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Water and Its Treatment

The document discusses engineering chemistry evaluation patterns and water treatment. It covers sources of water like surface water and groundwater. Types of impurities in water include physical, bacteriological, and chemical impurities. Hardness in water is defined as the characteristic that prevents lather formation with soap due to salts like bicarbonates and sulfates of calcium and magnesium. There are two types of hardness - temporary and permanent - which are expressed in parts per million (ppm) as calcium carbonate equivalents. Various water treatment methods are discussed including disinfection by chlorination and ozonization.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
209 views17 pages

Water and Its Treatment

The document discusses engineering chemistry evaluation patterns and water treatment. It covers sources of water like surface water and groundwater. Types of impurities in water include physical, bacteriological, and chemical impurities. Hardness in water is defined as the characteristic that prevents lather formation with soap due to salts like bicarbonates and sulfates of calcium and magnesium. There are two types of hardness - temporary and permanent - which are expressed in parts per million (ppm) as calcium carbonate equivalents. Various water treatment methods are discussed including disinfection by chlorination and ozonization.

Uploaded by

Remus
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Engineering Chemistry

Text
Books
Evaluation Pattern
I. Quiz 20%

II. Assignment 20%

III. Mid term 30%

IV. Term End 30%

Total 100%
Water and its
Treatment
Motivation
Motivation

Is groundwater safe?
Is Bottled water safe?
Is Rain water safe?
Is River water safe?
Is Ocean water safe?
Motivation
Sources of Water
A. Surface Waters:
1. Rain Water
2. River Water
3. Lake Water
4. Sea water

B. Underground Water:
1. Spring
2. Well water
Types of impurities in Water

• Suspended Impurities
Physical Impurities • Colloidal Impurities

• Bacteria
Bacteriological Impurities • Algae
• Fungi

• Dissolved Gases
Chemical Impurities • Dissolved Organic Salts
• Dissolved Inorganic Salts
Module 1: Water and its treatment:

• Introduction
• Hardness of water–Causes of hardness-Types of hardness: temporary and permanent–
expression and units of hardness.
• Estimation of hardness of water by complexometric method.
• Potable water and its specifications. Steps involved in treatment of water
• Disinfection of water by chlorination and ozonization- industrial water treatment
• Boiler feed water and its treatment -internal conditioning–Calgon and Phosphate
conditioning.
• External treatment of water–Ion exchange process. Desalination of water–Reverse osmosis.
Hardness of water
Hardness of water is the characteristic of preventing lather formation of water with soap

due to presence of:- salts like bicarbonates, sulphates, chlorides of Ca, Mg and other metals

TYPES OF HARDNESS
1. Temporary Hardness: 1. Permanent Hardness:

Causes: Calcium hydrocarbonate – Ca(HCO3)2


Magnesium hydrocarbonate – Mg(HCO3)2 Causes: chlorides and sulphates of Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+
e.g. CaCl2, MgSO4

Removal: boiling the water Removal: not by boiling the water


Sophisticated water treatment methods
Ca(HCO3) 2 → CaCO3 + H2O + CO2

Mg(HCO3)2 → Mg(OH)2 + 2 CO2


EXPRESSION OF HARDNESS AND UNITS OF
HARDNESS
Both temporary and permanent hardness are expressed in ppm (parts per million) as CaCO3. The choice of CaCO3 is
due to the fact that its molecular weight is 100 and equivalent weight is 50 and it is the most insoluble salt in water.
Calculate the calcium carbonate equivalent hardness of a water sample
containing 204mg of CaSO4 per litre

Solution:
204 X 100
Calcium carbonate equivalent hardness = = 150 mg of CaCO3/L
136
= 150 ppm

Note : Mol. Weight of CaCO3 = 100


Mol. Weight of CaSO4 = 136
A water sample from GITAM tap water had the following data
Mg(HCO3)2 = 16.8mg/L, MgCl2 = 19 mg/L, Ca(HCO3)2 = 32.4 ppm, MgSO4 =24.0mg/L and Calculate the
temporary, permanent and total hardness of the water sample.
NB: Mol. Wts of Mg(HCO3)2= 146, MgCl2= 95, CaCO3 =100 and MgSO4 = 120

Solution Step 1 conversion in to CaCO3 equivalent

Constituent present quantity Conversion factor CaCO3 eq hardness

Mg(HCO3)2 16.8 mg/L 50/73 16.8 *50/73 = 11.5ppm


MgCl2 19.0 mg/L 50/47.5 19.0*50/47.5 = 20ppm
Ca(HCO3)2 32.4 ppm 50/81 32.4*50/81 = 20 ppm
MgSO4 24.0 mg/L 50/60 24.0*50/60 = 20 ppm

Calculation

Temp. Hardness = 31.5 ppm P. Hardness = 40 ppm

Tot. Hardness =71.5 ppm


How many grams of CaSO4 dissolved per liter gives 300 ppm hardness?
NB: MW CaSO4= 136 Ans: 408 mg

A sample was found to contain 15 gm of KNO3, 2 gm of silica, 5.1 gm of sodium


chloride and 3 gm of CaCO3 per liter. Find the hardness.
Ans: 3000 ppm
Problem: A water sample has the following analytical data on analysis , MgCO3 = 84ppm,
CaCO3= 40ppm, CaCl2 = 55.5ppm, Mg(NO3)2 = 37ppm and KCl = 20ppm. Calculate the
temporary, permanent and total hardness of the water sample. Ans: 215 ppm

Problem:
A water sample found to have the following analytical data on analysis , MgCl 2 = 95ppm,
Mg(HCO3)2 = 14.6 ppm, CaSO4= 68ppm, MgSO4 = 120ppm, H2SO4 = 49 ppm, Ca(HCO3)2 =
81 ppm and SiO2 = 4ppm. Calculate the temporary, permanent and total hardness of the water
sample.
Ans: 60, 250, 310 ppm

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