ASHOK MEMORIAL PUBLIC SCHOOL

ASHOKA ENCLAVE, FARIDABAD

Subject: Science
Class: X

All Chemical Reactions and Formulas

Ch. 1 CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS

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1. Combination Reaction: The reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new single
substance. e.g.
i. Burning of Coal
C(s) + O2(g )→ CO2(g) + heat + light
ii. Formation of water
2H2(g )+ O2(g) → 2H2 O(l)
iii. Cao(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq)
Quick lime slaked lime
Ca(OH)2, slaked lime, is used for white washing walls. It reacts with CO2 to form Calcium Carbonate
and gives a shiny finish to the walls.
Ca(OH)2(aq ) + CO2(g)→ CaCO3(s) + H2 O(l)

 Exothermic Reactions: Reaction in which heat is released along with the formation of products.
i. Burning of natural gas
CH4(g)+2O2(g)→CO2(g)+2H2O(g) +Heat
ii. Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
 Endothermic Reaction: The reactions which require energy in form of heat, light or electricity are
called endothermic reaction. All decomposition reactions are endothermic reactions.

2. Decomposition Reactions: The reaction in which a single substance decomposes to give two or more
substances. Decomposition reactions are of 3 types.
 Thermal decomposition: When a decomposition reaction is carried out by heating.

Lead nitrate Lead oxide Nitrogen dioxide

(White) (Brown fumes)
 Electrolytic Decomposition: When a decomposition reaction is carried out by electric current.
¿
H2 O current 2H2 + O2
 Photolytic decomposition: When decomposition is carried out in the presence of sunlight.

3. Displacement Reaction: The chemical reaction in which an element displaces another element from
its salt solution.
Fe(s) + CuSO4 (aq) → FeSO4 (aq) +Cu(s)
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 (blue) (green)
Fe (iron) being more reactive than Cu (copper) displaces it from CuSO4

4. Double Displacement Reaction: The reaction in which new compounds are formed by mutual
exchange of ions between two compounds.

A white substance is formed due to above reaction. The insoluble substance i.e., BaSO4 is called
precipitate.
5. Precipitation Reaction: Any reaction that produces a precipitate is called a precipitation reaction.

(Yellow ppt.)
6. Oxidation and Reduction:
Oxidation: Oxidation is the gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen
2Cu + O2 Heat
→
2CuO
CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O
When copper is heated a black colour appears. If this CuO is reacted with hydrogen gas then
again Cu becomes brown as reverse reaction takes place.
Reduction: Reduction is the loss of oxygen or gain of hydrogen.
Redox Reaction: The reaction in which one reactant gets oxidised while other gets reduced.

ZnO + C → Zn + CO
MnO2 + 4HCl → MnCl2 + 2H2 O + Cl2

 Corrosion: When a metal is attacked by substances around it such as moisture, acids etc.
i. Rusting of iron. i.e Reddish brown coating on iron of Fe2 O3 .xH2O (rust) is
formed.
ii. Black coating on Silver of Ag2 S (silver sulphide) is formed.
iii. Green coating on copper of CuCO3. Cu(OH)2 (basic copper carbonate) is
formed.
Rusting of iron can be prevented by painting, oiling the surface or by galvanization.

 Rancidity: When fats and oils are oxidised they become rancid and their smell and taste change.
Prevention:
i. Antioxidants are added to foods containing fats and oil.
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 ii. N2 is added to packet of chips to prevent oxidation of fats and oils.

CH.2 ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

Some naturally occurring acids
Vinegar Acetic Acid
Orange Citric Acid
Lemon Citric Acid
Tamarind Tartaric Acid
Tomato Oxalic Acid
Sour milk (Curd) Lactic Acid
Ant and Nettle sting Methanoic Acid

Acid – Base Indicators

S.No. Name of the Indicator Colour Change With Acid Colour Change with Base
A. Blue litmus solution To red No change
B. Red litmus solution No change To blue
C. Turmeric No change To red
D. Methyl orange To red To yellow
E. Phenolphthalein (colourless) No change To pink

1. Reaction of metal with acids and bases:

Acid+Metal→Salt+Hydrogen
2HC l+ Zn → ZnCl2 + H2
H2 SO4 + Zn → ZnSO4 + H2
 Pop test : When a burning candle is brought near a test tube containing hydrogen gas it burns
with a ‘Pop’ sound. This test is conducted for examining the presence of hydrogen gas.
Base + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen
NaOH + Zn → Na2 ZnO2 + H2
Sodium Zincate
2. Reaction of Acids with metal Carbonates and metal Hydrogen carbonates:
HCl + Na2 CO3 (aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2 O(l)
HCl + NaHCO3 → NaCl + CO2 + H2 O
 Lime water Test : On passing CO2 gas through lime water, lime water turns milky.
Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) → CaCO3(s) + H2 O(l)
White ppt.
When excess CO2 is passed, milkiness disappears.
CaCO3(s) + H2 O(l) + CO2(g) → Ca(HCO3)2 ( aq)
(soluble in water)
3. Reaction of acids and bases with each other to give salt and water are called Neutralization
Reactions.
Base + Acid → Salt + Water
NaOH(aq )+ HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2 O(l)
4. Reactions of metal oxides with acids
Metal Oxide + Acid → Salt + Water
CuO + HCl → CuCl2 + H2O
Blue-green colour
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 CaO + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O
Metallic oxides are said to be basic in nature because they give salt and water on reacting with acids.
Some metallic oxides react with both acids and base and are called amphoteric oxides.

5. Reaction of Non Metallic Oxide with Base:

Non-metallic oxide+ Base→→ Salt + Water
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3 + H2 O
Non Metallic oxides are said to be acidic in nature because on reacting with a base they produce salt
and water.
 All acidic solutions conduct electricity because of formation of H+ ions in aq. solution.

 Acids or bases in a Water Solution

Acids produce H+ ions in the presence of water.
HCl + H2 O → H3 O+ + Cl-
Hydronium ion.
H+ ion cannot exist alone. It exists as H+ (aq) or (H3O+) hydronium ion.
Base produce OH−(aq) ions in the presence of water.
NaOH(s) + H→2 O Na+(aq )+ OH−(aq)
 Alkali: An alkali is a base that dissolves in water.Common alkalis are NaOH, KOH
All alkalis are bases but all bases are not alkalis.
 Dilution of acids and bases: It is highly exothermic reaction. Precaution must be taken while
mixing acid or base with water. The acid must always be added to water with constant stirring. If
water is added to a concentrated acid, the heat generated may cause the mixture to splash out
and cause burns.
When an acid or a base is mixed with water they become dilute. This results in the decrease in
the concentration of H+ and OH- per unit volume in acids and bases respectively.
Salts :
S. No. Name of Salt Formula Derived from Derived from
1. Potassium Sulphate K2SO4 KOH H2SO4
2. Sodium Sulphate Na2SO4 NaOH H2SO4
3. Sodium Chloride NaCl NaOH HCl
4. Ammonium Chloride NH4Cl NH4OH HCl

Neutral Salts: Strong Acid + Strong base

pH value is 7
e.g.NaCl, CaSO4
Acidic Salts: Strong Acid + weak base
pH value is less than 7
eg. NH4 Cl, NH4 NO3
Basic Salts: Strong base + weak acid
pH value is more than 7
e.g.CaCO3, CH3 COONa
6. Sodium Hydroxide (Caustic soda)- NaOH: Prepared by passing electric current through aqueous
solution of NaCl (brine). This method is called chlor-alkali process because we get chlorine and an alkali
(NaOH) in this process.
2NaCl (aq) + 2H2 O(l) electric→current 2NaOH (aq) + Cl2 (g) + H2 (g)

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7. Bleaching Powder (Calcium oxy chloride) – CaOCl2
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2 O
Uses
i. For bleaching cotton and linen in textile industries, wood pulp in paper industry.
ii. Used as disinfectant of water.
iii. Used as an oxidising agent.
8. Baking Soda (Sodium hydrogen carbonate) – NaHCO3: It is mild corrosive base.
Preparation :
NaCl + H2O + CO2 + NH3 → NH4Cl + NaHCO3
Uses
1.Used in baking/cooking. On heating
NaHCO3 h eat
→
Na2 CO3 + H2 O + CO2
CO2 produced causes dough to rise and help to make cakes and pastries spongy.
2.Used as ingredients of antacids
3. Used in making baking powder
4. Used in soda-acid extinguishers.
9. Baking Powder: It is prepared by adding mild edible acid like tartaric acid or citric acid to baking
soda.It is used in making bread, cake etc. When baking powder mixes with water , CO 2 gas is evolved
which makes the bread or cake to rise and become soft and spongy.
NaHCO3 + H+ → CO2 + H2O + Sodium salt of acid
10. Washing Soda (Sodium carbonate)- Na2CO3: It is prepared by recrystallisation of sodium carbonate.
Na2 CO3 +10H2 O → Na2 CO3 .10H2 O
It is a basic salt used in
 Manufacturing of Borax.
 glass, soap and paper industries
 cleansing agent for domestic purposes.
 removing permanent hardness of water.
Water of Crytallization: fixed number of water molecules present in one formula unit of a salt. Eg:
 CuSO4.5H2O
 FeSO4. 7H2O
 CaSO4.2H2O
1
 CaSO4. H2O
2
11. Plaster of Paris (Calcium sulphate hemihydrates)- CaSO 4. ½ H2O: It is prepared on heating gypsum at
373 K, it loses water molecule and become POP.
CaSO4.2H2O 373 K CaSO4. 1 H2O +1 1 H2O
→ 2 2
When Plaster of Paris is mixed with water it changes to gypsum.

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 1 1
CaSO4. H2O +1 H2O → CaSO4.2H2O
2 2
Uses: Making toys, decorative material and smoothening surfaces, plaster for fractured bones.
CH.3 METALS AND NON-METALS

1. Reaction of Metals with air (oxygen): Metals combine with water to form metal oxide.
2Cu + O2 → 2CuO
4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
Amphoteric Oxides: Metal oxides which react with both acids as well as bases to form salt and
water. e.g. Al2O3 and ZnO
Al2 O3 + HCl → AlCl3 + H2 O
Al2 O3 + NaOH → NaAlO3 + H2 O
ZnO + HCl → ZnCl2 + H2 O
ZnO + NaOH → Na2ZnO2 + H2 O

2. Reaction of metals with water: Metals reacts with water to form metal oxide and hydrogen gas. Metal
oxides that are soluble in water further form hydroxide.

Na + H2 O → NaOH + H2
K +H2 O → KOH + H2
Ca + H2 O → Ca(OH)2 + H2
Mg + H2O → Mg(OH)2 + H2
In case of Ca and Mg, the metal starts floating in water due to bubbles of hydrogen gas sticking to its
surface.
3. Reaction of metals with acids: Metals displace hydrogen from dilute acids.
Fe + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2
Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
2Al + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 +3H2
Metals do not produce H2 gas when reacts with nitric acid because nitric acid is a strong oxidizing agent.
It oxidizes the hydrogen produced to water and itself reduced to oxide of nitrogen. However Magnesium
and manganese reacts with very dilute nitric acid to evolve hydrogen gas.

4. Reaction of metals with non-metals: When they react with each other they form ionic compounds by
loss and gain of electrons.

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Properties of ionic compounds:
 They are generally crystalline solids and hard due to the strong force of attraction between
positive and negative ions. They are generally brittle.
 They have high melting and boiling point as a large amount of energy is required to break the
strong interionic attraction.
 These are generally soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents like ether, kerosene, petrol
etc.
 They conduct electricity in the molten state as the electrostatic force of attraction between the
oppositely charged ions are overcome due to heat. They also conduct electricity when dissolved
in water as its solution in water contain ions.

5. Roasting: The sulphide ores are converted into metal oxide by heating strongly in the presence of air.
2ZnS + 3O2 h eat
→
2ZnO + 2SO2

6. Calcination: The carbonate ores are converted into metal oxide by heating strongly in the limited
supply or absence of air.
ZnCO3 h eat
→
ZnO+ CO2

Reduction of Metal Oxide: By using coke as a reducing agent.

ZnO + C → Zn + CO

Thermite Reaction: Reduction of a metal oxide to form metal by using Al powder as a reducing agent.
This process is used to join broken pieces of heavy iron objects or welding.

Fe2 O3 + 2Al h eat

→
2Fe + Al2 O3

CH.4 CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

1. Chemical properties of carbon compounds:

 Combustion: Carbon in all its allotropic forms burn in presence of oxygen to form carbon dioxide
with the evolution of heat and light energy.

C + O2 → CO2 + heat and light

CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + heat and light

CH3CH2OH + O2 → 2CO2 + H2O + heat and light

Saturated hydrocarbons give clean flame, E.g. L.P.G.

Unsaturated hydrocarbons gives a yellow flame with lots of black smoke.

 Oxidation: Alcohols can be converted into carboxylic acid in the presence of oxidizing agent,
alkaline KMnO4 (potassium permanganate) or acidified K2Cr2O7 (potassium dichromate).

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 ¿
CH3CH2OH Acidified K 2Cr 2O 7 CH3 COOH

Ethanol Ethanoic acid

 Addition Reaction: Unsaturated hydrocarbons add hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst such as
palladium or nickel to give saturated hydrocarbons.

 Substitution reaction: In saturated hydrocarbons, the hydrogen attached to carbon can be

replaced by another atom or group of atoms in presence of sunlight.

CH4 + Cl2 Sunlig

→
h t CH3Cl+HCl

CH3Cl + Cl2 Sunlig

→
h t CH2Cl2 + HCl

CH2Cl2 + Cl2 Sunlig

→
h t CHCl3 + HCl

CHCl3 + Cl2 Sunlig

→
h t CCl4 + HCl

2. Reaction of ethanol with Sodium:

CH3CH2OH + 2Na →2CH3CH2ONa + H2

Ethanol Sodium ethoxide

3. Reaction of ethanol to give unsaturated hydrocarbon: Heating ethanol at 443K with excess of conc.
H2SO4 results in the dehydration of ethanol to give ethane. Thus conc. H2SO4 acts as dehydrating agent in
this reaction.

CH3CH2OH Hot conc→. H 2 SO 4 CH2= CH2 + H2O

4. Reactions of Ethanoic Acid:

(i) Esterification reaction: Ethanoic acid reacts with absolute ethanol in the presence of an acid catalyst
to give an ester.

CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH Acid

→
CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2O

(ii) Saponification reaction: When ester (formed in the above reaction) heated with sodium hydroxide it
get hydrolyzed to give back parent alcohol and sodium salt of the carboxylic acid. This is called
saponification reaction.

CH3COOCH2CH3 + NaOH Heat

→
CH3COONa + C2H5OH

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 Sodium acetate

(iii) Reaction with base:

CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O

(iv) Reaction with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates:

2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 → 2CH3COONa + H2O + CO2

CH3COOH + NaHCO3 → CH3COONa + H2O + CO2

Ch.9 LIGHT-REFLECTION AND REFRACTION

FORMATION 0F IMAGE BY A CONCAVE MIRROR

Position of the object Position of the image Size of the image Nature of the image
Highly diminished,
At infinity At the focus F Real and inverted
point sized
Beyond the centre of curvature C Between F and C Diminished Real and inverted
At C At C Same size Real and inverted
Between C and F Beyond C Enlarged Real and inverted
Infinitely large or
At F At infinity Real and inverted
highly enlarged
Between the pole P of the mirror
Behind the mirror Enlarged Virtual and erect
and focus F

FORMATION OF IMAGE BY A CONVEX MIRROR

Nature of
Position of the object Position of the image Size of the image
the image
At the focus F, behind the Highly diminished Virtual and
At infinity
mirror point-sized erect
Between infinity and the pole P of Between P and F, behind Virtual and
Diminished
the mirror the mirror erect

Mirror Formula:

Here, f = focal length, u = object distance, v = image distance

Magnification:
The ratio of the size of the image to that of the object is called magnification. For a mirror, magnification (m) is
given by.
h'
m=
h
m = -v/u
h' v
m= =--
h u
here; m = magnification, h' = height of image, h = height of object, v = image distance and u = object distance.
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 Positive sign in magnification (m) and height of image (h’) indicates virtual and erect image.
Negative sign in magnification and height of image indicates real and inverted image.

Concave mirror Convex mirror

u Negative Negative
f Negative Positive
v Negative (Real) Positive (Virtual) Positive

IMAGE FORMATION BY A CONCAVE LENS

Position of object Position of the image Size of the image Nature of the image
At infinity At focus F1 Highly diminished Virtual and erect
(point sized)
Anywhere between infinity and optical Between F1 and O Diminished Virtual and erect
centre O

IMAGE FORMATION BY A CONVEX LENS

Position of object Position of the image Size of the image Nature of the image

At infinity At focus F2 Highly diminished Real and inverted

(Point sized)
Beyond 2F1 Between F2 and 2F2 Diminished (Smaller) Real and inverted

At 2F1 At 2F2 Same size Real and inverted

Between F1 and 2F1 Beyond 2F2 Enlarged Real and inverted
At Focus F1 At infinity Highly enlarged Real and inverted
Between F1 and O On the same side of lens Enlarged Virtual and erect
as the object

Lens formula:

h'
Magnification produced by a lens: m=
h

m= v/u

h' v
m= =
h u
Convex lens Concave lens
u Negative Negative
f Positive Negative
v Positive (real) Negative (virtual) Negative

Refractive Index: The ratio of speed of light in two different transparent media is called refractive index. The
refractive index of medium 1 relative to medium 2 is denoted by n12
speed of light ∈medium 2 v 2
n12 = =
speed of light ∈ medium1 v 1

Absolute Refractive Index (n):The refractive index of a medium with respect to vacuum.

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 speed of light ∈vacuum(c)
n=
speed of light ∈the medium(v)
c
n=
v
Power of a lens: It is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length.
1
P=
f
(taken f in meter)
S.I unit of power of a lens is dioptre (D) and is defined as the power of a lens whose focal length is 1metre.
The power of convex lens is positive.
The power of concave lens is negative.
The power of a lens is more if it has a short focal length.
Power of a combination of lenses:
P = P1 + P2 + P3 + …………….
Ch. 11 ELECTRICITY (FORMULAS)

Physical Quantity Symbol Formula S.I. Unit

Charge Q Q = ne Coulomb (C)
Here n = any integer
e = 1.602 x 10-19 C (charge on an
electron)
Current I Q Ampere (A)
I=
t

Potential difference V W Volt (V)

V=
Q

Work done W W = V×Q Joule (J)

Resistance R V Ohm (Ω)

R=
I

Resistance in terms of R l
R=ρ
resistivity A

Resistivity or Specific ρ A Ohm metre (Ω m)

ρ= R
resistance l
2
Heat produced H VIt or I Rt Joule (J)

Power P P = VI Watt (W)

P= I2 R
P = V2/R

Resistance in series Rs = R1+ R2 + …….+ Rn

combination
Resistance in parallel 1 1 1 1
= + + ………. +
combination Rp R 1 R 2 Rn
Ohm’s Law V = IR

Power in series 1 1 1
= + + ……….
Ps P 1 P 2
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 Power in parallel Pp=P1+P2+...........

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