Research in Daily Life 2

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH, ITS NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS ➢

Research is a systematic inquiry

RESEARCH describe, or predict phenomena.

(Mertens, 2015)
➢ It is a “process of steps used to ➢ Research follows a step by step
collect and analyze information to process of investigation that uses
increase our understanding of a in answering questions. (Polit &
topic or issue. It consists of three Beck, 2004)
steps: pose a question, collect data ➢ Research is the creation of newly
to answer the question, and acquired knowledge and/or the use
present an answer to the of existing knowledge in a creative
question.” (Creswell, 2008) way so as to bring out new
➢ a studious inquiry or examination; concepts, methodologies, and
especially investigation or understandings. (O’Donnell, 2012)
experimentation aimed at the AIMS OF RESEARCH
discovery and interpretation of
facts, revision of accepted theories
or laws in the light of new 1. Verification of existing knowledge
facts,(Webster Online Dictionary) 2. Acquisition of New Knowledge 3.
➢ Coined from 2 words: re which Application of New Knowledge 4.
means “again” and the word search, Advancement of the Researcher’s
meaning “to look for something” ➢ An Expertise
organized method of finding novel or CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
relatively new ideas from the existing
body of knowledge with the help of
useful tools for the purpose of 1. Analytical
improving the quality of life. - means examining the
➢ Research is the systematic information, collecting the
application of scientific inquiry to facts, and checking whether
find solutions to problems and the statement follows
contribute to knowledge. (Avilla, logically in identifying
2016) causes and effects.
that is designed to collect, analyze,
and interpret data to understand,
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 Analytical thinking is based
on paying attention to
➢ Descriptive Research
information
2. Rigorous ➢ Quantitative Research

- The researcher must ensure ➢ Qualitative Research

that the procedure followed ➢ Analytical Research

➢ Applied Research
is relevant, appropriate, and
➢ Fundamental Research
justified.
➢ Empirical Research
3. Valid and Verifiable
➢ Conceptual Research
- Research conclusion should
be correct and should be QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE

duplicated when the same

procedure is followed again
and again QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
4. Critical
seeks to answer systematic
- It means carefully and
questions investigation of
systematically examining
about why observable
research and its findings to and how phenomena
judge its reliability, validity, people do. where
and trustworthiness.
It provides quantitative or
5. Systematic
in-depth numerical data
- Research should follow a
information and subjects
sequence that logically about human them to
terminates in the results
6. Empirical
- Results and conclusions
aims to get a main goal is to
drawn upon should be
better test hypotheses,
based on observations,
understanding explore causal
direct experimentation, or through first predictions,
real-life experimentation by and
the researcher. generalize the
7. Purposive findings
- Research must be conducted within a
population
with a definite aim,
objective, and purpose.
TYPES OF RESEARCH METHODS
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 reporting, and 6. Table of Contents
quotations of 7. List of Tables
actual 8. List of Figures
conversations ● Chapter 1: Introduction and
the Background of the Study

1. Introduction
predictions, and generalize 2. Significance of the Study 3.
the findings within a Statement of the Problem 4.
population Conceptual Framework
4. Acknowledgement 5. Scope and Delimitaion
5. Dedication
RESEARCH METHOD
QUALITATIVE

Ethnographic
studies

Ground Theory

Phenomenology

STRUCTURE OF A QUANTITATIVE
Historial Approach RESEARCH

Case Study
● Initial Pages
Approach
1. Title Page
2. Approval Sheet
3. Abstract
QUANTITATIVE 6. Definition of Terms
● Chapter 2: Review of Related
Survey/Descriptive
Literatures
● Chapter 3: Research Methodology
Correletional 1. Research Design
2. Population of Samples
Causal-comparativ 3. Research Instrument
e 4. Validation of the Procedure
5. Data Gathering Procedure
Experimental 6. Data Processing Procedure
7. Statistical Treatment
CHARACTERISTICS OF
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

➢ Quantitative research is a formal,

 objective, and a systematic process explaining a complex
for obtaining quantifiable phenomenon
information about the world 2. It lacks the ability to provide a
through the use of statistics. comprehensive textual
➢ Quantitative research used to description of human
examine the cause-and effect of experience
relationship. 3. Numerical data may be
insufficient in analyzing
intangible factors such as
gender roles, socio-economic
status, and social norms of a
given population
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4. It has less flexibility in terms of
STRENGTH AND WEAKNESSES OF
study design
QUANTI RS
5. Responses of participants
are strictly limited to what
➢ Strength
has been asked. These
1. It can be replicated or
reponses may not be
repeated in other contexts
extensive in some cases.
2. It provides finding that are
6. Self-reported data may not be
generealizable to a large
very accurate as
population
respondents may have the
3. It can establish causality
tendency to underestimate
more conclusively
or overestimate their skills
4. It can make predictions
and behaviour during
based on numerical,
self-assessment tasks.
quantifiable data.
5. Data analysis using
statistical software is faster
6. Data-gathering techniques are
typically less demanding
compared with those in
qualitative research
7. It has a low degree of
subjectivity
8. Its validity and reliability can be
measured
➢ Weaknesses
1. It cannot adequately provide
in-depth information
necessary for describing and
 ETHICS OF RESEARCH

Research ethics are moral principles that

govern how researchers should execute
their work. All researchers should follow
any regulations that apply to their work.
The following is a general summary of
some ethical principles:

1. Honesty
2. Objectivity
3. Integrity
4. Carefulness
5. Openness
6. Respect for Intellectual Property
7. Confidentiality
8. Responsible Publication
4 | AMDC 9. Non-Discrimination
10. Legality
BASIC PROCESS OF RESEARCH 11. Competence
12. Animal Care
13. Human Subjects Protection
Step 1: Identify the question or
problem. Step 2: Review the existing RIGHTS OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS
literature. Step 3: Clarify the problem.
Step 4: Define terms and
concepts. Step 5: Define the 1. Voluntary participation
population. - The participants should not
Step 6: Select methods of data collection. be coerced to participate in
Step 7: Develop the instrumentation plan. any research study. It is
Step 8: Collect data. essential to assure them that
Step 9: Analyze data. participation in the research
Step 10: Write your paper. is absolutely voluntary and
Step 11: Cite your sources properly that they will be free to
Step 12: Conclude your research. discontinue participation at
Step 13. Proofread any time.

Step 14: Share results. 2. Informed consent

- The participants must be
fully aware of the
 procedures and risks
involved in the research
study.

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THE NATURE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

➢ Quantitative research is “explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are

analyzed using
mathematically based methods (in particular statistics).” (Aliaga and Gunderson, 2005;
SkillsYouNeed.com, 2017)
➢ It uses measurable data to
formulate facts and uncover
patterns in research. The
quantitative data collection methods are much more structured than
qualitative collection of data.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

1. Quantitative research is a formal, objective, and a systematic process for obtaining

quantifiable
information about the world.
2. Quantitative research is presented in numerical forms and analyzed
through the use of statistics.
3. Quantitative research is used to describe and to test relationships. 4. Quantitative research
used to examine the cause-and effect of
relationship.

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WRITING CHAP 1 information about the

problem of the study.
● Captures the previous
studies on the issue.
1. Background of the study
2. SOP
● most important component
● A problem statement is a
of a research paper
short, clear explanation of
● Quality determines whether
the issue to be researched. It
the reader will be interested
sets up the context,
in the rest of the study
relevance and aims of the
● Important to write an
project
appealing and effective
● A problem statement is an
background
explanation in research that
● Contains reviews of the area
describes the issue that is in
being researched.
need of study.
● Has currently available
 ● What problem is the
research attempting to
address? Having a Problem 7 | AMDC
● A delimitation is sometimes
Statement allows the reader
called a “boundary
to quickly understand the
purpose and intent of the condition”
research ● two elements of a research
3. Significance of the Study paper that inform the reader
● It refers to the contribution(s) what information is included
to and impact of the study on in the research and explain
a research field. why the author chose that
● The significance also signals information.
who benefits from the ● The scope of study is a
research findings and how. section of a research paper
● Broad to specific that explains what
4. Scope and Limitation information or subject is
● Your study's scope and being analyzed.
delimitations are the 5. Definition of Terms
sections where you define ● must be arranged in
the broader parameters and alphabetically.
boundaries of your research. ● Must be defined according to
● The scope details what your its use.
study will explore, such as ● Must be defined technical
the target population, extent, and operationally
or study duration. 6. Conceptual Framework
Delimitations are factors and ● includes one or more formal
variables not included in the theories (in part or whole) as
study. well as other concepts and
● the scope of a study empirical findings from the
describes how deeply the literature. It is used to show
research area will be relationships among these
investigated in the work and ideas and how they relate to
establishes the limitations the research study.
that the investigation will 7. Hypothesis
operate ● s a statement that defines
● Delimitations are the the testable relationship you
parameters set by the expect to see from
researcher to determine examinating the variables in
what to include and what to your research.
● directional hypothesis
leave out of the research
(specifies the expected
study.
 direction to be followed) Functions:
● If the hypothes is according ● It provides information about
to one specific direction, it is past research studies
examined throug a ● It presents the gaps in the
one-tailed test. field of study
● If the hypothesis does not ● It affords confidence and
specify a particular direction, authority to the researchers
it is now called a ● It gives information about
non-directional hypothesis. the methods used in similar
Such hypothesis states the studies
theres is no relationship ● It enumerates findings from
between two variables. previous studies that may
● The hypothesis in this support those of the present
instance it is examined study.
through a two-teiled test. ● It provides ideas on how
● A Hypothesis can also state implications may be drawn
a direction out of analysis and
● From the hypothesis you can interpretation of data
make statements predicting
what will happen in your
TYPE OF SOURCES
research.
1. General Sources
TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
● are sources that researchers
first access. These sources
include research articles,
Alternative hypothesis (HA)
professional journals, books,
● states that there is a relationship
monographs, conference
between variables.
proceedings, and similar
Null hypothesis (Ho)
● states that there is no relationship documents.
between variables 2. Primary Sources
● are first-hand information
about experts and other
researchers' publications.
Examples are academic and
research journals published
by universities and learned
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3. Secondary Sources
CHAP 2 ● are those written by authors
that describe another
1. Review of Related Literature research's work. This
 includes a meta- analysis of studying the sample we may
studies conducted in a period fairly generalize our results back
of time, textbooks, to the population from which
single-authored books, and they were chosen (Trochim,
books edited by different 2006).
authors. ➢ can be explained as a specific
4. Tertiary Sources principle used to select members
● are books and articles based of population to be included in
on secondary sources. It the
synthesizes and explains the study.
work of others. Examples are
manuals, dictionaries,
POPULATION VS. SAMPLE
encyclopedias, guide books,
directories, and etc.
Population - Population is generally a
large collection of individuals or objects
that is the main focus of a scientific query.
Ex: Senior High School students in a
school.

Sample - refers to a portion or part of

the population that is representative of
the population from which it was
selected EX: Sr. High School students
for the track HUMMS Sometimes, the
entire population will be sufficiently
small, and the researcher can

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PROBABILITY SAMPLING VS.
NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Sampling
SAMPLING AMDC
1. Probability
● In probability sampling every
member of population has
➢ the process of selecting units
a
(eg people organizations) from a
known chance of
population of interest so that by
participating in the study.
 Probability sampling population.
methods include simple 2. Systematic Random
stratified systematic, ● Sampling with systematic
multistage, and cluster random sampling, we create
sampling methods. a list of every member
(Dudovskiy, 2016) population. From the list,
2. Non probability we randomly select the first
● In non-probability sampling sample element from the
on the other hand, element on the population
sampling list.
group members are selected 3. Stratified Random
on non-random manner, ● Stratified sampling involves
therefore not each the use of "stratum", or a
population member has a subset of the population
chance to participate in the wherein the members
study. Non-probability possess one or more
sampling methods include common attribute.
purposive, quota ● Examples of strata include
convenience, and snowball mothers, fathers, students,
sampling methods. The teachers, females. etc.
figure below illustrates Sampling error is usually
specific sampling methods lower in stratified sampling
belonging to each category: than in random sampling
(Dudovskiy, 2016) 4. Cluster Sampling
● With cluster sampling, every
member of the population

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is assigned to one and only
one, group. Each group is
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called a cluster. A sample of
clusters is chowing
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
probability method (often
simple random sampling)
1. Simple Random Only individuals within
● The purest form of sampled clusters are
sampling under the surveyed. (StatTrek. 2017)
probability approach pling Note the difference between
provides equal chances of cluster sampling and
being picked for each stratified sampling With
member of the target stratified sampling, the
 sample includes elements participant regarding the
from each stratum. whole target population. For
5. Multi-stage Sampling example, A researcher may
● With multistage sampling, have a specific group in
we select a sample by using mind, such as high level
combinations of dent business executives. It may
sampling methods. not be possible to specify
NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING the population-they would
not all.
3. Volunteer Sampling
1. Quota ● A voluntary sample is made
● A non-probability method up of people who
quota sampling identities self-select into the survey.
strata stratified sampling, Often these folks have a
but it also uses a strong interest in the main
convenience sampling topic of the survey. For
approach as the researcher example, a noontime show
will be the one to choose like It's Showtime asks
the necessary number of viewers to participate in an
participants per stratum.
For example, an interviewer
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may be told to sample 200
on-line poll, or to vote for
females and 300 males
the winner in Tawag ng
11 | Tanghalan." This would be a
between the age of 45 and
volunteer sample. The
60. In quota sampling the
sample is chosen by the
selection of the sample is
viewers, not by the survey
non-random The problem is
administrator. (StatTrek
that these samples may be
2017)
biased because not everyone
4. Convenience
gets a chance of selection
● A convenience sample is
(Boundless, 2017)
made up of people who are
2. Purposive
easy to reach. For example.
● As the name suggests
A researcher interviews
purposive sampling means
shoppers at a local mall If
the researcher wit
the mall was chosen
participants according to
because it was a convenient
the criteria he has set. This
site from which to solicit
is only used when you are
survey participants and/or
consent enough about the
because it was close to the
representativeness of the
 researcher's home or be extremely difficult or
business, this would be a cost prohibitive to locate
convenience sample. respondents in these
(StatTrek, 2017) situations. (StatPac, 2017) A
5. Snowball snowball sample is achieved
● Snowball sampling is a by asking participant to
special nonprobability suggest someone else who
method used when the
desired sample 12 |
characteristic is rare. It may
might be willing or
appropriate for the study
Snowball samples are
particularly useful in
hard-to-track populations,
such as truants drug users,
gang members, etc.
("Sampling: Types of
samples," 2017) Snowball
sampling relies on referrals
from initial subjects to
generate additional
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