BIOLOGY QUESTION BANK : STD XII (2012-13)

Chapter 5: Principles of heredity and variation

MCQs
1) Who is recognised as father of Genetics?
a. Darwin b. Mendel c. De Vries d. Morgan
2) Sahiwal cows in Punjab is a good example of:
a. Hybridisation experiment
b. Mutation
c. Artificial selection and domestication from wild cows
d. Chromosomal theory of inheritance
3) Mendel carried out hybridization experiments on:
a. Edible pea b. Wild pea c. Garden pea d. All of the above
4) Mendel carried out hybridization experiments for seven years during the period:
a. 1900-1907 b. 1865-1872 c. 1756-1763 d. 1856-1863
5) Mendel’s results of hybridization experiments have greater credibility because of:
a. large sampling size
b. application of statistical analysis & mathematical logic
c. confirmation of results by experiments on successive generations
d. All of the above
6) Mendel studied 7 pairs of contrasting characters for his breeding experiments. Which of
the following characters he did not study?
a. Plant height b. Pod colour c. Pod shape d. Leaf shape
7) Which of the following statements is correct about traits chosen by Mendel?
a. Terminal pod is dominant b. Constricted pod is dominant
c. Green coloured pod is dominant d. Tall plants are recessive
8) Why were pea plants more suitable than dogs for Mendel’s experiments?
a. There were no pedigree records of dogs
b. Pea plants can be self pollinated
c. Dogs have many genetic traits
d. All pea plants are diploid
9) Mendel started his studies with plants that were:
a. true breeding b. xenogamous c. filial d. multicarpellary
10) A true breeding line is the one that:
a. has undergone continuous self pollination
b. shows stable trait inheritance for several generations
c. shows stable expression for several generations
d. All of the above
11) The term ‘gene’ was given by:
a. Bateson b. Johannsen c. Punnet d. Darlington
12) The term ‘gene’ refers to:
a. a sequence of amino acids b. a linkage group
c. a part of tRNA d. a portion of DNA
13) Alleles represent:
a. different forms of a gene b. same loci on homologous chromosomes
c. two or more forms of a gene d. all of the above
14) The allele which is unable to express its effect in presence of another is called:
a. Co-dominant b. Complimentary c. Dominant d. Recessive
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 BIOLOGY QUESTION BANK : STD XII (2012-13)
Chapter 5: Principles of heredity and variation

15) An organism with two unlike genes of a trait is called:

a. Homozygous b. Heterozygous c. Dominant d. Recessive
16) Homozygous and heterozygous are the terms related to:
a. Gene b. Allele c. Phenotype d. Genotype
17) Two individuals with similar external appearance but different genetic makeup have the
similar:
a. Genotype b. Phenotype c. Heterozygote d. Homozygote
18) An individual with two identical alleles of a trait is called:
a. Dominant b. Hybrid c. Homozygous d. Heterozygous
19) The explanation of Mendel’s observation that factors occur in pairs is: GCET
a. Nowadays we call factors as ‘genes’.
b. During fertilization, there is triple fusion.
c. In a diploid organism, there are 2 copies of each gene.
d. Factors are made up of DNA.
20) Which of the following kinds of pollination COULD NOT have been used for obtaining
Mendel’s true breeding line? GCET
a. Chasmogamy b. Cleistogamy c. Geitonogamy d. Xenogamy
21) When Mendel obtained a ratio of 3:1 of Tall:Dwarf plants, he: GCET
a. Crossed true-breeding tall and dwarf plants.
b. Self pollinated tall and dwarf plants.
c. Self pollinated the F1 progeny of a cross between true-breeding tall and dwarf
plants.
d. Crossed the F2 progeny of a cross between true breeding tall and dwarf plants.
22) In a Mendelian Monohybrid cross, the F2 generation shows the phenotypic ratio of:
a. 1:2:1 b. 3:1 c. 9:3:3:1 d. 9:2:2:1
23) In Mendel’s experiments, a cross between true breeding tall and dwarf pea plants
results in -------------------------- plants in the F1 generation.
a. dwarf b. intermediate c. homozygous d.tall
24) From a single ear of corn, a farmer planted 200 kernels which produced 140 tall and
40 short plants. The genotypes of these offspring are most likely to be:
a. TT and Tt only b. TT, Tt and tt
c. Tt and tt only d. TT and tt only
25) A cross is made between the two organisms both of which have a genetic makeup of
‘Bb’ for a particular trait, and two offspring are produced. The first offspring exhibits
the dominant trait. What is the probability that the second offspring will exhibit the
recessive trait?
a. ¼ b. 100% c. ¾ d. Zero
26) How many different kinds of eggs could be produced by a pea plant which is a pure line
for green seeds?
a. 1 b. 2 c. 4 d. 8
27) In humans, blue eye colour (bb) is recessive to brown eye colour (BB). A brown eyed
man has a blue eyed mother. What could be the possible genotypes of his father?
a. BB or bb b. bb only c. BB only d. BB or Bb

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Chapter 5: Principles of heredity and variation

28) In a monohybrid cross, two heterozygous individuals were crossed, phenotypic ratio
comes to be 2:1. It is due to:
a. Dominant lethal genes in a homozygous condition
b. Dominant lethal gene in a heterozygous condition
c. Dominant epistasis
d. None of the above
29) Two crosses between the same pair of genotype and phenotype in which the sources of
gametes are reversed in one cross, is known as:
a. Dihybrid cross b. Reciprocal cross c. Reverse cross d. Test cross
30) Mendel was successful in formulating the laws of inheritance whereas his predecessors
were not because:
a. of the right choice of material
b. he studied one clear cut character at a time with no intermediates
c. the characters studied by him were present on separate chromosomes and
showed no linkage
d. All of the above
31) Mendel’s law of dominance defines characters that are controlled by discrete units called
‘factors’ that occur in pairs. These factors are --------------- and occur in pairs because the
pea plants are --------------------. (Fill in the blanks using the pair of options in each
alternative.) GCET
a. Chromosomes, True breeding b. Genes, Diploid
c. DNA, Xenogamous d. Alleles, Homozygous
32) Mendel formulated law of segregation on the basis of:
a. Test cross b. Reciprocal cross c. Monohybrid cross d. Dihybrid cross
33) If a test cross of a plant with purple flowers is carried out and the result obtained is that
all flowers are violet, it can be inferred that the plant had the following genotype: GCET
a. WW b. Ww c. ww d. Vv
Alternative
If a test cross of a plant with Violet flowers is carried out and the result obtained is that
all flowers are violet, it can be inferred that the plant had the genotype:
a. VV b. Vv c. vv d. Ww
34) In the monohybrid cross of tall and dwarf plants, Mendel found the genotype of his tall
plants of the F2 generation by: GCET
a. A dihybrid cross with a homozygous offspring
b. A test cross with the dominant parent
c. A monohybrid cross with a heterozygous offspring
d. A test cross with the recessive parent
35) An allele is called dominant if it expresses itself in:
a. homozygous condition only
b. heterozygous condition only
c. homozygous as well as heterozygous condition
d. absence of recessive allele only
36) Genotype tt is crossed with Tt. What will be the characteristic of offspring?
a. 75% recessive b. 50% recessive c. 25% recessive d. 100% dominant

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Chapter 5: Principles of heredity and variation

37) Results of a test cross showed 1:1 ratio of dominant and recessive phenotypes. Hence the
unknown genotype of the dominant phenotype is:
a. Homozygous dominant b. Homozygous recessive
c. Heterozygous d. Recombination
38) Genotype tt is crossed with TT. What will be the characteristic of offspring?
a. 75% recessive b. 50% recessive c. 25% recessive d. 100% dominant
39) Unknown genotype of a dominant phenotype can be found by:
a. Monohybrid cross b. Reciprocal cross c. Dihybrid cross d. Test cross
40) Two pea plants were subjected to cross pollination. Of the 183 plants produced in the
next generation, 94 plants were found to be tall and 91 plants were found to be dwarf.
The genotypes of the two parental plants are likely to be:
a. TT and tt b. Tt and Tt c. Tt and tt d. TT and TT
41) In incomplete dominance, the F2 generation shows the phenotypic ratio of:
a. 1:2:1 b. 3:1 c. 9:3:3:1 d. 9:2:2:1
42) The F2 generation shows phenotypic ratio same as genotypic ratio in:
a. Co-dominance b. Incomplete dominance
c. Mendelian monohybrid cross d. Mendelian dihybrid cross
43) Inheritance of flower colour in Dog flower / Snapdragon/Antirrhinum species is an
example of:
a. Incomplete dominance b. Co-dominance c. Multiple alleles d. Pleiotropy
44) Which of the following phenotypes show incomplete dominance? GCET
a. Red and White coloured dog flowers
b. Yellow and Green coloured pea seeds
c. Round and Wrinkled pea seeds
d. Tall and short pea plants
45) If a monohybrid cross in the plant Snapdragon is carried out and the colours of the
flowers observed, the results would be: GCET
a. A phenotypic ratio of Red : Pink : White = 1:2:1
b. A genotypic ratio of RR : Rr : rr = 1:2:1
c. An example of incomplete dominance
d. All of the above
46) ABO blood groups in human beings is an example of:
a. Incomplete dominance b. Complete dominance
c. Codominance d. Haemophilia
47) Blood group ‘O’ has:
a. one glycoprotein on RBC b. two glycoproteins on RBC
c. no glycoprotein on RBC d. None of the above
48) A man with genotype ‘IAIB’ has blood group:
a. ‘A’ b. ‘B’ c. ‘AB’ d. ‘O’
49) A man with genotype ‘IAi’ has blood group:
a. ‘A’ b. ‘B’ c. ‘AB’ d. ‘O’
B
50) A man with genotype ‘I i’ has blood group:
a. ‘A’ b. ‘B’ c. ‘AB’ d. ‘O’
51) A man with genotype ‘ii’ has blood group:
a. ‘A’ b. ‘B’ c. ‘AB’ d. ‘O’

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Chapter 5: Principles of heredity and variation

52) Genes located at the same locus but having different expressions are:
a. Alleles b. Oncogenes c. Polygenes d. Co-dominants
53) ABO blood grouping is an example of multiple alleles as 3 alleles govern the same
character. This is not contradictory to the concept that factors occur in pairs since: GCET
a. The gene I has 3 alleles, IA , IB , and i
b. The plasma membrane of RBCs has sugar polymers
c. ABO blood grouping is a population phenomenon
d. There are 4 different phenotypes in blood groups
54) In a cross with co-dominant alleles viz. ABO blood groups, since there are three different
alleles, the number of phenotypes and genotypes possible are respectively: GCET
a. Six and Four b. Three and Six c. Four and Six d. Six and Three
55) A person with blood group ‘A’ has:
a. Antigen A and Antibody B b. Antigen B and Antibody A
c. No antibodies and no antigens d. Antigens A and B and no antibodies
56) Which of the following statements is correct for blood group ‘O’?
a. No antigens but both A and B antibodies are present
b. No antibodies but both A and B antigens are present
c. Antigens and antibodies both are absent
d. Antigens A and B as well as antibodies A and B present
57) In a Mendelian dihybrid cross, the F2 generation shows the phenotypic ratio of:
a. 1:2:1 b. 3:1 c. 9:3:3:1 d. 9:2:2:1
58) In a dihybrid cross between a pea plant having round yellow seeds and wrinkled green
seeds, the number of phonotypes in the F1 generation is: GCET
a. Two b. Three c. Four d. One
59) Gametes of ‘AaBb’ individual can be:
a. Aa and Bb b. AB and ab c. Ab, AB and aB d. AB, Ab, aB and ab
60) Gene P and Q are necessary for normal hearing. A deaf man marries a deaf woman and
all their children have normal hearing. The genotypes of the parents are:
a. PPqq × PPqq b. Ppqq × ppQq c. PPqq × ppQQ d. ppQQ × ppQq
61) A plant with AaBb composition, on self pollination, results in which of the following
genetic frequencies among the dominant phenotypes?
a. 1:2:2:4 b. 1:2:2:1 c. 1:1:1:1 d. 2:2:2:3
62) From a cross AABB × aaBB, following genotypic ratio will be obtained in F1 generation:
a. 1 AaBB : 3 aaBB b. 3 AaBB : 1 aaBB c. All AABB d. All AaBB
63) Which genotype characterises an organism that is heterozygous for two genes?
a. RRYy b. RrYY c. RRYY d. RrYy
64) Mendel’s law of independent assortment is:
a. applicable to all genes on all chromosomes
b. applicable to all dominant genes
c. applicable when genes are on the same chromosomes
d. not applicable when genes are on the same chromosomes
65) Independent assortment of genes does NOT take place when:
a. genes are located on homologous chromosomes
b. genes are linked and located on the same chromosome
c. genes are located on non-homologous chromosomes
d. all of the above
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Chapter 5: Principles of heredity and variation

66) The independent assortment of two pairs of genes located on non-homologous

chromosomes, occurs as a result of the random orientation of chromosomes during:
a. metaphase of the first meiotic division
b. telophase of the first meiotic division
c. the brief interphase between the two meiotic divisions
d. prophase of the second meiotic division
67) How many different types of gametes can be formed by F1 progeny, resulting from
the following cross? ( AABBCC x aabbcc ) :
a. 3 b. 8 c. 9 d. 64
68) Mendel’s work was published in the year:
a. 1900 b. 1902 c. 1865 d. 1953
69) Mendel’s laws were rediscovered by:
a. Correns b. Tshermark c. De Vries d. All of the above
70) Which of the following scientists is not associated with rediscovery of Mendelism?
a. Hugo de Vries b. Erich Von Tschemark
c. Carl Correns d. H. J. Muller
71) The chromosomal theory of inheritance was proposed by:
a. De Vries b. Gregor Mendel c. Walter Sutton d. T.H. Morgan
72) Experimental verification of chromosomal theory of inheritance was done by:
a. De Vries b. Gregor Mendel c. Walter Sutton d. T.H. Morgan
73) Thomas Hunt Morgan carried out hybridization experiments on:
a. Garden Pea b. Snapdragon c. Vicia faba d. Fruit fly
74) The number of pairs of chromosomes in Drosophila melanogaster is:
a. Six b. Five c. Four d. Three
75) The genes which are very tightly linked, show:
a. higher recombination. b. very low recombination.
c. moderate recombination. d. no recombination.
76) When a cluster of genes shows linkage behavior, they:
a. do not show independent assortment b. do not show a chromosome map
c. show recombination during meiosis d. induce cell division
77) Crossing over occurs during:
a. Pachytene b. Diplotene c. Diakinesis d. Leptotene
78) The phenomenon of exchange of segments between paternal and maternal chromosomes
is called:
a. Linkage b. Recombination c. Crossing over d. Segregation
79) Strength of linkage is inversely proportional to distance between:
a. chromosomes b. genes c. telomeres d. chromatids
80) Two genes found in Drosophila melanogaster have a very low recombination frequency.
This could be because: GCET
a. They are loosely linked
b. They are close to each other on different chromosomes
c. They segregate independently of each other
d. They are close to each other on a chromosome
81) Mendel did not include in his discoveries:
a. Dominance b. Segregation / Purity of gametes
c. Linkage d. Independent assortment
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Chapter 5: Principles of heredity and variation

82) In an organism having female heterogamety, the sex of the offspring is determined by:
a. the male parent b. the female parent
c. both male and female parent d. neither parent
83) ZW type of sex determination is an example of:
a. male heterogamety b. mutation c. female heterogamety d. homogamety
84) XO type of sex determination is an example of:
a. male heterogamety b. mutation c. female heterogamety d. homogamety
85) XY type of sex determination is shown by:
a. Drosophila b. Birds c. Grasshopper d. None of the above
86) ZW type of sex determination is shown by:
a. Drosophila b. Birds c. Grasshopper d. Human beings
87) XO type of sex determination is shown by:
a. Drosophila b. Birds c. Grasshopper d. Human beings
88) A study of sex chromosomes of a female organism showed heterogamety. This organism
is most likely to be a: GCET
a. Human b. Drosophila c. Chicken d. Grasshopper
89) Genes located on Y chromosome are:
a. Mutant genes b. Autosomal genes c. Sex linked genes d. Recessive genes
90) A man receives his X chromosome from:
a. his mother only b. his father only
c. both his mother and father d. either his mother or his father
91) Twenty two pairs of similar chromosomes in human beings are called as:
a. Sex chromosomes b. X chromosomes c. Autosomes d. Genomes
92) Which of the following is a strong mutagen?
a. Cold b. Heat c. Water d. Radiations
93) A classical example of point mutation is:
a. Down’s syndrome b. Sickle cell anemia
c. Turner’s syndrome d. Cancer
94) The phenomena that lead to variation in DNA are:
a. Replication and Recombination b. Recombination and Mutation
c. Mutation and Replication d. Replication and Packaging of DNA
95) After mutation at a genetic locus, the character of an organism changes due to the
change in:
a. DNA replication b. Protein synthesis pattern
c. RNA transcription pattern d. Protein structure
96) Haploids are preferred over diploids for mutation studies because in haploids:
a. Recessive mutations express immediately
b. Dominant mutations express immediately
c. Mutations are readily induced
d. Tissue culture is easy
97) Ancestral history of an individual regarding particular characteristics is called his/her:
a. Genotype b. Phenotype
c. Karyotype d. Pedigree chart

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 BIOLOGY QUESTION BANK : STD XII (2012-13)
Chapter 5: Principles of heredity and variation

98) The pedigree shown could be of a family having: GCET

a. Phenylketonuria b. Haemophilia
c. Myotonic dystrophy d. Down’s syndrome
99) X-linked recessive gene is:
a. always expressed in male b. always expressed in female
c. lethal d. never expressed
100) Sickle cell anaemia is:
a. an autosome linked recessive trait b. a sex linked recessive disease
c. an inborn error of metabolism d. a chromosomal disorder
101) In sickle cell anaemia, death occurs when lethal genes are present in:
a. Homozygous dominant state b. Homozygous recessive state
c. Heterozygous state d. Co-dominant condition
102) In sickle cell anaemia, the amino acid substitution is:
a. Glutamic acid by Valine in α-chain b. Valine by Glutamic acid in α-chain
c. Glutamic acid by Valine in β-chain d. Valine by Glutamic acid in β-chain
103) Daughters born to haemophiliac father and normal mother could be:
a. Normal b. Carrier c. Haemophiliac d. All of the above
104) A human being suffering from Turner’s syndrome is:
a. a male with 45 chromosomes with XO
b. a female with 45 chromosomes with XO
c. a male with 47 chromosomes with XXY
d. a male or female with 47 chromosomes
105) Gynacomastia is the symptom of:
a. Klinefelter’s syndrome b. Turner’s syndrome
c. Down’s syndrome d. Acquired immuno deficiency syndrome
106) In which of the following diseases, the man has an extra X-chromosome?
a. Bleeder’s disease b. Turner’s syndrome
c. Klinefelter’s syndrome d. Down’s syndrome
107) Which of the following is NOT an example of chromosomal disorder caused by
aneuploidy/polyploidy? GCET
a. Down’s syndrome b. Klinefelter’s syndrome
c. Turner’s syndrome d. Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
108) Which of the following is an inborn error of metabolism?
a. Down’s syndrome b. Haemophilia
c. Phenylketonuria d. Turner’s syndrome
109) Down’s syndrome occurs due to:
a. A karyotype of 47 with XXY b. Trisomy of chromosome 21
c. A karyotype of 45 with XO d. Substitution of ‘Glu’ by ‘Val’

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Chapter 5: Principles of heredity and variation

110) Haemophilia rarely occurs in females because:

1. it is sex linked X chromosome disorder
2. it requires the father to be haemophilic and the mother to be a carrier
3. a single protein involved in clotting of blood is affected in haemophilia
The true reason is:
a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 1 and 2 d. 1, 2 and 3

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark)

1) Define the term: Genetics
2) Define the term: Inheritance
3) Define the term: Variation
4) Define ‘artificial selection’ and give one example of the same.
5) Define the term: Factor
6) Define the term: Gene
7) Define the term: Alleles
8) Define the term: Phenotype
9) Define the term: Genotype
10) Define the term: Homozygous genotype
11) Define the term: Heterozygous genotype
12) Define the term: Dominant allele
13) Define the term: Recessive allele
14) What is meant by a true-breeding pea line?
15) What is meant by ‘Filial1 progeny’?
16) Define the term: Monohybrid cross
17) Give Mendelian Monohybrid ratio.
18) What is a Punnett square?
19) Define the term: Test cross
20) State the law of Dominance.
21) State the law of Segregation.
22) Give an example of a plant that shows incomplete dominance.
23) ABO blood grouping in man is an example of multiple allelism. Justify the statement.
24) What are ‘Multiple alleles’?
25) What is meant by ‘co-dominance’?
26) A child has blood group O. If the father has blood group A and mother has blood
group B, then give the genotypes of the parents.
27) Define the term: Dihybrid cross
28) Give Mendelian Dihybrid ratio.
29) State the law of independent assortment.
30) State the chromosomal theory of inheritance.
31) Name the scientist who proposed ‘chromosomal theory of inheritance’.
32) Name the three scientists who independently rediscovered Mendel’s results on
inheritance of characters.
33) Name the experimental organism used by T. H. Morgan to verify the chromosomal
theory of inheritance.
34) Define the term: Linkage.
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Chapter 5: Principles of heredity and variation

35) Give an application of gene-mapping.

36) Name the scientist who prepared the genetic maps for the first time on the basis of
frequency of recombination between gene pairs on the same chromosome.
37) Distinguish between sex chromosomes and autosomes.
38) In case of a couple having two girls, what is the percentage of probability of the third
child to be a girl?
39) Give an example of XO type of sex determination.
40) Give an example of ZW type of sex determination.
41) Give an example of XY type of sex determination.
42) Name the type of sex determination that shows female heterogamety.
43) Name the types of sex determination that show male heterogamety.
44) Give contribution of Henking in finding chromosomal basis of sex determination.
45) What is mutation?
46) What is a point mutation?
47) Give the two major causes of variation in DNA.
48) What are mutagens?
49) What is the cause of frame-shift mutation?
50) What is ‘Pedigree analysis’?
51) Give the application of pedigree analysis.
52) What is meant by following symbol used in pedigree analysis?

53) Give the main cause of Mendelian disorders.

54) Hemophilia is a sex linked disorder. Justify.
55) The possibility of a female becoming a haemophiliac is extremely rare. Give reason.
56) Give the cause of sickle cell anaemia.
57) Sickle cell anaemia is an example of single base substitution. Explain.
58) Name the Mendelian disorder that is an inborn error of metabolism.
59) What is aneuploidy?
60) What is polyploidy?
61) A woman is characterised by rudimentary ovaries, hence sterile, and shows lack of
secondary sexual characters. Identify her chromosomal disorder.
62) A man is characterized by gynaecomastia (development of breasts) in addition to overall
masculine development and he is sterile. Identify his chromosomal disorder.
63) Give the cause of Down’s syndrome.

Short answer type questions (2 marks)

1) Name and state the two laws of inheritance given by Mendel based on a monohybrid
cross.
2) Give four points of difference between a monohybrid cross and a dihybrid cross.
3) Write a note on : Punnett square.

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Chapter 5: Principles of heredity and variation

4) With the help of a suitable example, explain the uses of a test cross.
5) Distinguish between: Dominant allele and Recessive allele.
6) Distinguish between: Homozygous and Heterozygous condition.
7) Distinguish between codominance and incomplete dominance.
8) What are multiple alleles? Give one example.
9) A child with blood group ‘O’ has the mother with blood group ‘A’. Two men, claiming to
be the father of the child, have blood groups ‘AB’ and ‘B’ respectively. Provide necessary
genetic analysis to solve the above dispute and to find out the real father of the child.
10) Mendel’s work remained unrecognised till 1900. Give reasons.
11) Give any four characteristics of Drosophila melanogaster which make it a suitable
organism for genetic experiments.
12) State the definitions of Linkage and Recombination as given by Morgan.
13) What is the basis of gene-mapping? Give applications of genetic maps.
14) Distinguish between XO type and ZW type of sex determination. (any four points)
15) Distinguish between: XY and XO type of sex determination.
16) Distinguish between: XY and ZW type of sex determination.
17) Write a note on sex determination in humans.
18) With the help of suitable example, explain XY type of sex determination.
19) With the help of suitable example, explain XO type of sex determination.
20) With the help of suitable example, explain ZW type of sex determination.
21) What is point mutation? Give one example of it.
22) What are mutagens? Give one example.
23) Explain causes of chromosomal disorders?
24) Mention any two Mendelian autosomal disorders with their symptoms.
25) Explain how the single base substitution leads to sickle cell anaemia.
26) Give the cause and symptoms of phenylketonuria.
27) What are the causes of aneuploidy and polyploidy?
28) Give one point of difference between aneuploidy and polyploidy and give one example
of each.
29) Distinguish between: Mendelian and Chromosomal disorders.
30) Give the cause and symptoms of Down’s syndrome.
31) Give the cause and symptoms of Klinefelter’s syndrome.
32) Give the cause and symptoms of Turner’s syndrome.

Short answer type questions (3 marks)

1) Name the plant used by Mendel for his experiments in inheritance patterns and give
the advantages of using that plant.
2) With the help of a suitable example, explain the monohybrid cross carried out by
Mendel.
3) Define and design a test cross.
4) With the help of a suitable example, explain incomplete dominance.
5) Explain co-dominance with the help of a suitable example.
6) With the help of a suitable example, explain the Mendelian dihybrid cross.
7) State three laws of inheritance proposed by Mendel.
8) Explain the concept of dominance giving suitable example.
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Chapter 5: Principles of heredity and variation

9) Write the contribution of T.H. Morgan in Genetics.

10) Enlist and describe various types of sex determination and give an example of each.
11) Write a note on: Sex determination in humans.
12) What is mutation? Explain its role in creating variations.
13) What is pedigree analysis? Give the symbols used for it and write its applications.
14) Write a note on chromosomal disorders.
15) Explain in detail Haemophilia and Sickle cell anaemia.

Long answer type questions (5 marks)

1) With the help of a suitable example, explain a monohybrid cross carried out by
Mendel and state the laws of inheritance derived from it.
2) State Mendel’s law of independent assortment. Explain a dihybrid cross giving a
phenotypic ratio obtained by him.
3) Describe in detail, with suitable example for each, the pattern of inheritance in
‘incomplete dominance’ and ‘co-dominance’.
4) What are sex chromosomes? Explain in detail, the three types of sex determination.
5) What are Mendelian disorders ? Give their characteristics. Name and explain three
Mendelian disorders studied by you.
6) What are chromosomal disorders? What is their general cause? Explain any three
chromosomal disorders.

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Prepared by Ms Sangeeta Abhyankar for students of G.V.M.’s HSS, Ponda

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