Maharani Kishori Devi Girls’

School
Bikaner

Session :- 23-24
Political Science
Practical File

Submitted to :- Submitted by :-
Shivanandini Mishra HarshitaChoudhary
 Certificate
This is to certify that HarshitaChoudhary
has successfully completed the project
file on the topic ‘PARTITION under my
guidance and supervision.
I am satisfied with their initiative and efforts
for the completion of project file as a part
of curriculum of CBSE Class XII Examination.

Date :

Principal Supervisor
Mrs.Pepino Grover Mrs.Shivanandini
 Acknowledgement
This project would not have been possible
without the help and kind support of my
teacher Mrs. Shivanandini Mishra . I
would like to extend my sincere
gratitude to her for giving me this
golden opportunity to prepare this
project on ‘Partition ’ which is not only
enriching and interesting but also a
means to enhance my patient and hard
work.
I would also like to express my gratitude
towards my parents and friends for their
cooperation and encouragement which
helped me in completion of this project.
PARTITION
Map of 1947 Partition
 INDEX
v Introduction
v Partition Of India
v The End Of The Raj
v Regions Affected By Partition
v Resettlement Of Refugees
v Population Transfer And Violence
v Missing People
v Rehabilitation Of Women
vImmediate Consequences And Effects Of
Partition
vTimeline
vConclusion
vBibliography
 INTRODUCTION
In 1947,the British colonial authority in
India came to an end, and two new
countries, India and Pakistan, were born.
It was a pivotal moment in South Asian
h i s t o r y, p r e c i p i t a t i n g w i d e s p r e a d d e a t h
and destruction and forcing the relocation
of millions of people.
After years of sectarian tensions between
Hindus and Muslims in India,which the
British strategy of divide and rule only
served to deepen Partition finally occurred.
I n t h e M u s l i m s L e a g u e ’s p r o p o s a l f o r a
separate country of Muslims in India
gained traction.
Te n s i o n s a n d d i s p u t e s b e t w e e n I n d i a a n d
Pakistan persist to this day on contentious
s u b j e c t s l i k e t h e c o n t e s t e d a r e a o f K a s h m i r,
a legacy of the Partition. It is essential to
South Asian history and politics that we
comprehend the Partition and its effects.
 Partition Of India
In 1947, British India was partitioned to
create the independent nations of India
and Pakistan. The British administration,
after consulting with Indian leaders,
decided to split the nation in two on
August 15, 1947.
The All India Muslim League, led by
Muhammad Ali Jinnah, was largely
responsible for pushing for partition
because they wanted a separate state for
M u s l i m s i n I n d i a . To s a f e g u a r d M u s l i m
interests and guarantee their participation
in Indian politics, the Muslim League
contended that Muslims in the subcontinent
need their own independent state.
As a result of the Partition, millions of
people were killed or displaced as they
attempted to cross the newly formed
boundaries between India and Pakistan
and Muslims in India.
The Partition drastically altered the area,
forcing millions of people to leave their
homes and seek refuge in other nations. It
also contributed to the perennial hostility
between India and Pakistan over Kashmir
a n d o t h e r c o n t e n t i o u s m a t t e r s . P a r t i t i o n ’s
effects on South Asian politics and culture
a r e b e i n g f e l t t o d a y.
 The End Of The Raj
T h e w o r d ’’ R a j ’’ i s u s e d t o r e f e r t o t h e t i m e
when India was under British control,
which was from 1858 to 1947. The
partition of India and the subsequent
establishment of two independent states,
India and Pakistan, marked the official
end of the Raj.
A major factor in the demise of the Raj
was the growing strength of the Indian
independence movement over many years.
Prominent leaders including Mahatma
Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Subhas
C h a n d r a B o s e p u s h e d f o r I n d i a ’s c o m p l e t e
freedom from British control and were
instrumental in leading the independence
struggle.
When it came time to negotiate with the
British administration, it was the Indian
National Congress – the primary political
party of the independence movement –
t h a t w a s i n s t r u m e n t a l . T h e M u s l i m L e a g u e ’s
 rejection of the Cabinet Mission Plan,
which called for a unified India with
distinct Muslim-majority and Hindu-
majority areas, was a crucial factor in the
subsequent partition of India.
I n d i a ’s i n d e p e n d e n c e f r o m c o l o n i a l
authority at the end of the Raj was a
w a t e r s h e d m o m e n t i n t h e n a t i o n ’s h i s t o r y.
However , it was not without its
difficulties, such as the necessity to
reconstruct the nation after years of a
British exploitation and the difficulties of
division and mass migration. Politics and
culture of India and the rest of South Asia
are still heavily influenced by the British
Raj.
 Regions Affected By
Partition
Significant changes occurred in several
parts of the Indian Subcontinent after the
1947 Partition of India. Millions of people
were uprooted because the nation was split
over religious lines, and many lives were
lost.
Punjab was one of the most hit areas when
it was split in half, with half going to
Pakistan and the other half going to India.
Millions of Muslims were similarly
r e l o c a t e d t o E a s t P u n j a b f r o m We s t P u n j a b ,
while millions of Muslims were similarly
relocated in the other direction, as a
consequence of the partition of Punjab.
The partition had a profound impact on
Bengal, as well. East Bengal was annexed
by Pakistan and ultimately became
B a n g l a d e s h , w h i l e We s t B e n g a l w a s
incorporated into India. Millions of people
 were compelled to leave their homes as a
d i r e c t c o n s e q u e n c e o f B e n g a l ’s p a r t i t i o n .
T h e t e r r i t o r y o f J a m m u a n d K a s h m i r, w h i c h
is also known as the Partition, was
influenced by the Partition, with the
Maharaja of the region choosing for the
Partition. As a result, India and Pakistan
h a v e b e e n e m b r o i l e d i n a n e v e r- e n d i n g
cycle of fighting over the area.
Te n s i o n s b e t w e e n I n d i a a n d P a k i s t a n
persist, as individuals displaced by the
Partition struggle with questions of
identity and belonging decades after the
event.
Resettlement Of Refugees
Millions of people were compelled to leave
their homes in India and go to Pakistan
w h e n t h e c o u n t r y w a s ’’ P a r t i t i o n e d ’’ i n
1947. Mobs and militias often attacked
minority groups, especially Hindus and
Sikh in Pakistan and Muslims in India.
Millions of peoples were uprooted as a
result of this, creating a refugee crisis of
unprecedented proportions.
When it came to helping refugees, the
governments of India and Pakistan
adopted opposing tacks. The Indian
government helped individuals uprooted
by partition by establishing refugee camps
and distributing aid. When people in India
were uprooted, lawmakers established the
Displaced Persons Act to help them rebuild
their lives.
At first government of Pakistan did not
provide substantial help to asylum seekers.
As the magnitude of the refugee
 s i t u a t i o n b e c a m e c l e a r, h o w e v e r, t h e
government established refugee camps and
began providing aid to individuals who
had been uprooted by the Partition.
There were a lots of hurdles and
impediments in the process of resettling
migrants. Many displaced people had
trouble adjusting to their new
environments, and often felt like outsiders
o r n o l o n g e r p a r t o f s o c i e t y.
India and Pakistan continue to have
lingering difficulties over citizenship and
refugee rights as a direct result of the
refugee crisis that began in the 1970s
Population Transfer And
Violence
There was a massive population shift and
outbreak of violence during the Partition
of India IN 1947. Mobs and militias often
attacked minority groups, especially
Hindus and Sikhs in Pakistan and Muslims
in India.
Millions of people were displaced as a
result of the population shift, and man had
to go across the newly established
boundaries between India and Pakistan.
Most of the emigration was motivated by
religious affiliation, with Hindus and Sikhs
leaving Pakistan for India and Muslims
leaving India for Pakistan.
The Partition was followed by widespread
and terrible bloodshed. As many as two
million people may have lost their lives as
a direct consequence of the bloodshed,
according to some estimates. Many women
 were kidnapped, sexually assaulted, and
died because of this.
India and Pakistan are still influenced by
the bloodshed and demographic shift that
occurred after partition. Both nations’
collective memory is scarred by the events
of 1947, and questions of identity and
belonging continue to dominate political
debate in the area.
 Missing People
As a result of the partition of India in
1947, millions of people were forced to
relocate: Muslims left India for Pakistan,
while Hindus and Sikhs left Pakistan for
India. Thousands of individuals
disappeared during the partition as a
consequence of the exodus and bloodshed
that ensued.
It is unclear how many individuals
vanished during the partition, although
estimates place the figure in the tens of
thousands. The anguish of having loved
ones go missing has lingered in the
communities that lost members of their
own families who were never found.
During the partition, many military
personnel and prisoners of war went
missing along with civilians. While the
governments of India and Pakistan made
efforts to find and return captured soldiers,
the hunt for missing civilians
 proved far more challenging.
Many years have passed after the Partition,
b u t f a m i l i e s s t i l l h a v e n ’t f o u n d a n s w e r s o r
closure about their lost loved ones. The
human cost of the bloodshed and
dislocation that took place in 1947 is best
shown by the subject of missing
individuals, which remains a terrible and
unsolved legacy of the Partition.
Rehabilitation Of Women
There was widespread violence, including
sexual abuse against women, during the
Partition of India in 1947. Countless
women were kidnapped, raped, and
murdered; many more were rendered
homeless and impoverished.
Both the Indian and Pakistani government
made attempts to help women who had
been harmed by the Partition and to help
them rebuild their lives. For Indian women
who had lost husbands or children to the
violence, the government opened
rehabilitation centers and gave financial
aid. The Indian government has enacted
l e g i s l a t i o n t o s a f e g u a r d w o m e n ’s r i g h t s
and curb domestic abuse.
P a k i s t a n ’s g o v e r n m e n t a l s o e s t a b l i s h e d
rehabilitation centers specially for women
to help those who had been victims of
v i o l e n c e . H o w e v e r, m a n y w o m e n c o n t i n u e d
to endure prejudice and abuse in the
 Ye a r s a f t e r P a r t i t i o n d u e t o i n s u f f i c i e n t
support services.
It was a long and complicated task to help
women recover from the trauma of the
partition. There was widespread
discrimination and isolation for women.
Wo m e n w h o h a d b e e n r e m o v e d f r o m t h e i r
communities also had trouble redefining
w h o t h e y w e r e a n d w h a t t h e y s t o o d f o r.
Wo m e n i n I n d i a a n d P a k i s t a n h a v e b e e n
a f f e c t e d p r o f o u n d l y b y P a r t i t i o n ’s
bloodshed and upheaval. Gender and
identity issues continue to be at the
forefront of political debate and social
justice initiatives in the Middle East.
Immediate Consequences
And Effects Of Partition
In 1947, when the partition of India
occurred, the repercussions were rapid and
f a r- r e a c h i n g . T h e s e a r e s o m e o f t h e m o s t
notable results and outcomes:
Ø Vi o l e n c e a n d D i s p l a c e m e n t : M i l l i o n s
of people were uprooted from their homes
and compelled to seek refuge in
neighbouring countries as a direct
consequence of Partition. Thousands of
people lost their lives, and the
communities were permanently
traumatised by the carnage.
Ø P o l i t i c a l U n re s t : T h e n e w n a t i o n s o f
India and Pakistan struggled to establish
themselves and cope with the aftermath of
the bloodshed and dislocation that
followed the partition.
Ø Economic Disruption : Due to the loss
of commerce and infrastructure, many
people in India and Pakistan fell into
economic hardship and poverty as a result
of partition.
Ø Population Transfers : Millions of people
ha to be moved because of the partition,
and this has had lasting effects on the
politics and culture of the area because of
q u e s t i o n s o f c i t i z e n s h i p , i d e n t i t y, a n d
belonging.
Ø Legacy of Violence : Issues of communal
violence and identity continue to be
serious concerns in India and Pakistan, a
legacy of bloodshed and sorrow of
partition.
T h e p a r t i t i o n h a d f a r- r e a c h i n g
repercussions, which are being felt today
i n t h e r e g i o n ’s p o l i t i c s , s o c i e t y, a n d
culture. A fuller comprehension of the
p a r t i t i o n ’s c o m p l i c a t e d a n d
multidimensional history requires an
understanding of these effects.
 Timeline
v The year 1857 marks the beginning of
the Indian rebellion against British
a u t h o r i t y.
v The Indian independence movement
officially begins with the establishment of
the Indian National Congress in 1885.
v In 1906, a group calling for a Muslim
homeland in India called the All-India
Muslim League was established.
v In 1940, the Muslim League adopted the
Lahore resolution, whish pushed for the
establishment of a Muslim homeland in
India.
v On March 24th,1947, the British
administration declared its intention to
give over control to the Indian government.
v Partition of the India into India and
Pakistan was announced by the British
government on June3,1947.
vOn August 14,1947,Pakistan became an
independent republic under Muhammad Ali
J i n n a h ’s l e a d e r s h i p .
v on august 15, 1947, British authority
over India ended, and Jawaharlal Nehru
b e c a m e t h e c o u n t r y ’s p r i m e m i n i s t e r.
v Between August 16 and 31, 1947 ,
millions of people were displaced as a
result of the partition and the ensuing
violence and border crossings.
v The British Raj officially ended on
September 3o, 1947 when the last British
soldier left India.
v In 1948, religious tensions after the
portion are highlighted by the
assassination of Mahatma Gandhi at the
hands of a Hindu nationalist.
 Conclusion
The partition of India was a watershed
moment with global repercussions. It was
the turning point that led to the
separation of India and Pakistan from
British rule. The tremendous bloodshed,
upheaval, and pain caused by partition are
a tragic aftereffect that continues to color
t h e r e g i o n ’s p o l i t i c s , s o c i a l f a b r i c , a n d
c u l t u r a l e x p r e s s i o n s t o t h i s d a y.
Religious, political, and economic
difficulties, as well s the legacy of British
colonial control, all had a role in causing
the Partition. Millions of people were
forced to flee across freshly formed
boundaries, sparking conflict,
homelessness, and loss of life. The new
countries of India and Pakistan had a
tremendous task in the resettlement and
rehabilitation of refugees, many of whom
were impoverished, traumatized, and felt
they had lost their identities.
 C o n f l i c t s o v e r i d e n t i t y, c i t i z e n s h i p , a n d
sectarian tensions continue to define
contemporary politics and culture in the
area, a legacy of the Partition of India.
People-to-people interaction, cultural
exchanges, and debate are all examples of
initiatives that aim to address the
p a r t i t i o n ’s a f t e r e f f e c t s a n d f o s t e r p e a c e
and reconciliation.
In sum, the Partition of India was a
painful and intricate event, the
repercussions of which are still being felt
t o d a y. We m a y b e t t e r g r a s p t h e i s s u e s
confronting the area and the value of
fostering peace, tolerance and
understanding by learning from its history
and heritage.
 Bibliography
v NCERT TEXTBOOK
v TEACHER LECTURE
v NOTES
v WIKIPEDIA
v OSWAL PUBLISHER
v CHROME
v WWW.CBSEGUIDE.COM