Chemistry of Engineering

Materials
Engineering Materials
 After studying this chapter you should be
able to:
•Describe and compare the composition,
structure, classes, and types of bonds
found in the engineering materials;
•Determine the properties of engineering
materials and their applications in
nanotechnology.
 Engineering Materials
• Are materials that are used as raw
material for any sort of construction or
manufacturing in an organized way of
engineering application.
Construction Materials
 Five Main Categories

Concrete
Wood
Metal
Masonry
Glass
 Concrete Ingredients

Cement Paste- Made of Portland

cement and water
Aggregate- Fine sand mixed with
stones
Chemical reaction between water
and cement hardens (sets the
concrete)
 Portland cement

Portland cement is made by mixing

substances containing CaCO3 with
substances containing SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3
and heating them to a clinker which is
subsequently ground to powder and mixed
with 2-6 % gypsum.
CLINKER GYPSUM
 Wood Materials
Lumber:
Boards-sheathing, siding, paneling

Dimension Stock-Form wood frame of house

Timber- Posts and beams

 Other Wood Materials
Plywood- subfloors, roof decks

Laminated Timbers- Lumber that is glued together

(arches, poles and beams)

Oriented Strand Board- Chipboard

Pressure Treated Wood- Chemicals forced into

wood to preserve
 Metal Materials
Steel- Used for framing

Aluminum- Siding, roofing

Copper- Plumbing pipes and roofing

 Masonry Materials
Clay Masonry- Consists of brick and tile

Concrete Masonry- Brick and Block form

 Glass
All glass buildings, doors, windows, etc.

Flat glass-Clear, tinted, or opaque

Tempered glass- Heat treated

Insulated glass- Two layers of glass with dry

air in between
 Properties of
Engineering Materials
 Atomic structure

Properties are influenced by

Electromagnetic Structure
(Bonding characteristics)

Both these aspects are essentially governed by properties

of electrons including sharing of electrons.
 Materials can be classified
Based on state (phase) a given material can be
•Gas, Liquid or Solid (Based on the thermodynamic
variables: Pressure, Temperature,…)
✔Intermediate/coexistent states are also possible
✔Kinetic variables can also affect how a material
behaves:
e.g. at high strain rates some materials may
behave as solids and as a liquid at low strain
rates
 Based on Structure (arrangement of
atoms/molecules/ions) materials can be
▪Crystalline
✔Quasi- crystalline or Amorphous
Intermediate states (say between crystalline
and amorphous; i.e. partly crystalline) are also
possible.
✔Liquid Crystals are between Liquids and
Crystals.
▪ Similarly Solid Electrolytes (also known as
fast ion conductors and superionic
conductors) are also between crystals and
liquids.
• These materials have a sub lattice which is
‘molten’ and the ions in this sub lattice are
highly mobile (these materials are similar to
liquid electrolytes in this sense).
 Based on Band Structure:
•Metals
•Semi-metals
•Semiconductors
•Insulators
 Based on the size:
•Nanocrystals
•Nanoquasicrystals etc.
 Crystalline Materials can be
•single crystals
• polycrystalline

Material properties generally vary with single

crystal orientation (i.e., they are anisotropic),
but are generally non-directional (i.e., they
are isotropic) in poly crystals with randomly
oriented grains.
 Polycrystalline Materials
• Most materials are not a single crystal.
• They are polycrystalline
Polycrystalline- composed
Materialsof many
small single crystal.
Formation of a polycrystalline material:
 Properties of crystalline materials
often related to crystal structure.

Ex: Quartz fractures more easily

along some crystal planes than
others.
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE is atomic
arrangement in solids.
A CRYSTAL is defined as an orderly
array of atoms in space.
 Crystals as Building Blocks
Some engineering applications
require single crystals:
--diamond single --turbine blades
crystals for abrasives
 Crystalline material

In a crystalline structure, the atoms

are arranged in three dimensional
array called a lattice.
The lattice has a regular repeating
configuration in all directions.
Single atom Unit Cell lattice
 AMORPHOUS MATERIAL

The material has no regular arrangement

of their molecules.
Materials like glass and paraffin are
examples of amorphous material.
These materials have properties of solids.
They have definite volume and shape and
diffuse slowly.
 Polycrystals

• Most engineering materials are polycrystals.

• Picture on the right shows a Nb-Hf-W
plate with an electron beam weld
• Each "grain" is a single crystal.
• If grains are randomly oriented, 1 mm
overall component properties are not
directional.
• Grain sizes typ. range from 1 nm to 2
cm (i.e., from a few to millions of atomic
layers).
 Crystal Structure in Metals

Majority of metals falls in either of the following

crystal structure

BCC (Body Centered Cubic)

FCC (Face Centered Cubic)
HCP (Hexagonal Close Packed)
 Crystal Structure in Metals
BCC (Body Centered Cubic)

Examples:α-iron, Mo, W, V, Ta, Cr, Na, K

BCC (Body Centered Cubic)
 BCC (Body Centered Cubic )

• In this structure, there are 8 corner

atoms and one atom at in the interior
i.e. in the center of the unit cell with
no atom on face.
 FCC (Face Centered Cubic)

Examples:γ-iron, Cu,Au,Ag,Al,Pb, Ni, Pt

FCC (Face Centered Cubic)
 FCC (Face Centered Cubic)

• In this structure, there are 8

corner atoms and 6 atoms at
center of the face and interior
atom
HCP (Hexagonal Close Packed)

Examples: Mg,Zn,Be,Cd,Co,Zr,Ti
 HCP (Hexagonal Close Packed)

For HCP structure , there are 12 corner atoms, 2

atoms at the centers of the above two faces
and 3 atoms in the interior of the unit cell.
 Types of Materials
All Materials

Simple
Gases Solids
Liquids

Ceramic Polymers
Metals
s (polymeric molecules)

Thermosets Thermoplastics
Heat Setting Heat Forming

Elastomers
 Material Comparison
Material Metals Ceramics Polymers

Elements Metals Metals & Nonmetals Nonmetals

Composition Elements & Compounds or Mostly

Compounds Mixture of Compounds Compounds

Structure Crystalline Crystalline or Mostly

Amorphous Amorphous

Bonding Metallic Ionic & Covalent with

Network Covalent Weak Intermolecular
 Classification of Materials

Materials used in the design and

manufacture of products
• Metals
• Plastics
• Wood
• Composites
• Ceramics
• Fabrics
Linen,
Layerscotton,
Tungsten
Steel,
of
Balsa nylon,
carbide
aluminium
Acrylic
wood lens Kevlar
polycarbonate,
tool
model bit
aluminium & acrylic
 METAL

A solid material which is typically hard,

shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile,
with good electrical and thermal
conductivity
Classes and Properties: Metals

Elemental metals are in yellow

 Metals

Metals can be further classified as

Ferrous & Non-Ferrous, some examples
include;
Ferrous Non-Ferrous

Steels Aluminum

Stainless Steels Copper

High Speed Steels Brass

Cast Irons Titanium

An alloy is a material composed of two or more
metals or a metal and a nonmetal.
 Examples of Alloys
• Carbon steel: iron + carbon (higher carbon content,
stronger but more brittle)
- Low carbon steel: ~0.05 – 0.3% carbon content
- Ultra-high carbon steel : ~1 – 2% carbon
content
• Stainless steel: steel + chromium (> 10%)

51
 Examples of Alloys

• Brass: copper + zinc (typically ~30 – 35%)

• Bronze: copper + tin (typically 12%)
• Rose gold: gold + copper: for jewelry
24k: 100% gold
18k: 75% gold
(k = “karat” is a measure of the purity of gold)
 Examples of Alloys

• Solder (used for joining less fusible metals):

Conventional: Sn60/Pb40 (60% tin + 40%
lead)
Lead-free: e.g., SnAgCu (tin + silver + copper);
different SnAgCu compositions: different
melting points
Metals & Alloys are further classified as:
Metals & Alloys

Ferrous Non-ferrous

Cu-Alloys Al-Alloys
Cast Irons
Steels Ni-Alloys
Plain Carbon Steels White Cast Iron
Alloy Steels Malleable Cast Iron
Grey Cast Iron
S.G. Cast Iron
Chilled Cast Iron
 Ferrous Alloys
• Ferrous alloys have Fe as the base element.
• Carbon is an important alloying element in all
ferrous alloys.
• In general, higher levels of C increase strength and
hardness, and decrease ductility and weldability.
• These are the most commonly used metal alloys due
to the abundance of Fe, ease of production, and high
versatility of the material.
• The biggest disadvantage of many ferrous alloys is
low corrosion resistance.
 NON Ferrous METALS
•All non-ferrous metals are having very low permeability.
Example: Silver, Copper, Gold, Aluminum etc.
•Generally more costly than ferrous metals.
•Non-ferrous metals are used because of desirable properties
over ferrous materials such as their malleability, no iron
content, giving them a higher resistance to rust and
corrosion, and making them ideal for gutters, liquid pipes,
roofing and outdoor signs.
•Also, low weight (e.g. aluminum), higher conductivity (e.g.
copper), non-magnetic, which is important for many
electronic and wiring applications.
 Metals are versatile housing materials because they can be
shaped in so many ways. They are available in a variety of
natural colors or can be coated for a wider array of colors and
for added protection. Metals are strong, decorative, and good
conductors of heat and electricity.

CAST IRON is made of

iron and carbon, melted in
a furnace and cast into
shapes such as wood
burning stoves, bathtubs,
sinks, skillets, sewer lines,
waste disposal systems,
lawn furniture and gas
pipes. BRONZE is an alloy of
copper and tin, forming a
WROUGHT IRON is strong, beautiful, stately
nearly pure iron used material that weathers
for ornamental lawn well. It is used for
furniture, lighting thresholds, screws,
fixtures, fences, and plumbing supplies, and
staircase/porch railings. decorative pieces
including sculpture.
 BRASS is an alloy of copper and
zinc, ranging in color from a
coppery red to silvery white. Tin
can be added or it can be coated
with clear enamel to prevent
tarnishing. Ir can be cast,
hammered, stamped, rolled, or
drawn into bolts, screws, pipe
fittings, wire, furniture, and
decorative pieces.
ALUMINUM is lightweight, highly
resistant to corrosion, an excellent COPPER is most important
conductor of electricity, a good for it’s electrical and heat
reflector of light and heat, easily conductivity, and resistance
formed into many shapes, and to corrosion. Exposed to
receptive to many finishes. Aluminum moist air, it becomes coated
can be “extruded” into window and with a thin layer of green
door frames, railings, and hardware. It carbonate that protects it
can also be “cast” into lamp bases, from further corrosion. It is
plant stands, cookware, and grills. It used in wiring and roofing
can be “rolled” into range hoods, materials, cookware, lamps,
awnings, garage doors, appliance and decorative pieces.
panels, and ductwork.