LESSON IV.

CELL MEMBRANE AND TRANSPORT

In order to keep its cellular life, cells have a huge amount of materials into
and out of its cellular body in order to maintain its function.
Some of it involves the aid of biological molecules like the proteins in the
membrane.
PRELIMINARY ACTIVITY
Why do people put walls and gate around
their houses?
CELL MEMBRANE
Found in the cell.
Regulate the transport of materials entering and
existing the cell.
Separate the interior of the cell from the outside
environment.
MEMBRANE FUNCTIONS
Protection
Communication
Selectively allow substances in
Respond to environment
Recognition
Provide anchoring sites for filaments of cytoskeleton
PLASMA MEMBRANE
FUNCTION
- Separate cell from environment
- Transport substances in and out of cell
- Receive and respond to stimuli
PROPERTIES
- Hydrophobic and hydrophilic
- Selectively permeable
STRUCTURE
- Fluid Mosaic Model
- Lipid bi-layer – phospholipids (75%), cholesterol (20%), glycolipids (5%)
PLASMA MEMBRANE
Boundary that separates the living cell from it’s non-living
surroundings.
Phospholipid bilayer
hydrophilic heads (polar)
hydrophobic tails (non-polar)
~7.5-10 nm thick
Cholesterol – support
It contains almost proteins called membrane proteins
STRUCTURE OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
FLUID-MOSAIC MODEL
 because individual phospholipids and proteins can move
side-to-side within the layer, like it’s a liquid.
because of the non definite pattern produced by the COPYRIGHT C

scattered protein molecules when the membrane is viewed

from above
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FUNCTION OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS
- Can be peripheral or integral
- Ion channels – allow flow of ions in an out of cell
- Carriers – selectively move POLAR substances across membrane (transporters)
- Receptors – specific to various molecules
- Ligand – substance that binds to receptor
- Linkers – help anchor cells together by bonding proteins or filaments together.
- Cell-Identity Markers – mainly glycoproteins and glycolipids
- Recognize other similar cells in tissue formation
- Recognize foreign cells (ABO blood types)
1.CHANNEL PROTEINS
permit the passage of molecules through the
membrane
specific substance can simply pass through a
channel across the membrane
ex. Hydrogen ions pas through mitochondrial
membrane that is necessary in making ATP
Channel protein
2.TRANSPORT/CARRIER PROTEIN
Also involve in molecules across the membrane

Combines with the substance and help it move

across the membrane

Ex. Na and K for nerve conduction

TRANSPORT/CARRIER PROTEIN
3. CELL RECOGNITION PROTEIN
Are glycoprotein
Enable our body to recognize pathogens for the
immune system reaction occur
Without this pathogens will freely invade our body
4. RECEPTOR PROTEIN
Has a shape that allow a molecule to bind to it
Binding changes its shape and bring about cellular
response
Coordination of organs are dependent on this
signaling molecules
Ex. Liver stores glucose after it is signaled by insulin
to do so
5. ENZYMATIC PROTEIN
Carry out metabolic reaction directly

Without enzyme, a cell would never be able

to perform the reactions that are important
to its function
6. JUNCTION PROTEIN
Proteins are also involved in forming various
types of junction between sells
It assists cell-to-cell communication
PLASMA MEMBRANE PROTEINS

PROTEINS CAN
MOVE IN THE
MEMBRANE,
TOO!
PERIPHERAL AND INTEGRAL PROTEINS
PERIPHERAL
MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY
- Selectively Permeable – only some substances can pass across membrane
- Permeable – Nonpolar, uncharged molecules
- Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, steroids
- Non- Permeable – Ions, large polar molecules
- Slightly Permeable – small uncharged polar molecules
- water, urea
IV.2. THE CELL MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
- Passive Transport – Does NOT require energy
- substance moves down concentration/electrical gradient
- moves from HIGH concentration to LOW concentration
- Active Transport – uses energy to get substances across membrane
- moves AGAINST the concentration gradient
- Endo/Exocytosis – use of vesicles to transport substances in or out of
cell
MEMBRANE TRANSPORT - DIFFUSION
- Movement substances down a concentration gradient
- steepness of concentration gradient
- temperature
- mass of diffusing substance
- surface area diffusing across
- diffusion distance
PASSIVE TRANSPORT: DIFFUSION
Diffusion: movement of a substance from an area
of higher concentration to one of lower
concentration (down a gradient)
Some major examples of diffusion in
biology:
• Gas exchange at the alveoli — oxygen
from air to blood, carbon dioxide from
blood to air.
• Gas exchange for photosynthesis —
carbon dioxide from air to leaf, oxygen
from leaf to air.
• Gas exchange for respiration —
oxygen from blood to tissue cells,
carbon dioxide in opposite direction.
• Transfer of transmitter substance —
acetylcholine from presynaptic to
postsynaptic membrane at a synapse.
TYPES OF DIFFUSION
1. Simple Diffusion – substances move FREELY across membrane (important for
wastes and gas exchange)
- Nonpolar, hydrophobic, small uncharged polar – oxygen, CO2, N gases,
fatty acids, steroids, fat soluble vitamins, water, urea, small alcohols
-2. Facilitated Diffusion – using a membrane protein to “hitch” a ride across
membrane
- Too polar or highly charged
Three Forms of Transport Across the Membrane

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 Simple Diffusion
v Doesn’t require energy
v Moves high to low
concentration
vExample: Oxygen or
water diffusing into a cell
and carbon dioxide diffusing
out. 29
 Facilitated diffusion
vDoesn’t require energy
vUses transport proteins
to move high to low
concentration
Examples: Glucose or
amino acids moving from
blood into a cell.
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PASSIVE TRANSPORT: FACILITATED DIFFUSION
Facilitated - movement of specific
diffusion molecules down a
concentration gradient,
passing through the
membrane via a
specific carrier protein.
- common molecules
entering/leaving cells
this way include
glucose and amino-
acids
TYPES OF FACILITATED DIFUSSION
1. Channel Mediated – moves
down the concentration gradient
THROUGH a channel protein (ion
channel)
TYPES OF FACILITATED DIFUSSION
2. Carrier Mediated – Moves down the concentration gradient ON a carrier
protein
- glucose, fructose, some vitamins
OSMOSIS
Osmosis – special type of passive diffusion
- water moves from high to low concentration
- low solute to high solute concentration
- water can move in two different ways
1. between lipid molecules
2. through aquaporin channels (integral proteins)
- water moves until equilibrium reached on both sides of membrane
- uses hydrostatic and osmotic pressure
 PASSIVE TRANSPORT: OSMOSIS
Osmosis solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable
membrane from a low solute to high solute
Some major examples of osmosis
• Absorption of water by plant roots.
• Re-absorption of water by the proximal and
distal convoluted tubules of the nephron.
• Re-absorption of tissue fluid into the venule
ends of the blood capillaries.
• Absorption of water by the alimentary canal —
stomach, small intestine and the colon.
Osmoregulation - keeping the concentration of
cell cytoplasm or blood at a suitable
concentration.
 OSMOSIS

HYPERTONIC- Describes a solution with a higher

solute concentration compared with another solution
HYPOTONIC - Describes a solution with a lower solute
concentration compared with another solution.
ISOTONIC - Describes a fluid with an equal
concentration to another fluid; water can diffuse
equally both in and out of the cell.
Osmotic Pressure - The amount of pressure that can prevent the movement of
water from another region which is partitioned by the permeable membrane

Solution Tonicity – measure of solution’s ability to change volume of cells by

changing water content.
- Isotonic – Same amount of water on both sides of membrane
- hypotonic – more water, less solutes
- hypertonic – less water, more solutes
HYPERTONIC
A solution with a greater solute concentration
compared to another solution.

Which
way
will 3% NaCl
the 97% H2O 5% NaCl
water 95% H2O
move? Red Blood Cell
HYPOTONIC
A solution with a lower solute concentration compared
to another solution.

Which
way
will 3% Na
the 97% H2O
1% Na
water 99% H2O
move? Red Blood Cell
ISOTONIC
A solution with an equal solute concentration compared to
another solution.

Which
way
will 3% Na
the 97% H2O 3% Na
water 97% H2O
move? Red Blood Cell
ISOTONIC SOLUTION
HYPOTONIC SOLUTION
HYPERTONIC SOLUTION
Isotonic Solution Hypotonic Hypertonic
Solution Solution
NO NET
MOVEMENT OF
H2O (equal amounts CYTOLYSIS PLASMOLYSIS
entering & leaving)

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ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Active Transport – movement of molecules across membrane AGAINST
concentration gradient requiring energy
-Sources of Energy
- Hydrolysis of ATP
- Energy stored in ionic concentration gradient (secondary active
transport)
-Ions, amino acids, monosaccharides
vRequires energy or
ATP
vMoves materials from
LOW to HIGH
concentration
vAGAINST
concentration gradient

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vExamples: Pumping
Na+ (sodium ions) out
and K+ (potassium
ions) in against strong
concentration gradients.
vCalled Na+-K+ Pump

COPYRIGHT CMASSENGALE 48
 ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Active Transport -Energy-demanding transfer of a substance across a cell
membrane against its concentration gradient, i.e., from lower
concentration to higher concentration.
-The energy for active transport comes from ATP generated by
respiration (in mitochondria).

Major examples of Active Transport Re-absorption of glucose,

amino acids and salts by the proximal convoluted tubule of the
nephron in the kidney.

-The Sodium-Potassium Pump is a structure known as a cell-

membrane pump that uses energy to transport Sodium and
Potassium ions in and out of the cell

Endocytosis is a process by which cells can take in large particles

and deposit them into the cell
Pinocytosis (‘cell drinking’)
Phagocytosis (‘cell eating’)
Exocytosis is very similar to endocytosis except that it deposits
materials from inside the cell on the outside instead of the other
PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT
- Energy from ATP changes shape of carrier protein
- Use 40% of your ATP for this
- Carrier proteins = Pumps
- Sodium-Potassium Pump
SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT
- Co-Transport
- Uses energy stored in Na+ or H+ gradient used to drive another substance
across membrane.
- When carrier protein binds to Na+ or H+ will bind to another substance and carry
across membrane.
EXOCYTOSIS AND ENDOCYTOSIS
Exocytosis---Cellular secretion
Endocytosis—
 Phagocytosis— “Cell eating”
 Pinocytosis– “Cell drinking”
 Receptor-mediated endocytosis-specific particles, recognition.
EXOCYTOSIS
PHAGOCYTOSIS
PINOCYTOSIS
RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS
ACTIVE TRANSPORT VS PASSIVE TRANSPORT
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE TRANSPORT - ARE BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES THAT MOVE
OXYGEN, WATER AND NUTRIENTS INTO CELLS AND REMOVE WASTE PRODUCTS
Passive Transport Active Transport
Definition: Movement of molecules with the Use of ATP (a form of energy) to pump
concentration gradient i.e., from high to proteins against the concentration
low concentration, in order to maintain gradient i.e., from low solute to high
equilibrium in the cells. solute concentration.
Requires Energy: No Yes; ATP in primary, electrochemical in
secondary.
Types of Particle: soluble in lipids, small monosaccharides, proteins, ions, large cells, bacterial cells,
elements, water complex sugars.
Examples: diffusion; osmosis; facilitated Endocytosis; Exocytosis; membrane
diffusion;Alveoli of lungs; kidneys pumps;Sodium pump; glucose in
intestines; mineral ions in plant roots.