In the name of God

Semester: Fall 1399

Course: Turbulence in Fluids

Instructor: Leila Nasr Azadani

Email: l.azadani@aut.ac.ir
 Books

q Turbulent Flows, Stephen B. Pope, Cambridge University Press,

2000.

q Turbulence in Fluids, Marcel Lesieur, Springer, 2008.

q A First Course in Turbulence, Hendrik Tennekes and

John L. Lumley, MIT Press, 1972.

q Turbulence, Julius O. Hinze, 2nd Edition, McGraw Hill, 1975.

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 Outline
q Governing Equations

q Characteristics of turbulent flows

q Scales of Turbulent Flows

q Methods of Studying Turbulent flows

q Statistical Studying of Turbulent Flows

q Numerical Investigation of Turbulent Flows

q Theories of Turbulent Flows

q Turbulent Boundary Layer

q Turbulent Shear Flows

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 Grade Distribution

q Homework: 10%

q Project: 40%

q Final Exam: 50%

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 Motivation
Turbulent flows are everywhere in nature and engineering

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 Motivation
qHorace Lamb
”I am an old man now, and when I die and go to heaven
there are two matters on which I hope for enlightenment.
One is quantum electrodynamics, and the other is the
turbulent motion of fluids. And about the former I am rather
optimistic.”

qWerner Heisenberg
“When I meet God, I am going to ask him two questions:
Why relativity? And why turbulence? I really believe he
will have an answer for the first.“

qRichard Feynman
Has described turbulence as the most important unsolved
problem of classical physics 2
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 CV
0t i i

The element is so small that the volume integral simply reduces to a differential term:
0ρ 0ρ
#
CV 0t
d9 <
0t
dx dy dz

Mass Conservation The mass flow terms occur on all six faces, three inlets and three outlets. We make use
of the field or continuum concept from Chap. 1, where all fluid properties are considered
to be uniformly varying functions of time and position, such as ρ 5 ρ(x, y, z, t). Thus,
if T is the temperature on the left face of the element in Fig. 4.1, the right face will
𝑑𝑚#$# 𝜕𝜌 have a slightly different temperature T 1 ( 0T/0x) dx. For mass conservation, if ρu is
=0=( 𝑑𝒱 + ( 𝜌 𝑉 0 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 known on the left face, the value of this product on the right face is ρu 1 ( 0ρu/0x) dx.
𝑑𝑡 ,- 𝜕𝑡 ,3
y

1. Governing Equations
Control volume

𝜌𝑢𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝜕
ρ u dy dz u + +∂ ( ρ u)𝜌𝑢
ρ𝜌𝑢 dx 𝑑𝑥
dy dz𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
∂x𝜕𝑥
dy
x

dz
Fig. 4.1 Elemental cartesian fixed
control volume showing the inlet dx
and outlet mass flows on the x faces. z

Face Mass flow in Mass flow out

𝑥 𝜌𝑢𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝜕
𝜌𝑢 + 𝜌𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝜕𝑥
𝑦 𝜌𝑣𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 𝜕
𝜌𝑣 + 𝜌𝑣 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
𝜕𝑦
𝑧 𝜌𝑤𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝜕
𝜌𝑤 + 𝜌𝑤 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 3
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𝜕𝑧
 Mass Conservation

𝜕𝜌
( 𝑑𝒱 + : 𝜌; 𝐴; 𝑉; <=> − : 𝜌; 𝐴; 𝑉; ;A =0
,- 𝜕𝑡 ; ;

1. Governing Equations
𝜕𝜌 𝜕 𝜕
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 + B 𝜌𝑢 + 𝜌𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 + 𝜌𝑣 + 𝜌𝑣 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 +
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕
𝜌𝑤 + 𝜌𝑤 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 C − 𝜌𝑢𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 + 𝜌𝑣𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 + 𝜌𝑤𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝜌 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
+ 𝜌𝑢 + 𝜌𝑣 + 𝜌𝑤 = 0
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

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 Mass Conservation

q General form

𝜕𝜌

1. Governing Equations
+ 𝛻 0 𝜌𝑉 = 0
𝜕𝑡

𝑑𝜌
+ 𝜌𝛻 0 𝑉 = 0
𝑑𝑡

q Incompressible flow

𝛻0𝑉 =0

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 Mass Conservation
Mass Conservation

1. Fundamentals and Conservation Equations

Gradient in different coordinates
Gradient in different coordinates
qCartesian
Cartesiancoordinates
coordinates

𝜕𝑘

1. Governing Equations
𝜕 𝜕
𝛻= 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

q
Cylindrical
Cylindricalcoordinates
coordinates
1
𝑟𝜕𝑒 𝑟1 𝜕𝑒 𝜕𝑒
𝛻= 𝑒⃗K + 𝑒⃗N + 𝑒⃗O
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧

q
Spherical Coordinates
Spherical coordinates
1 1
𝑒 𝑒 𝑒
𝑟𝜕 𝑟1 𝜕 1
𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜕
𝛻= 𝑒⃗K + 𝑒⃗N + 𝑒⃗T
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜙
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 Mass Conservation
Note!
q Cylindrical coordinates
𝜕𝑒⃗K 𝜕𝑒⃗K 𝜕𝑒⃗K
= 0, = 𝑒⃗N , =0

1. Governing Equations
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑒⃗N 𝜕𝑒⃗N 𝜕𝑒⃗N
= 0, = −𝑒⃗K , =0
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑒⃗O 𝜕𝑒⃗O 𝜕𝑒⃗O
= 0, = 0, =0
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧
q Spherical coordinates
𝜕𝑒⃗K 𝜕𝑒⃗K 𝜕𝑒⃗K
= 0, = 𝑒⃗N , = sin 𝜃𝑒⃗T
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜙
𝜕𝑒⃗N 𝜕𝑒⃗N 𝜕𝑒⃗N
= 0, = −𝑒⃗K = cos 𝜃𝑒⃗N
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜙
𝜕𝑒⃗T 𝜕𝑒⃗T 𝜕𝑒⃗T
= 0, = 0, = − cos 𝜃𝑒⃗N − sin 𝜃𝑒⃗K 7
𝜕𝑟
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 Mass Conservation
q Cartesian coordinates
𝜕𝜌 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
+ 𝜌𝑢 + 𝜌𝑣 + 𝜌𝑤 = 0
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

1. Governing Equations
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
+ + =0 (𝜌 = 𝑐𝑡𝑒)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

q Cylindrical coordinates
𝜕𝜌 1 𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕
+ 𝜌𝑟𝑣K + 𝜌𝑣N + 𝜌𝑣O = 0
𝜕𝑡 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧
1 𝜕 1 𝜕𝑣N 𝜕𝑣O
𝑟𝑣K + + =0 (𝜌 = 𝑐𝑡𝑒)
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧
q Spherical Coordinates
𝜕𝜌 1 𝜕 \
1 𝜕 1 𝜕
+ 𝜌𝑟 𝑣K + 𝜌𝑣N sin 𝜃 + 𝜌𝑣T = 0
𝜕𝑡 𝑟 \ 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜙
1 𝜕 \ 1 𝜕 1 𝜕𝑣T
𝑟 𝑣K + 𝑣 sin 𝜃 + =0 (𝜌 = 𝑐𝑡𝑒)
𝑟 \ 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜃 N 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜙
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