societies are relationship of power and authority where conflicts occurs.
established and change. Hence, social institutions are the major
spheres of social life or societal subsystems, organized to meet human Elements of Culture
needs. Knowledge – refers to any information received and perceived to be
 Social stratification is a system by which a society ranks true
categories of people in a hierarchy. The 3 commonly Beliefs – the perception of accepted reality
recognized systems of stratification are estate, caste and reality - refers to the existence of things whether material or non-
class. material
 Social stratification refers to a society's categorization of its Social Norms – these are established expectations of society as to
people into groups based on socioeconomic factors like how a person is supposed to act depending on the requirements of the
wealth, income, race, education, ethnicity, gender, time, place, or situation
occupation, social status, or derived power.
 Sociology’s subject matter is diverse, ranging from crime to
religion, from the family to the state, from the divisions of
race and social class to the shared beliefs of a common
culture, and from social stability to radical change in whole
societies.
What is the purpose of Sociology?
A. Understand how the cultural and social structures shape human
action and thought; and, conversely, how human action and thought
shape cultural and social structures.
B. To study at all levels of human thought and activity, from the
individual and personal level to the global level.
C. The ultimate purpose of Sociology is to formulate a discipline of
thought and methodology that leads to objective, comprehensive,
effective, honest, and critical thinking when observing and describing
human thought, interaction, systems, structures, and action.

Dynamics of Culture in the goals of Anthropology and Sociology

Culture is dynamic and thus complex. Culture is fluid rather than static.
Scope of Political Science
 term, involves a belief or attitude that one’s own culture is
Perspective to the Study of Culture, better than all others
Society and Politics (1906).
Ethnocentrism can be so strong that when confronted with
What are the ASPECTS OF CULTURE? all the differences of a new culture, one may experience
1. Culture are dynamic, flexible, and adaptive- Culture constantly disorientation and frustration. In
changes and adapts to the current state of society. It continuously sociology, we call this culture shock.
restores itself whenever customs do not fit in the current situation
anymore. It does not remain stagnant.

2. Culture are shared and contested- Culture is learned and

acquired through different interactions with people. Culture is a shared
learning experience. Because culture constantly changes, we get to
share the learning process with other people.

3. Culture are learned through socialization or enculturation-

Socialization is an ongoing process of learning languages, behaviors,
customs, values, norms, and others to acquire a personal identity. It
helps us learn the culture.
MODULE 4:
4. Culture is patterned social interaction- Social Interaction help us HUMAN BIOCULTURAL EVOLUTION OF MAN
filter the parts of culture we learned, so that we can identify what suits Human Capacity for Culture
us and what does not.  Our evolution toward humanity as we know it has been a
long journey of survival against the elements of the
5. Culture is integrated and at times unstable- The patterns of environment and against competing species.
social interaction are connected to each other and may change from  As our ancestors evolved biologically in response to
time to time. The type of our social interaction may change. A simple their environment, they have also developed cultural
social exchange may lead to cooperation. A small competition may technologies that aided them to efficiently obtain food
result in a big conflict. and deter predators.
 Evolution is a natural process of biological changes
6. Culture is transmitted through socialization- Culture can also be occurring in a population across successive
transmitted from one person to another and even from one society to generations (Banaag, 2012 p.31).
another. One example of this at the micro level is the transmission of  Moreover, man’s progression and characteristics are
an old family recipe from one generation to the next. This can be done essential in understanding the capability for adaptation.
through both socialization and enculturation. Most scientists currently recognize
7. Culture requires language and other forms of communication - some 15 to 20 different species of early humans.
Language is the transporter of a large part of our culture because  It helps us identify and analyze man’s physiological
some parts of our culture are passed on through our mouths. There development/bodys function and eventually the
are no written records (Young, 1930). emergence of different society.
We can do social interaction through the use of language.
Human Biocultural Evolution

MODULE 3:
IMPORTANCE OF CULTURAL RELATIVISM IN ATTAINING
CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING

Cultural Universals are traits that are parts of every known culture.
Cultural Universals give rise to

Four Biological Capacity of Human to Develop Culture

The primary biological component of

humans that allowed for culture is the
1. Our Thinking developed brain. It has the necessary
capacity parts for facilitating pertinent skills
such as speaking, touching, feeling,
seeing, and smelling.

This capacity to directly oppose your

2. Our gripping thumb with your other fingers is an
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativity/Relativism. capacity exclusive trait of humans. It allowed us
 Cultural Relativism refers to the practice of assessing a to have a finger grip.
culture by its own standards rather than viewing it through
the lens of one’s own culture As the brain is the capacity source of
 Ruth Benedict (1887–1948) - Anthropologist argued that humans’ to comprehend sound and
provide meaning to it, the vocal tract
each culture has an internally consistent pattern of thoughts 3. Our speaking
acts as the mechanism by which
and actions, which alone could be the sounds are produced and reproduced
basis for judging the merits and morality of the culture’s to transmit ideas and values.
practices.
 Multiculturalism - Refers to both the fact of the 4. Our walking/
Primates have two forms of locomotion:
existence of a diversity of cultures within one territory standing
bipedalism and quadropedalism.
and to a way of conceptualizing and managing cultural capacity
diversity
 Ethnocentrism, as sociologist William Graham Sumner
Cultural and Sociopolitical Development
(1840-1910) described the
  Use of simple pebble tools.
Norms are usually in the form of rules, standards, or prescriptions and
 Learned to live in caves. social shared expectations. Norms has three forms:
Paleolithic Period  Discovered the use of fires. 1. Mores. These are norms associated with strong ideas of
(Old Stone Age)  Developed small sculptures; right and wrong.
3 million years and monumental painting, 2. Folkways. These are norms that are simply the customary,
to 8,000 B.C incised designs, and reliefs normal, habitual ways a group does things.
on the wall of caves. 3. Laws. These are often referred to as formal norms.
 “Food-collecting cultures”
The Legacy of Early Humans to Contemporary Population
 Stone tools were shaped by
polishing or grinding. 
 Settlement in permanent The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Neolithic Age Organization (UNESCO) is the primary transnational entity
villages.
(New Stone Age)
Occurred sometime
 Dependence on that manages and negotiates matters relating to human
domesticated plants or heritage. It defined cultural heritage.
about
animals. Cultural Heritage is an expression of the ways of living
10,000 BCE
 Appearance of such crafts
developed by a community and passed on from generation
as pottery and weaving.
 “Food-producing cultures to generation.
 Cultural heritage is not limited to material manifestations,
  The used of metal such as such as monuments and objects that have been preserved
Age of Metals bronze, copper, and iron over time. This notion also encompasses living expressions
4,000 B.C. – 1,500 produced a new historical and the traditions that countless groups and communities
B.C development form cradles worldwide have inherited from their ancestors and transmit
civilization to their descendants, in most cases, orally (UNESCO, 2010)

EARLY TYPES OF SOCIETY MODULE 5:

BECOMING A MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY

LESSON 1- Context and Content of Socialization

 Society is a group of individuals involved in persistent social
interaction, or a large social group sharing the same special
or social territory, typically subject to the same political
authority and dominant cultural expectations.
SOCIALIZATION
 -A continuing process whereby an individual acquires a
personal identity and learns the norms, values, behavior and
social skills appropriate to his and her personal position.
 It teaches how to behave and act within our society.
 A continuous life process.
The Context of Socialization
1. The Biological Context - -biological features are regularly
suggested as sources of human behavior.
2. The Psychological Context - Emotional States and the
Unconscious - Psychological states include feelings such as
fear, anger, grief, love, and happiness or a sense of
emotional deprivation.
It depends on who you are and what you bring to the
interaction. Your needs, desires, values, and personality, all
form the psychological context. Humans communicate with
each other across time, space, and contexts.
Knowing something about the feelings of the people involved
(the psychological context) helps explain the results of the
socialization process.
Psychological context includes the mental and emotional
factors in a communication encounter.
3. Social Position as Part of the Context - Social position is the
position of an individual in a given society and culture.
Your family's social class, economic position, and ethnic background
COMPONENTS OF CULTURE as well as your gender can affect the ways in which you will be
Major Elements socialized.
1. Material Culture –It is the physical objects a society Another term for socialization is ENCULTURATION.
produces, things people create and use. -process by which people learn the dynamics of their surrounding
Technology. A Society’s culture consists of not only physical objects but culture and acquire values and norms appropriate or necessary to that
also rules for using those objects. Sociologists sometimes refer to this culture and its worldviews.
combination of objects and rules as technology. Values, Norms, Status, and Roles
 Values - Cultural standards that people use to decide what’s
2. Non-material Culture –It consists of elements termed norms, values, good or bad, what’s right or wrong.
beliefs, and language shared by the members of a society.  Norms - established standards of behavior maintained by a
2. Non-material Culture –It consists of elements termed norms, values, society that guides the behavior of its members.
beliefs, and language shared by the members of a society.

A. Language- The most defining characteristics of human being

is the ability to develop and use highly complex systems of symbols
like language. A symbol, as sociologists say, is the very foundation of
culture.
B. Beliefs- These are ideas that people hold about the universe or any
part of the total reality surrounding them.
2. Non-material Culture –It consists of elements termed norms, values,
beliefs, and language shared by the members of a society.

C. Values. They are shared ideas about desirable goals. They are the
person’s ideas about worth and desirability or an abstract of what is
important and worthwhile.
Status - a social position as something filled by an individual member
D. Norms. These are shared rules of conduct that specify how people of a social system. The status is a position that is neither earned by the
ought to think and act. person nor chosen for them. Refers a social position that a person
D. Norms. These are shared rules of conduct that specify how people holds.
ought to think and act. Ascribed statuses - - that refers to the social status of a person that is
assigned at birth or assumed involuntarily later in life.
Achieved status - refers to a social position a person takes on Social Group
voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort. - is a unit of interacting personalities with
Role refers to behavior expected of someone who holds a particular interdependence of roles and statuses existing between
status. and among themselves/
-is the set of norms, values, behaviors, and personality characteristics
attached to a status. Social Organization
- refers to a type of collectivity established for the pursuit
Concept of Socialization of the specific aims or goals, characterized by a formal
structure of rules, authority relations, a division of labor
Following are the socialism theories focused on how the self, as and limited membership or admission
product of socialization, is formed by famous researchers. SOCIAL RELATIONS
 Freud’s model of personality. - exists which is reciprocal in nature that is, the behavior
 Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. of the interactants derives its meaning from his relation
 Mead’s theory of the social self. to the other person or persons involved.
 Cooley’s Looking-glass Self.
 Gender role socialization LESSON 2: Characteristics of Social Group
Freud’s model of personality. The basis of grouping can be numerous, but the division of the
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) combined basic needs and the influence population based on their age, sex, income and profession can
of society into a model of personality with three parts: id, ego, and provide various types of social groups.
superego.
12 Most Important Characteristics of Social Group
1. Given number of Individual - A social group consists of a given
number of individuals. Without a number of individuals, no social group
can be formed.
2. Reciprocal Relations - There exist reciprocal relations among the
members of a social group.
3. Common Goals - The aims, objectives and ideals of the members
are common. For the fulfilment of these common goals social groups
are formed.
4. Sense of unity and solidarity - Members of a social group are
always tied by a sense of unity and bond of solidarity, common goals
and mutual relations strengthens this bond of unity and solidarity. This
creates loyalty and sympathy among the members of social group.
5. A strong sense of awe-feeling- Members of a social group is
characterized by a strong sense of awe-feeling
6. Group Norms - Every social group has its own, regulations and
norms which the members are supposed to follow.
7. Similar Behavior- Members of a social group show similar
behavior. As the interests, ideals and values of a group are common
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. From his studies of hence its members behave in a similar manner.
human cognition, or how people think and understand. Jean Piaget 8. Awareness- Members of a social group are aware about the
(1896–1980) identified four stages of cognitive development. membership which distinguishes them from others.
 Stage one is the sensorimotor stage (first two years of 9. Group Control: Social group exercises some sort of control over its
life), the level of human development at which individuals members and over their activities. This control may be direct or
know the world only through the five senses. indirect.
 Stage two is the preoperational stage (about age two to 10. Social groups may be permanent or temporary in nature.
seven) at which individuals first use language and other There are permanent groups likes family and temporary groups like
symbols. crowd, mob etc.
 Stage three is concrete operational stage (between the 11. Social groups are dynamic in nature. It is not static. It responds
ages of seven and eleven) at which individuals first see to different changes.
causal connections in their surroundings. 12. Social groups have established patterns.
 The last stage is the formal operational stage (about age
twelve) at which individuals think abstractly and critically. LESSON 3: TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUP
Mead’s theory of the social self. George Herbert Mead (1863– TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS
1931) For Mead, the self is a part of our personality and includes self- 1. According to Social Ties
awareness and self-image. It is the product of social experience and is A . Primary Group - The most fundamental unit of human
not guided by biological drives (see Freud) or biological maturation society. A long and lasting group whose members have
(see Piaget). intimate, personal continuous face-to-face relationships.
Cooley’s Looking-glass Self. Charles Horton Cooley (1864–1929) B. Secondary Groups - Groups with which the individual
used the phrase looking-glass self to mean a self-image based on comes in contact later in life.
how we think others see us. As we interact with others, the people 2. According to Self-Identification
around us become a mirror (an object that people used to call a A. In Group - A social unit in which individuals feel home
“looking glass”) in which we can see ourselves. and with which they identify.
B. Out-group - A social unit to which individuals do not
Gender role socialization belong due to differences in certain social categories
Sex refers to the biological characteristics distinguishing male and and with which they do not identify.
female C. Reference group or psychological group - Groups to
Gender refers to those social, cultural, and psychological traits linked which we consciously or unconsciously refer when we
to males and females through particular social contexts. try to evaluate our own life situations and behavior, but
to which we do not necessarily belong.
Lesson 2 3. According to Purpose
Process and consequences of Socialization A. Special interest groups
1. FAMILY • Groups which are organized to meet the special
2. SCHOOL interest of the member
3. PEER GROUPS B. Task Group
4. MASS MEDIA • Group assigned to accomplish jobs which cannot be
done by one person.
MODULE 6: C. Influence or pressure groups.
Forms and Functions of Social Organization • Group organized to support or influence social actions
LESSON 1: Concept of Social Group and Social Organization 4. According to geographical location and degree or
quality relationship
HOMANS - He defines a group as collection of two or more A. Gemeinschaft
persons who are in social interaction, who are guided by similar • A social system in which most relationship is personal or
norms, values, and expectations, and who maintain a stable traditional.
pattern of relations over a period of time. • It is a community of intimate, private and exclusive living and
familism.
Donald Light- He defines a group as set of individuals who • Culture is homogenous and traditional.
identify and interact with one another in a structured way based B. Gesselschaft
on shared values and goals • A social system in which most relationships are impersonal,
formal, contractual or bargain-like.
• Relationship is individualistic, business-like, secondary and
rationalized.
• Culture is heterogenous and more advanced.

5. According to form of Organization

A. Formal groups
• Social organization
• Deliberately formed, and their purpose and
objectives are explicitly defined.
• Their goals are clearly stated and the division of labor
is based on
member’s ability or merit.
• Have a certain type of administrative structure called
“bureaucracy” - large-scale formal organizations in
which parts of the organization are ordered in the
manner of a pyramid based on a division of function
and authority. (Weber, M. 1965)
B. Informal groups
• Arises spontaneously out of the interactions of two or
more persons.
• It is unplanned
• Has no explicit rules for membership, and does not
have specific objectives to be attained.
• It has the characteristics of primary groups and
members are bound by emotions and sentiments.