LESSON 1 : HYPERTEXT more things about a story plot) about a

1. Database – A large collection of certain topic.

data organized especially for quick search It is usually present in texts or in articles
and retrieval in a computer. and most commonly implemented in the
World Wide Web.
2. Hyperlink – An electronic link
providing direct access from a hypertext  Theodore H. Nelson who
or hypermedia document to another in the pioneered the use of hypertext, has
same or different document. described the word as a number of text
pieces connected to links which give readers
3. Hypermedia – A database format similar the option to decide on the sequence or order
to hypertext in which text, sound, or video of what they are reading (Koskimaa, 2016).
images related to that on the display can In his
be accessed directly from the interview with Jim Whitehead in 1996, he
display. emphasized that the inspiration in
developing the hypertext is to maximize
4. Websites – Group of World Wide both the writer’s and reader’s time and
Web or internet pages usually containing effort in understanding what was being
hyperlinks and made available online by presented in a text.
an individual, company, educational  Nelson also coined the word
institution, government, or organization. Hypermedia as a related term which
What is Hypertext? includes graphics, images, audio and
media other than texts. Hypertext is
Used in as early as 1965, hypertext has considered to be its subset.
created quite a buzz in the online world and  Hypertext reading is a non-
also in the area of critical reading, helping linear type of reading. As an analogy,
a lot of people quickly access take for example a walk in the park.
information about what they read with  Linear means a straight path
the use of of reading or the usual process of
hyperlinks. following eye direction of reading from left
to right, top to bottom.
 Merriam-Webster  In non-linear reading, you take
Dictionary defines the term as a format of shortcuts and pauses to read some more
database where you can directly go to about what you are reading. This gives the
websites of related textual information about readers the power to manage their own
what is displayed on a computer monitor. reading unlike the usual way of just
In just a click on the highlighted words, you following what an author has written.
are redirected or brought to these sites
giving you a larger perspective on ideas Online hypertext vs Print hypertext
(such as definitions, explanations, and even
 Though introduced using online remember in determining whether or
technology, hypertext is not only constrained not the story is written in hypertext
in texts found on the internet. It is also (Kozdras, 2005):
present in print media, which is
somehow different from what we ordinarily ✓ Reader is considered to be a co-author of
see such as the example presented above. the story.
 In online medium, hypertext ✓ The narrative shows non-linear plot.
can be seen through the hyperlinks Choices and links provide multiple paths.
embedded by the author while ✓ The story is often written in second
print media uses commentaries and person point of view.
footnotes under the text or in the ✓ The story has multiple endings or
margins (Barrot, 2016). sometimes never ending.
Common Examples of Hypertext ✓ The story has multiple settings due to
choices to move within text: forward,
The Linux Information Project in 2006 backward, or different storylines.
cites two (2) common examples of ✓ CD Rom, video game-like, Ebooks,
hypertext: online are common medium.
✓ Multiple media can be present,
1. Static Hypertext including sound, video, writing tools, and
motion.
This hypertext is prepared, encoded, and ✓ Reader has some autonomy in choosing
stored in advance. Usual example of this is path through text.
what we commonly see online which give ✓ Some stories allow readers to change or
out information about something and are add to text.
written by web authors such as historical
articles and online encyclopedias. F 1.Hypertexts, just like any other examples
In static hypertext, things can be stagnant of texts, are linear texts.
and may remain unchanged over time. F 2. Hypertext reading is an easy-to-do
reading task.
2. Dynamic Hypertext F 3. There is no big difference between
Print and Online Hypertexts.
As the name suggests, and opposite to T 4. Hypertext is an old term developed
static hypertext, this changes continuously for texts online.
depending and in response to user’s input. T 5. Hypermedia is somewhat the same as
Good example of a dynamic text is what we Hypertext.
find in blogs and social media platforms
where users can interact with the writer and
with other users.
LESSON 2: INTERTEXUALITY

Here’s what you should always

1.Intertextuality–the complex Allusion is a particularly common form of
interrelationship between a text and other deliberate intertextuality - it's when one text
texts taken as basic to the creation or makes a deliberate, but subtle, reference to
interpretation of the text 2.Context–the another
social, cultural, political, historical, and
related circumstances that surround the text b. Citation
and from the terms  Citation is another common form of
3.Parody- writing, music, art, speech, etc. deliberate intertextuality - unlike allusion, it
that intentionally copies the style of isn't subtle at all
someone famous or copies a particular  The point of a citation is to
situation, making the features or qualities of acknowledge, loud and clear, that the author
the original more noticeable in a way that is is borrowing an idea or phrase from
humorous someone else. Citation is about giving credit
Intertextuality to the original author.
 The similarities explained
earlier about the bible and the movie is a 2. Latent Intertextuality
clear example of what we call  Even when an author isn't
Intertextuality. deliberately employing intertextuality,
 Intertextuality is not a literary or though, intertextuality is still there.
rhetorical device, but rather a fact about Everything you've ever seen or read sticks
literary texts–the fact that they are all somewhere in your memory and affects your
intimately interconnected. This applies to all understanding of the world. They all
texts: novels, works of philosophy, contribute to building your specific
newspaper articles, films, songs, paintings, worldview which, in turn, determines how
etc. you write or create art. We can call this
 In order to understand latent intertextuality.
intertextuality, it’s crucial to understand this
broad definition of the word “text.” Intertextuality vs. Hypertext
 Hypertext is a digital text in which
Common Examples of Intertextuality the reader may navigate related information
through embedded hyperlinks. In contrast,
1. Deliberate Intertextuality Intertext is a direct or indirect reference to
 Sometimes, intertextuality is the one text within another to establish a certain
result of an author's choice. When a heavy meaning intended by the author of a certain
metal artist makes references to Norse work to achieve a purpose.
mythology, or when a novelist draws on the
works of Shakespeare as inspiration, these
choices forge a relationship between the old
text and the new LESSON 3:CRITICAL READING
A. Write TIK if the statement is true and
a. External Allusion write TOK if the statement is false.
1. Critical reading means that a reader
applies certain processes, models, questions, Guide Questions for Critical Reading
and theories that result in enhanced clarity 1. What is the writer's perspective? Does
and comprehension. he/she write from an outsider's or insider's
2. Critical reading is mostly skimming of perspective?
the text. 2. What relevant information is excluded
3. Without critical reading skills, a reader from the text?
may run the risk of simply memorizing texts 3. Do you agree with the writer?
and accepting them even if they are flawed, 4. Is the writer objective and accurate?
biased, and subjective. 5. How would you describe the tone of the
4. The Supporting Claim is the author's writer?
central argument. 6. Does the text challenge your own values
5. The Evidence backs up the supporting and beliefs?
claims. Examples of evidence are facts and 7. Does the text contain fallacies? What are
statistics those?
8. Are there assumptions made by the
CRITICAL READING writer? 9. Does the writer oversimplify
 Critical reading means that a reader complex ideas?
applies certain processes, models, 10. Does the writer use reasonable
questions, and theories that result in generalizations and inferences?
enhanced clarity and comprehension.

 There is more involved, both in

effort
and understanding, in a critical reading 90
gone than in a mere "skimming" of the text.

 A critical reading gets at "deep

structure", that is, logical, consistency, tone,
organization, and a number of other
important very important sounding terms.

 It provides high reflective skills

which allow you to stand back and look at
the a text from different perspectives. It
lends you the ability to see and evaluate how
a text presents arguments.
 Without this skill, a reader may run
the risk of simply memorizing texts
and accepting them even if they are
flawed, biased, and subjective.