DMBA103 – STATISTICS FOR MANAGEMENT

(Combined – Self Assessment Questions, Terminal Questions, Model Question Paper & Internal Assessment)

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Non Sampling errors include [a) bias b) mistakes c) both bias & mistakes d) none of these]
2. Which of the following factors does not affect the width of a confidence interval? [a) Sample size b)
Confidence desired c) Variability in the population d) Population size.]
3. Which of the following is not a forecasting model? [a) Trend method b) End-use method c) Correlation
Method d) Exponential Method]
4. What test would you use to determine whether a set of observed frequencies differ from their
corresponding expected frequencies? [a) The t test for dependent samples b) The Chi-Square test c) The t
test for independent samples d) The F test]
5. In which of the following situations would you like to use Statistics? [a) Buying a house, b) Purchasing
medicine prescribed by a doctor, c) Investing funds in several options, d) Attending relatives marriages]
6. Out of the following, which one does not refer to a mass of data? [a) Banking Statistics, b) Mathematical
Statistics, c) Agricultural Statistics, d) Income Statistics]
7. Which of the following statement is most appropriate? [a) Nature believed in statistics, b) Nature created
statistics, c) Nature believed in variation, d) Nature believed in symmetrical variation
8. Which of the following statement is true? [a) Statistics enlarges physical vision, b) Statistics helps in
estimation, c) Statistics quantifies uncertainty, d) Statistics is of no use to humanity.]
9. The origin of statistics can be traced to [a) State, b) Commerce, c) Economics, d) Industry]
10. According to the definition of Statistics given by Croxton and Cowden, what are the four components of
Statistics? Collection, Presentation, Analysis & Interpretation of data
11. ‘Statistics may be called the science of counting’ is the definition given by [a) Croxton, b) A.L. Bowley,
c) Boddington, d) Webster]
12. In the olden days statistics was confined only to state affair.
13. Mention some other areas where there is a scope of applying statistics. Industrial Quality control,
Investment policies, Find market potential for a product
14. Answer the following: a) Should the same degree of accuracy be applied while measuring the height of a
mountain and the height of a person? - No, b) Does Statistics deal with qualitative data? - No
15. Categorise the following data as qualitative or quantitative data a) The number of transactions occurring
in an ATM per day – Quantitative Data, b) The popular brand name in cars is Maruthi – Qualitative Data
16. The total sale of a product in Area A is 840 for 30 working days. The total sale of the same product in
Area B is 784 for 28 working days. Should Statistics be applied to get an appropriate picture regarding
the comparison of sales? Yes
17. What are the main stages in a survey? Planning and execution
18. Training of investigators belongs to which stage? Planning
19. Analysis of data is a part of the execution of survey. Is this correct? Yes
20. Classify the following as finite or infinite population. i) Production of a product in a factory for a day –
Finite population, ii) The set of rational numbers – Infinite population, iii) The weight of new born babies
measured up to first decimal place in a state during the first week of February 2008 – Finite population
21. Classify the following as an attribute or a variable. i) Eye colour of human beings – Attribute, ii) Number
of pages in a book of various subjects – Variable
22. Classify the following as discrete or continuous variable: i) Number of shares sold each day in a stock
market. – Discrete variable ii) Temperatures recorded every half hour at a regional meteorological centre.
– Continuous variable
23. Statistics can best be considered as: i) both Art and Science, ii) Art, iii) Science, iv) neither Art nor
Science
24. Data that possess numerical properties are known as: i) Quantitative data, ii) Qualitative data, iii) Primary
data, iv) Parametric data
25. A tool of all science in research and making an intelligent judgement is: i) Statistics, ii) Collection, iii)
Data, iv) Judgement
26. State whether the following data are Primary or Secondary.: i) An official of the Census Board of India is
preparing a report on census of population based on the survey data that is collected by the Census Board.
– Primary Data, ii) An HR representative of a software company is deciding on the time taken to perform
a particular job on a project on the basis of random observations collected by him. – Primary Data, iii) A
neurologist is examining the relationship between cigarette smoking and brain tumor based on the data
published in a famous neurology journal. – Secondary Data
27. When population under investigation is infinite, we should use: i) sample method, ii) census method, iii)
neither census nor sample method, iv) both a & b
28. State True or False: i) Census conducted by Government of India is an example of primary data. – True,
ii) TV News Bulletins gather information on any event through their agents. – True, iii) Schedules make
respondents record their answers. – False, iv) A covering letter to the questionnaire brings confidence in
respondents. – True, v) Questions in questionnaire should be lengthy. - False
29. State whether each of the following variables is qualitative or quantitative.: i) Age – Quantitative ii)
Gender – Qualitative iii) Class Rank – Qualitative iv) Number of people favouring the death penalty –
Quantitative
30. State whether each of the following variables is qualitative or quantitative and indicates the measurement
scale that is appropriate for each.: i) Annual sales – Quantitative, Ratio, ii) Soft drink size (small,
medium, large) – Qualitative, Nominal, iii) Employee classification (GSI through GSIS) – Qualitative,
Ordinal, iv) Earning per share – Quantitative, Ratio, v) Methods of payments (cash, check, credit card) –
Qualitative, Nominal
31. Classification is a systematic grouping of the units according to their common characteristics.
32. Classification reduces bulk of the data.
33. Classification of data that are non-measurable is known as attributes.
34. Classification done according to two attributes or variables is two-way classification.
35. Manifold classification involve more than two variables.
36. Data arranged according to time of occurrence is known as chronological classification.
37. Geographical classification means classification of data according to: i) Location ii) Time iii) Attributes
iv) Class intervals
38. Classification is a process of arranging the data into: i) Different columns ii) Different rows iii) Different
rows and columns iv) Groups of related facts in different classes
39. The data that can be classified on the basis of time is: i) Geographical ii) Chronological iii) Qualitative
iv) Quantitative
40. State True or False: i. Tabulation presents the data in a minimum space. – True ii. Tabulation is a process
of analysis – False iii. General purpose table deals with specific objectives. – False iv. Derived tables
deal with total, percentages, ratios, etc – True
41. If the data readings are 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, then it is called discrete variable. Height is generally continuous
variable.
42. There are five derived frequency distributions for any frequency distribution.
43. Width of class-interval is given by the difference between upper class limit and lower class limit.
44. There are two marginal distributions for a distribution.
45. Sturge’s formula is used to calculate the number of class-intervals.
46. The relative frequency distribution is obtained from frequency distribution by calculating f/N.
47. Diagrams give an accurate value. (True/False)
48. Pie diagram is drawn according to degree subtended at the centre of a circle. (True/False)
49. Simple bar diagram is drawn for multiple characteristics. (True/False)
50. The graph plotted in the form of series of rectangles is: i) Frequency ii) Frequency polygon iii) Pie iv)
Histogram
51. The diagram which are used to show percentages break down is: i) A circle ii) A square iii) A pie
diagram iv) A rectangle
52. A line graph indicates: i) Comparison ii) Variation iii) Range iv) All the above
53. Which of the following is not a type of bar chart? i) Multiple ii) Percentages iii) Subdivided iv) Ogive
54. State whether the following questions are ‘True’ or ‘False’.:- i. For a given set of values if we add a
constant 5 to every value, then the arithmetic mean is affected. – True, ii. Arithmetic mean can be
calculated for distribution with open-end classes. – False, iii. Arithmetic mean is affected by extreme
values. – True, iv. Arithmetic mean of 12, 16, 23, 25, 28, 32 is 22. – False
55. A single value within the range of the entire mass of data that is used to represent the whole data is [i)
Measures of Central tendency, ii) Statistics, iii) Measures of Dispersion iv) Skewness]
56. If X1, X2, X3, ………… Xn are a set of n values of a variate, then the mean is given by ∑Xi / n
57. Find the Arithmetic mean 68,41,75,91,53,86,59 [i) 67.57 ii) 47.57 iii) 37.57 iv) 27.57]
58. The average computed by considering the relative importance of each of values to the total value, is
called [i) Arithmetic mean ii) Geometric mean iii) Weighted arithmetic mean iv) Harmonic average.]
59. State whether the following questions are ‘True’ or ‘False’. i) Mode is based on all values – False ii)
Mode = 3 Median – Mean – False iii) Geometric mean is used when we are interested in rate of growth
of any phenomena. – True iv) Harmonic mean exists if one of the values is zero. – False v) A.M < G.M <
H.M for any two values ‘a’ and ‘b’. – False vi) Arithmetic mean can be calculated accurately even when
the distribution has open-end class. – False vii) Mode can be located graphically. – True viii) Mode is
used when data is on interval scale. – True
60. If the values of the variables are arranged in ascending order of magnitude, the middle term is i) mean ii)
mode iii) median iv) quartile
61. In a symmetrical distribution the mean, median and mode i) differ ii) coincide iii) mean-median = mode
iv) differ by 0.5
62. The relation between mean, median and mode is given by i) Mode= 3 Median-2 Mean ii) Mode=2 Mean-
Median iii) Mode= 3Median –Mean iv) Mode= Mean- Median
63. The harmonic mean of 30 and 20 is i) 25 ii) 24 iii) 20 iv) 30
64. If assumed mean A=32.5, i=8, ∑ fd =-13 and ∑f= 90: i) mean = 35.31 ii) mean=31.35 iii) mean = 33.15
iv) mean=35.35
65. In any distribution when the original items differ in size, the value of Arithmetic mean (AM), Geometric
mean (GM) and Harmonic mean(HM) would also differ in the following order i) AM>GM>HM ii)
AM=GM=HM iii) AM<HM<GM iv) AM.GM>HM
66. State whether the following questions are ‘True’ or ‘False’. i) Quartiles are positional value. – True ii)
Quartiles help us to find percentage of readings below or above a certain value. – True iii) Q2 = P50 =
D7 = Median – False
67. State whether the following questions are ‘True’ or ‘False’. i) The cost of living index numbers
calculated are based on weighted averages. – True ii) Many of the items which we use in our life can be
assigned weights. – True
68. State whether the following questions are ‘True’ or ‘False’ i. Standard deviation is based on all the
values. – True ii. Standard deviation of a set of values is increased if every value of the set is increased by
a constant. – False iii. Standard deviation can be calculated for distributions with open-end classes. –
False iv. Coefficient of variation can be used to compare the variability of two sets of data measuring the
same characteristics. – True
69. To which approach does the following probability estimates belong: [i. Probability that India will win the
game Relative Frequency, ii. Probability that Mr. Ram will resign from the post Subjective, iii.
Probability of drawing a red card Classical, iv. Probability that you will go to America this year
Subjective]
70. Find the probabilities in the following cases: i. Getting an even number when a die is thrown ½ ii.
Getting 53 Mondays in ordinary year 1/7
71. Given P(A) = 0.6, P(B) = 0.7, and P(A ∩ B) = 0.5. Find P(A U B)? 0.8
72. State whether the following questions are true or false: i. Bayes’ probability estimates sample value –
False ii. Conditional probability can incorporate costs – False iii. Bayes’ probability gives up to date
information – True
73. Fill in the blanks: i. For a random variable ∑ P(Xi) = 1. ii. Expectation of a random variable is same as
mean of the probability distribution of that variable. iii. Var (X) = E (X2) – [E(X)]2.
74. Place the number of the appropriate definition next to the item it describes: - [Set A - A. Statistic, B.
Parameter, C. Discrete conclusions concerning the population., E. Mutually exclusive, F. Zero, G.
Continuous, H. Inferential statistic] [Set B - 1. Do not contain the same outcome, 2. The use of sample
statistics to draw, 3. A numerical characteristic of a sample., 4. Only finite values can exist on the X
axis., 5. Sum of deviation around a mean., 6. Measurement may assume any value associated with
uninterrupted Scale, 7. A numerical characteristic of a population.] – A-3, B-7, C-4, E-1, F-5, G-6, H-2
75. The process of obtaining information about an entire population by examining only a part of its is known
as i) statistics ii) sampling iii) survey iv) selection
76. The simplest way of increasing the accuracy of a sample is to increase its i) Size ii) interviewer iii)
population iv) universe.
77. The term error in statistics is i) mistakes ii) bias iii) both bias & mistakes iv) difference between the value
of a statistics and that of the corresponding parameter
78. Which of the following property is not a desirable property of a point estimation: i) Consistency ii)
Efficiency iii) Sufficiency iv) Bias
79. Which of the following is most relevant for deriving a point estimate? i) Sample size ii) Confidence
desired iii) Variability in the population iv) Population size.
80. A sample distribution is the distribution of a ______________. i) Parameter ii) Mean iii) Proportion iv)
Statistic
81. The standard deviation of a sample mean is called __________. i) Sample error ii) Standard deviation iii)
Standard error iv) None of the above
82. What is the appropriate test to use if you want to determine whether there is evidence that the proportion
of successes is higher in group 1than in group 2 and we have obtained independent samples from the two
groups? i) The Z test ii) The Chi -Square test, iii) Both of the above, iv) None of the above
83. Which of the following values cannot occur in a Chi-Square distribution? i) 100.0, ii) 38.4, iii) 0.61, iv) -
2.45
84. When using the chi-square test for differences in two proportions with a contingency table that has r rows
and c columns, how many degrees of freedom will the test statistic have? i) n – 1, ii) n1 + n n2 - 2, iii) (r -
1) x (c - 1), iv) (r - 1) + (c – 1)
85. When testing for the independence in a contingency table with 3 rows and 4 columns, how many the
degrees of freedom will the test statistic have? i) 5 ii) 6 iii) 7 iv) 12
86. Which of the following is true about the Chi-Square distribution? i) It is a skewed distribution, ii) Its
shape depends on the number of degrees of freedom, iii) As the degrees of freedom increase, the Chi-
Square distribution becomes more symmetrical, iv) All of the above
87. What other name is used for a contingency table? i) A cross-classification table, ii) An ANOVA table, iii)
A histogram, iv) None of the above
88. The basic assumption in Linear Trend Method of forecasting is: i) Rate of growth is constant from year to
year, ii) Absolute growth is constant from year to year, iii) Rate of change is constant from year to year,
iv) Absolute growth changes is constant from year to year
89. Which of the following methods is most suited for forecasting of capital goods and machinery? i) Trend,
ii) Correlation & Regression, iii) End-Use Method, iv) Time Series Analysis
90. Answer to which of the following question is not related to planning or Budgeting exercise? i) Where we
are? ii) How did we reach here? iii) Why we reached here? iv) Where we ought to reach?
91. State whether the following statements are ‘True’ or ‘False’. i) The sum of probabilities sometimes will
be greater than 1. – False ii) The amount of time you study for an exam is a discrete random variable. –
False iii) The Bernoulli distribution has only one parameter ‘p’. – True
92. State whether the following statements are ‘True’ or ‘False’. i) Mean of binomial distribution is ‘npq’. –
False ii) ‘n’ and ‘p’ are the parameters of Binomial distribution. – True iii) If the mean and variance of a
 Binomial distribution are 6 and 5, then p = 1/6. – True iv) Each trial in a binomial experiment has the
different probability of success ‘p’. – False
93. State whether the following statements are ‘True’ or ‘False’ i) ‘X’ is a Poisson variate if p < 0.1 and n >
10. – True ii) Poisson distribution is a unimodal distribution. – True
94. State whether the following statements are ‘True’ or ‘False’. i) Quartile deviation of normal distribution
is 4/ 5 . – False ii) Mean and standard deviation of Standard normal distribution are ‘1’ and ‘0’. – False
iii) Mean, Median and Mode coincide in a normal distribution. – True
95. State whether the following statements are True or False. i) Population is aggregate of objects under
study. – True ii) Sampling method consume time and resources. – False iii) Population is a subset of
sample. – False iv) An unbiased sample gives an accurate prediction of characteristics of an entire
population. – True v) The standard deviation of sampling distribution of a statistic is known as standard
error of that statistic. – True vi) Standard error is used as a reliability measure. – True vii) Faulty
selection of sample contributes to sampling error. – True viii) Personal bias increases the non-sampling
errors. – True ix) Unbiased errors are cumulative in nature. – False
96. State whether the following statements are true ‘T’ or false ‘F’. i) Sample in which units are selected by
judgment is known as probability sample. – False ii) Judgment sampling does not give representativeness
of a sample. – True iii) Large sample size always results in minimising the standard error. – True iv) A
sampling plan that divides the population into well-defined groups from which random samples are
drawn is known as cluster sampling. – False v) The principles of simple random sampling are the
theoretical basis for statistical inference. – True vi) If the mean of a certain population is 20, it is likely
that most of the sample means will be 20. – False vii) Any sampling distribution can be totally described
by its mean and standard deviation. – False viii) The central limit theorem assures the sampling
distribution of the mean approaches normal distribution as the sample size increases. – True ix) Stratified
sampling is used when each group considered are more homogenous within itself and heterogeneous
between group. – True
97. Null hypothesis states that there is a significant difference between observed and hypothetical values.
(True/False)
98. 1% level of significance means we are ready to reject a true hypothesis in 99% of cases. (True/False)
99. If the Null hypothesis H0: = X or H0: p = ps or H0: 1 = 2 or H0: p1 = p2 then it is two-tailed test.
(True/False)
100. If the calculated value of a statistic is not in the rejection region R, then Ho is accepted. (True/False)
101. 1 - is called power of the test. (True/False)
102. If n1 = 300, n2 = 500, 1 = 50, 2 = 60, 1 = 10, 2 = 12 are results of two samples taken from two
cities A and B then we test for between means under different population. (True/False)
103. If n < 30, then we do not apply z test unless, population S.D is known. (True/False)
104. t’ distribution is continuous probability distribution.
105. ‘t’ distribution’s parameter is degrees of freedom.
106. The mean and variance of the ‘t’ distribution are zero and greater than one.
107. x2 – test is a non-parametric test.
108. A table with 4 rows and 2 columns has the degrees of freedom of 3.
109. x2 – test is wholly based on sample data.
110. If there are four rows and five columns in classification for x2 – test, then the number of degrees of
freedom equal to 12.
111. If the calculated x2 value is less than the tabulated x2 value, then the null hypothesis is not rejected.
112. State whether the following statements are ‘True’ or ‘False’. i) Analysis variance is useful to test several
means. – True ii) Another tool applied to test several means is Z/t–test. – False iii) F-ratio is always
calculated with respect to mean square error. – True iv) The F-distribution curve depends on the degrees
of freedom. – True v) In applying analysis of variance, the sample sizes must be equal. – False vi) In one-
way ANOVA, the null hypothesis always states that all the population means are different. – True vii)
The F-statistic is the ratio of variance between the samples to the variance within the samples. – True
113. If we take only one factor and investigate the difference amongst its various categories having numerous
possible values, we are said to use: i) Two-way ANOVA, ii) One-way ANOVA, iii) Multi-way ANOVA,
iv) Four-way ANOVA
114. The sum of squares for variance between samples is 8 and the sum of squares for variance within
samples is 24, then the sum of squares for total variance is: i) 16 ii) 32, iii) 48, iv) 8
115. A test used as a test of goodness fit is: i) Chi-square test, ii) Z-test, iii) t-test, iv) u-test
116. A test used to compare the variance of the two independent samples is: i) F- test, ii) Z- test, iii) t - test,
iv) u –test
117. State whether the following statements are ‘True’ or ‘False’. i. Scatter diagram does not give us a
quantitative measure of correlation coefficient. – True ii. Correlation estimates the value of one variable
from the knowledge of the other. – False iii. Correlation coefficient is an absolute measure. – False
118. State whether the following statements are ‘True’ or ‘False’. 1. Forecast is an estimate based solely on
past data of the series under investigation. – False 2. In time series analysis method a comparative study
of variations can be made. – True 3. In exponential smoothing, old observations are given increasing
exponential weightage. – False
119. State ‘True’ or ‘False’. i) ‘The prices of cooking oils reduce after the harvesting of oil seeds and go up
after some time’ is an example of cyclic variations in a time series. – False ii) The effect of national
strikes, floods, earthquakes are examples of random variations in time series. – True
120. Fill in the following blanks. i) A set of numerical value observed at regular interval of time is called time
series. ii) Long term movements in time series are called secular trend. iii) Variations that occur within a
year are known as seasonal variations. iv) Semi averages method is used to measure trend. v) Method of
moving averages does not show any functional relationship.

LONG & SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Mention the characteristics of Statistics. – Unit 1 Page 13 to 14

2. Give the meaning of the word Statistics. – Unit 1 Page 8
3. What are the limitations of Statistics? – Unit 1 Page 18
4. What are the functions of Statistics? – Unit 1 Page 15 to 17
5. What is the importance of Statistics in modern business environment? – Unit 1 Page 3 to 6
6. Explain any two applications of Statistics. – Unit 1 Page 12 to 13
7. What is statistical survey? – Unit 2 Page 27
8. Enumerate the factors which should be kept in mind for proper planning. – Unit 2 Page 28
9. Explain the various scale of measurements in detail. – Unit 2 Page 50
10. What do you understand by the unit of measurement? Explain with examples. – It refers to the unit of the
population on which measurements are made, for example, the height of employees in an office.
Employees are individuals or units. Height is the measurement made on them.
11. Distinguish between: a) Primary and secondary data – Data collected for the first time by the investigator
is primary data. Data collected by some other persons but used by the investigator for his/her study is
known as secondary data. (Page 45), b) Direct and indirect investigation – Direct investigations are
carried out directly by the investigator. Investigation conducted through mail questionnaire is called
indirect investigation., c) Questionnaire and schedule – Questionnaires contain simple questions and are
filled by respondents. Schedules also contain questions, but responses are recorded directly by the
investigator.
12. Define independent events. – Unit 5 Page 221
13. What are the assumptions under which binomial distribution is applied? – Unit 6 Page 265 to 266
14. Give real life examples of Poisson variate. – Unit 6 Page 276
15. Write short notes on Normal distribution. – Unit 6 Page 284 to 286
16. Discuss the errors that arise in statistical survey. – Unit 7 Page 314 to 315
17. Describe simple random sampling. – Unit 7 Page 316 to 318
 18. Describe systematic sampling. – Unit 7 Page 319 to 320
19. What is quota sampling and when do we use it? – Unit 7 Page 322
20. What are the basic principles on which sampling theory is based? – Unit 7 Page 310 to 312
21. Explain about the sampling distributions of a static and its standard error. – Unit 7 Page 312 to 315
22. Explain the following: – Unit 7 a) Probability Sampling and Non-Probability Sampling – Page 316 to 323
b) Systematic sampling and Cluster Sampling – Page 319 to 320 c) Advantages of Probability Sampling
over Non-probability Sampling – Page 316 to 323 d) Census vs. sample
23. What is regression analysis? Explain steps of performing regression analysis in detail? – Unit 12 Page
461
24. What is business forecasting? – Unit 13 Page 475
25. Explain the objectives of business forecasting. – Unit 13 Page 475 to 476
26. Explain the steps involved in forecasting. – Unit 13 Page 477 to 478
27. Explain the characteristics of business forecasting. – Unit 13 Page 477
28. Differentiate between prediction, projection and forecasting. – Unit 13 Page 476
29. Describe the limitations of business forecasting. – Unit 13 Page 489
30. Explain the main methods of business forecasting. – Unit 13 Page 478 to 484
31. Critically examine the important theories of business forecasting. – Unit 13 Page 484 to 487
32. What is meant by analysis of time series? – Unit 14 Page 497
33. State the difference between seasonal variations and cyclical fluctuations. – Unit 14 Page 498 to 499
34. What is trend? State various methods of measuring it. – Unit 14 Page 499 to 510
35. Explain the moving average method of measuring long term trend. – Unit 14 Page 502 to 506
36. What are the components of time series? Bring out the significance of moving average in analysing a
time series and point out its limitations. – Unit 14 Page 498 to 499 & 506
37. What is meant by secular trend? Discuss any two methods of isolating trend values in a time series. –
Unit 14 Page 498
38. What is seasonal variation of a time series? Describe the various methods you know to evaluate it and
examine their relative merits. – Unit 14 Page 513 to 516
39. What is index number? State its utility. – Unit 15 Page 526 to 527 & 544 & 549
40. Discuss the problems of: a. Selection of the base year, b. Selection of weights in the construction of index
numbers – Unit 15 Page 530 to 532
41. What are the characteristics of an index number? – Unit 15 Page 529 to 530
42. Explain the components of index numbers in detail. – Unit 15 Page 530 to 532

UNITS

Unit 1 – Introduction to Statistics

Unit 2 – Statistical Survey
Unit 3 – Classification, Tabulation and Presentation of Data
Unit 4 – Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion
Unit 5 – Theory of Probability
Unit 6 – Theoretical Probability Distributions
Unit 7 – Sampling and Sampling Distributions
Unit 8 – Estimation
Unit 9 – Testing of Hypothesis in Case of Large and Small Samples
Unit 10 – Chi-square Test
Unit 11 – F-Distribution and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Unit 12 – Simple Correlation and Regression
Unit 13 – Business Forecasting
Unit 14 – Time Series Analysis
Unit 15 – Index Number