Background Information for Learners

Social Science is the discipline under which identity,

culture, society, and politics are studied.
It is comprised of disciplines that study the overall
function of a society, as well as the interactions among
individual members of an institution.
Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science are
among the disciplines under Social Science.
 According to 18th Century English anthropologist
Edward B. Taylor, Anthropology is a behavioral science that
deals with the study of culture - its components,
characteristics, functions, modes of adaptation, cultural values,
and practices.
Culture is a complex whole which encompasses the
beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, norms, artifacts, symbols,
knowledge, and everything that a person learns and shares as a
member of society.
 Sociology is a behavioral science that deals with the
study of society - its origin, evolution, characteristics,
dimensions, and basic social functions.

Society is a group of people living together in a

definite territory, having a sense of belongingness, mutually
interdependent of each other, and follows a certain way of life.
 On the other hand, Political Science deals with the study of
politics or government.
It also dwells on the study of the foundations of the state
and the principles of government.
Political Science examines the way people govern
themselves, the various forms of government, their structures, and
their relationships to other institutions.
Politics involves a set of activities that are associated with
making decisions in groups or other forms of power relations
between individuals, such as the distribution of resources or
statuses.
There are fields of Social Science.
These are:

1. Anthropology
2. Sociology
3. Political Science

And our main objective here is to know about the fields of Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science.
Definition of terms:
- ANTHROPOLOGY- is a behavioural science that deals
with the study of culture. The component characteristics,
functions, modes of adaptation of culture as well as cultural
value and practice are studied in Anthropology.
The word Anthropology is derived from two Greek words
“anthropos”, which means human, and
“logos” which means knowledge.
In this sense, anthropology can be understood as the
knowledge about humans
Sociology- is a behavioural science that deals with the
study of society. The origin, evolutions, characteristics
and functions, dimensions and basic social functions are
studied in sociology.

The word sociology was derived from two terms;

“logos” which means study or science; and “socius”,
which means group or partners.
Political Science- it deals with the study of politics
or government. It also deals with the foundations
of state and the principles of government. In
political science, the way people govern
themselves; the various forms of government, their
structures and their relationship to other institution.
Goals of Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science

1. Goals of Anthropology
- look at one’s own culture more objectively like an outsider.
- discover what makes people different from one another to understand and preserve diversity.
- discover what people have in common
- produce new knowledge and new theories about human kind and human behaviour.
2. Goals of Sociology

- obtain theories and principles about the society and

aspects of human life.
- study the nature of humanity which leads to examining
our roles in the society.
- appreciate that all things are interdependent with other.
- expose our minds on the perspectives in attaining the
truth.
3. Goals of Political Science

- education for citizenship

- essential parts of liberal education
- knowledge and understanding of
government
½ crosswise

Direction: Give the definition of:

1. Anthropology
2. Sociology
3. Political Science

At least 2 sentences each.

Significant of studying anthropology, sociology, and political
science.

There are five rationales for studying Anthropology. These are

follows:

1. Anthropology broadens your horizon and changes your

perspectives.
2. Anthropology is relevant.
3. Anthropology is useful.
4. Anthropology helps us to deal with complexity.
5. Anthropology is interesting.
There are 10 rationales for studying Sociology. These are follows:
1. Sociology makes you a different person from the rest.
2. Sociology helps us understand that individuality and independence are highly valued in our society.
3. As a discipline, Sociology involves the description and explanation of social structures and processes.
4. Sociological research also reveals the multifaceted nature of social reality, its multiple causes and multiple effects.
5. By studying Sociology, we can become aware of underlying social dimensions in political, economic and legal systems.
6. Understanding social behaviour and social processes are important in democratic country.
7. Sociology tells us that health is a human right.
8. Sociology tell us that religion and technology are also human forms of expressions.
9. Sociology tell us that educations contributes to the development of individual’s capacities for active participation in community life.
10. Sociology provides valuable information about race and its impact to present.
There are 4 Rationales for studying Political Science

1. Political Science deepens knowledge and understanding of

students in the field of government and politics.
2. Political Science trains student to develop critical skills.
3. Political Science helps student to obtain practical knowledge
and insights on political issues. It has been called “Queen of
the science”
4. Political Science helps the students to understand why
people behave the way they do politically.
Sentence Completion Directions: Complete the statement to give
meaning and sense to such by choosing the appropriate word
enclosed inside the parenthesis. Write your answers on a separate
paper.

1. Sociology is specifically significant because it regulates and

controls people’s (life, behavior, religion).
2. Politics can (enhance, destroy, obstruct) personal happiness.
3. Politics affects human (biology, lives, society).
4. Anthropology is (stereotype, relevant, commentary).
5. Political Science trains students to develop (symbiotic, critical,
simple) skills.
6. Studying Sociology is a (confirmative, supportive,
transformative) experience.
7. (Sociology, Anthropology, Political Science) increases our
understanding of ourselves and our society.
8. Sociology tells us that health is a (political, cultural, human)
right.
9. Sociology is produced because of (personal, social, real)
change.
10. Culture is the (visible, invisible, discernible) bond.
Remember…
Sociology, Anthropology, and Political Science complement each
other in showing different facets of how humans structure their societies.
Sociology investigates average social behaviors of people while
political science focuses on certain areas of society like laws, policies,
governments, and other such customs.
Anthropology is a wide ranging field that covers some of the
above topics as well as the biology and psychology of humans.
Together, these three disciplines can depict how human societies
operate individually and with each other.
Activity. Turning personal problems into social problems.

Directions:
1. Designate a group leader who will facilitate the discussion, a
documenter who will take down notes, and a reporter who will
present the main points of the group discussion to the class.
2. illustrate the main points discussed b y the group on a sheet
of Manila paper or any appropriately sized piece of paper.
3. Present the group work to the class.
Process Questions:

1. What personal troubles have you experience?

Identify atleast (2) personal troubles.
2. Are any of these personal troubles also a social
problems? Which one and why?
3. Identify solutions to these social problems.
Individual Activity.

Direction: Use the venn diagram to show how a person

experiences culture, society and politics in your
everyday life.

Process Question:
How are culture, society, and politics interrelated
with one another?
Sharpen your mind.

In a Catholic church wedding ceremony, the brides

wears a white bridal dress. What is the meaning or
significance of this color? Do you think that in
2050 or even earlier, the same color will no longer
be worn, and instead green, pink, yellow, red, or
even black colors? What do you think?
 People live together in a large scale
grouping such as community, state which is
international in nature, or in a small number of
people like the family, clan, tribe, and
neighbourhood. Each social group exhibits a
shared common traits, beliefs, values and way
of life which we call culture.
Culture – culture is a dynamic medium through which
societies create a collective way of life reflected in such
a things such as beliefs, values, music, literature, art,
dance, science, religion, religion, ritual technology and
others.

Culture - is a complex whole which encompasses the

beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, norms, artifacts,
symbols, knowledge, and everything that a person learns
and shares as a member of society.
According to Allan G. Johnson, culture is the sum of symbols,
ideas, forms of expressions and material products associated
with social system.

Robert Redfield states that culture is an organized body of

conventional understanding manifested in art and artifacts
which persisting through tradition.

Thus, Culture is a very powerful force that affects the lives of

the members of the society. It shapes and guides people’s
perception of reality.
Aspects of Culture

The notion of culture presents a complex

portrait of humanity. Anthropology regards
culture as learned, symbolic, integrated,
shared, and all encompassing (Tylor 1871)
It is learned because culture is acquired by being born into a
particular society in the process of enculturation. Through
language, the cultural traits of society are passed on to younger
members in the process of growing up and through teaching.

Culture is symbolic in the same sense that it renders meanings

to what people do. Beliefs, religion, rituals, myths, dances,
performances, music, artworks, sense of taste, education,
innovations, identity, ethnicity, and so on, are meaningful
human expressions of what people do and how they act.
The systems of meanings and many other facets of
culture such as kindred, religion, economic activities,
inheritance, and political process, do not function in
isolation but as an integrated whole that makes society
work. Furthermore, these varying systems of meanings,
relations, and processes are shared within a group of
people rendering culture bounded to those who seek a
sense of belonging to the same society.
Since culture is shared within exclusive domains of social
relations, societies operate differently from each other leading
to cultural variations. Even as culture is bounded, it does not
mean that there are no variations in how people act and relate
with each other within a given system of their respective
societies. On the contrary, the same society can be broadly
diverse wherein people, for example, profess connections to
each other yet practice different religion, values, or gender
relations. Furthermore, societies do not always exist
independently from each other.
Around the world, people as members of their
own societies establish connections with each
other and form relationship guided by their
respective cultural practices and values. These
complex relations underscore the all
encompassing nature of culture as it covers
every feature of humanity.
To further understand culture, it is important not to
forget the biological dimensions of being human. The
capacity of a person to organize his or her own society
and form cultural system is made possible by the ability
of humans to imagine and execute what they can do.
Through the power of their brains, human posses a
considerable degree of awareness and knowledge of
what they can achieve.
Can we consider society as a complex whole?

Society is a complex whole because it is a social system. As a

complex whole; it is made up of individual and groups that interact
in a relatively stable and patterned manner.

Why is it called a system?

As a system, it consist of sub-parts. A change in one segment will

affect all the other parts of the systems. Society is regarded as the
largest and most inclusive social unit that exist.
Anthropological perspectives on cultures and society.

1. The Evolutionist-Intellectual Perspective

- Proponent are: Edward Burnett Taylor, Johann Jakob
Bachofen and James G. Frazer

- According to them Death and the belief in the soul and

the spirits play important roles in this perspective.
2. The French Sociology School
- Proponents are: Emile Durkheim and his
followers (Robert Hertzand and Marcel Mauss)

-They investigated the mechanism by societies

sustain and reproduce themselves.
The British Functionalist School

- Proponents are: Bronislaw and Malnowski

- He considered the anxiety caused by the rationally uncontrollable

happenings as the basic motivation for the emergence of religious
faith.
- He suggested that religion was not born of speculation and illusion.
-Arnold Radcliffe-Brown “they give men fears and mixieties from
which they would otherwise be free”.
- The fear of black magic or of spirits, fear of God, of the devil, of
Hell”
Directions: Read each item carefully. Write True if the statement
is correct and False if the statement is incorrect. Write your
answers on a separate paper.

_______________1. Society and culture is a complex

whole.
_______________2. Cultural relativism mitigates
ethnocentrism.
_______________3. There are risks to culture heritage.
_______________4. Man’s behavior is greatly shaped by
the society and culture where he belongs.
_______________5. People live together
always in a large-scale grouping.
_______________6. Tribe is an example of
culture.
_______________7. Religion is an example of
culture.
_______________8. Every person shares his or
her culture to others.
_______________9. Culture is an organized
body of conventional understanding manifested
in art only.
______________10. Tylor’s theory was
attacked primarily because it did not attribute
the origin of religion to the interference of
supernatural powers.
 There are three Anthropological
Perspectives.
The first one, the Evolutionist-Intellectual
Perspective, explains that death and belief in soul
and the spirits play important roles.

The French Sociology School Perspective which

is led by Emile Durkheim suggests that society can
sustain and reproduce by themselves.
 Lastly, the British Functionalist
School Perspective explains anxiety
caused by the rationally uncontrollable
happenings as the basic motivation for the
emergence of religious faith.
 In Sociological Perspectives, the
Symbolic Interactionism Perspective
explains that people attach meanings to
symbols and they act according to their
subjective interpretation of the symbols.
 The Functionalist Perspective,
also called Functionalism, believes that
each aspect of society is interdependent
and contributes to society’s functioning as
a whole.
The Conflict Perspective through Karl Max’s
writing on struggles, shows competition for
scarce resources and how the elite control the
poor and the weak.
 Moreover, culture has certain
characteristics or aspects. Culture is everything
because it is what a person has, does, and thinks. It
is also learned for an individual learns through his
or her family, school, church, and other social
institutions.
 Lastly, culture is also shared because
a particular behavior is not a culture when only
one person practices it. Society also has its
own aspects. First, it affects biology because
humans are born into cultures that have values
on beauty and body.
 It’s also adaptive because it’s a tool for
human survival. But culture can cause problems
when it doesn’t change when the environment does
so it’s maladaptive. Change is constant and over
time, culture goes with the societal changes. As a
result, culture becomes dynamic.
Research on how these personalities demonstrate or
defined politics.

1. Niccolo Machiavelli
2. Aristotle
3. Hannah Arendt Process Question:
4.St. Thomas Aquinas 1. If you were to “define” politics
5. Plato based on your experience, what
6. David Hume would it be?
2. Is it possible to study politics
7. John Locke
more scientifically? How?
8. Karl Marx
9. St. Augustine of Hippo
10. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Ethnocentrism

ethnocentrism is the regard that one’s own culture and society is the
center of everything and therefore far more superior than others
(Kottak 2012: 39; Eriksen 2001: 7).

Chauvinism a position that everything about the other culture is

wrong, unreasonable, detestable, and even wicked.

An ethnocentric attitude can be an obstacle to understanding each

other culture and foster tensions within or between societies.
Cultural Relativism

The concept of cultural relativism underscores the

idea that the culture in every society should be
understood and regarded on its own terms.
Societies are qualitatively different from one
another., such that each one has its own “unique
inner logic” (Eriksen 2001: 14.)
1 whole
Direction: In an essay form, reflect on these process questions.

1. Is it right to pass judgement on cultures not our own as

inferior, threatening, or disturbing?

2. Should we expect societies around the world to practice the

same set of cultural values and traits?

3. How is it possible to recognize the uniqueness of each

society’s cultural traits and not from the standpoint of one’s
own society?
Important Terminologies

Nationality and Ethnicity

\
- Nationality – is the identity that is tied to being part of
a nation or country- “a group of people who share the
same history, traditions and language” and who inhabits
in a particular territory delineated b y a political border
and controlled by the government.
Ethnic Groups within the nation these
are the smaller cultural groups that share
specific environments, traditions and
histories that are not necessarily
subscribed by the mainstream culture.
Social Differences

Gender- refers to the socially constructed roles,

behaviours, activities and attributes that a given
society considers appropriate for men and women.

Sex- biological characteristics of human such as

male or female.
Types of Gender

Heterosexual a person with this gender is inclined to be

sexually attracted to a person of the opposite sex.
Homosexual person that is sexually attracted to the
same sex.
Gay romantically and sexually attracted to male.
Lesbian romantically and sexually attracted to female.
Bisexual individuals who are attracted to the opposite sex.
Asexual totally incapable of being attracted to any sex.

Polysexual attracted to multiple types of gender identity.

Pansexual accommodates all types of gender. There are people whose gender
identities do not match on their biological identity as male or female.
These people classify themselves as transgender. Their sexual orientation is not
related to their genetalia, which allow them to identify with other type of gender.
Under this category are people who allow. Themselves as transsexual. These
individuals believe that the discord between their internal gender and the gender
role that they have to perform can be addressed through medical sexual
reassignment.
Important Terms:
Australopithecus
Homo
Habilis
Was the first hominid species that was
distributed in the old world.
Gerhard Lenski – an American
Sociologist argued that human society undergoes
transformation and evolution and in the process
develops technological advancement. “the more
technology a society has, the faster it changes”.
 In about 10,000 BCE, humans began
to cultivate crops and domesticate certain
animals like sheep, cows, and goats. This was a
change from system of hunting and gathering
that have sustained humans and allowed them
to survive from the earliest times
.
Hunting and Gathering Societies- the earliest and simplest form of society
Horticultural Society- primarily engages in the small scale cultivation of plants,
fruits and vegetables and domestication of animals
Pastoral Society – characterized by the domestication of animals for food for a
more stable and predictable food supply.
Agrarian or Agricultural Society- This type of society is further evolution of the
pastoral and horticultural societies.
Industrial Society- Is based on the use of specialized machinery in the
production of goods and services
Post-Industrial Society also known as virtual (computer) society- marked by the
establishment of societies based on knowledge, information, and the sale of
services
Catalhoyuk - is a tell of a very large
Neolithic and Chalcolithic proto-city
settlement in southern Anatolia, which
existed from approximately 7500 BC to
6400 BC,. and flourished around 7000
BC.
In July 2012, It was inscribed
as a UNESCO World Heritage site.
Jericho – is a Palestinian city the
West Bank. It is located in the
Jordan Valley, with the Jordan River
to the east and Jerusalem to the
west.
 State
Institutions
What is a social group?

A social group is two or more people who identify with and

engage with each other (Maciones 2012). As an individual,
you may be a member of a religious group, an ethnic group,
a working colleague group, a college class, a sports team,
and so on. These are also referred to as social groups.

A social group is distinct from an aggregate, which consists

of people who are temporarily grouped together in an area,
perhaps even performing the same things, but do not
consider themselves to be members of the same group.
 For example, being in a busy shop or waiting
in line for a movie does not make you feel like you
belong with the people doing the same thing. A
category and a group are not the same thing.
You may share comparable qualities, such as
age or height, yet you may not interact or experience
a feeling of belonging if you are in the same category
as someone.
*Types of groups According to Influence:

1. Primary Groups

2. Secondary Groups

The difference between primary and secondary

groups lies in the kinds of relationships their
members have with one another.
Types of Groups according to Membership

In-groups- is a social group to which a person

psychologically identifies as being a member.

Out-groups- is a social group with which an

individual does not identify.
Reference groups- is a group or social category that an individual uses to help define beliefs, attitudes, and values and to guide behaviour.

2. What are the two types of reference groups?

Normative reference group- influences your norms, attitudes and values through direct interaction.

Comparative reference group is a group of individuals whom you compare yourself against and may strive to be like.
 NORMATIVE

Teacher Siblings Friend

COMPARATIVE

Celebrities Hero
Social Network- A social network is a
sociological concept that refers to the social
relationships that exist between network parts
and individuals.

In an organization, network elements can

include social groups or teams, organizational
units or entire organizations.
In this activity,

-The students will be divided in two groups.

-The two groups will choose their 6 representative to go in
front and do the activity.
-Each group will be given same words to arrange.
-The first group to be done will be the winner.
-The students will be given 5mns. to do the activity.
Topic: State Institutions

State- is a community formed by people and exercising

permanent power within a specified territory.

Institutions- it is composed of formal rules, informal norms,

or agreed upon understanding that constraint and prescribe
political actors’ behaviour and interaction with one another.
Main function: keep society in order and implement specific
tasks assigned to them.
Political and Leadership Structures

According to Max Weber as cited by

Santarita & Madrid, 2016, Political Structure or
Institution is defined as the organized way in
which power is allocated and decisions are made
within society. Below is the organizational chart
of the Philippine Government.
The Executive Branch is comprised of the President and the
Vice President who are chosen by direct popular vote and
fulfill a term of six years. The Constitution grants the President
authority to appoint his Cabinet. These departments form a
large portion of the country’s bureaucracy.

The Legislative Branch can make laws, alter, and reverse

them through the power bestowed in the Philippine Congress.
This institution is divided into the Senate and the House of
Representatives.
The Judicial Branch maintains the power to resolve disputes
concerning rights that are legally demandable and enforceable. This
branch decides whether there has been a serious abuse of judgement
amounting to lack or excess of authority on the part and instrumentality
of the government. It is made up of a Supreme Court and lower courts.

The constitution explicitly permits the Supreme Court the power of

Judicial Review as the power to declare a treaty, international or
executive agreement, law, presidential decree, proclamation, order,
instruction, ordinance, or regulation unscontitutional.
State Institutions
Also under the Office of the President:

Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA)

tasked to clear obstructions from the roads at all times, and conducts
daily clearing operations against stalled and illegally parked vehicles,
with subcontracted towing companies. Illegally parked vehicles will
be given 5 minutes to leave, and will be towed otherwise.
National Statistics Office (NSO)/Philippine Statistics Authority
(PSA)

is the central statistical authority of the Philippine government

that collects, compiles, analyzes and publishes statistical
information on economic, social, demographic, political affairs
and general affairs of the people of the Philippines and enforces
the civil registration functions in the country.
Tariff Comission

mandated to develop, formulate and recommend tariff policies

and programs consistent with national economic objectives,
and to enforce and administer the provisions of the Tariff and
Customs
Code.
National Intelligence Coordinating Agency (NICA)

is the primary intelligence gathering and analysis arm of the Government of the Philippines in charge of carrying out overt, covert, and clandestine intelligence activities.

National Security Council (NSC)

was created to integrate domestic, foreign, and military policies related to national security, and to facilitate cooperation among the military services and other government departments and
agencies in matters of national security.
Office of the Press Secretary (OPS)
Pronounce on behalf of the President the matters pertaining to his/her
actions, policies, programs, official activities, and accomplishments.

Philippine News Agency (PNA)

Provides its clients with breaking news, press coverages,
commentaries, features, back grounders and news analyses, and
gathers international news for domestic distribution through its news
exchange agreements with news agencies in the ASEAN, Asia-Pacific
Region and other countries.
Philippine Anti-Graft Comission

ensure accountability of public officers

and take effective measures against graft and
corruption in the public sector, achieved
through the proper observance of due process
in the administration of justice.
Constitutional Comissions- CHR, COA, COMELEC, CSC

Local Government Units

National Government Agencies (i.e. DILG, DND, DAR, DA,
DOH, DepEd, etc.)
Government owned or controlled corporations (i.e. GSIS, PAG-
IBIG, NFA, PHIC, SSS etc.)
Economic Institutions

human beings are driven to satisfy their basic necessity which

include food, water and shelter however human beings also aim
for goods and services which can be attained through help from
the many or known as collective effort (Santarita&Madrid,
2016) This make economic activity essential in Human’s life
because it can influence the complexity of society and the
character of its cultural and social life.
1. What would you do if you noticed that your younger
sibling
is taking money in your wallet without your consent that
supposedly for your weekly allowance. Explain.

2. During the enhanced community quarantine in your

barangay, how did the local government unit utilize the
taxes, funds, and resources in your community? Explain
Direction: Identify the following questions. Write your answer in a
¼ sheet of paper.

1. Maintains the power to resolve disputes concerning rights that

are legally demandable and enforceable.

2. Comprised of the President and the Vice President.

3. Can make laws, alter, and reverse them through the power
bestowed in the Philippine Congress.

4-5. Give atleast 2 examples of state institutions with their

functions which also under the office of the President.