UNIT 5 – INTERNATIONAL LAW

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT & REVIEW

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1. IMPRECISE /ˌɪm.prɪˈsaɪs/ = not accurate or exact
Ex: The figures are imprecise because they're based on a prediction of next
year's sales.
2. NOTION /ˈnəʊ.ʃən/ = a belief or idea
Ex: He dismissed the notion that money could bring true happiness, believing
that other values were more important
3. CHARACTERISATION /ˌkær.ək.tə.raɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/ = the way in which
something is described by stating its main qualities
Ex: Effective characterization (sự xây dựng nhân vật) is essential in
storytelling, as it helps create memorable and relatable characters.
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4. ADDRESS /əˈdres/ (V) = deal with
Ex: The issue of funding has yet to be addressed.
5. ADOPT /əˈdɒpt/ = to accept or start to use something new
Ex: Many companies are beginning to adopt new technologies to streamline
their operations and stay competitive.
6. DELETERIOUS /ˌdel.ɪˈtɪə.ri.əs/ (adj) = harmful
Ex: These drugs have a proven deleterious effect on the nervous system.
7. IMPAIR /ɪmˈpeər/ = to spoil something or make it weaker so that it is
less effective.
Ex: Sleep deprivation can impair memory and concentration, making it
difficult to focus on tasks.
8. INTERFERE /ˌɪn.təˈfɪər/ with (v) = prevent something from working
effectively or from developing successfully
INTERFERENCE (N)
Ex: Constant phone notifications interfere with my ability to focus on work
9. AMENITIES /əˈmiː.nə.ti/ = things considered to be necessary to live
comfortably
Ex: The 200-year-old jail is overcrowded, understaffed, and lacking in basic
amenities.
10. LEGITIMATE /ləˈdʒɪt.ə.mət/ (adj) = allowed by law
Ex: The lawyer argued that his client had a legitimate claim to the property
based on the original contract.
11. INTENSITY /ɪnˈten.sə.ti/ = the strength of s.t.
(Contextual meaning: “the harm caused must be of a certain level of
intensity” → how serious the harm is)
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12. CUSTOMARY /ˈkʌs.tə.mər.i/ = conventional
 Customary international law refers to legal norms that have developed
through consistent and general practice of states, accepted as law,
even though they may not be written down in formal treaties.
13. WITH REGARD TO = In connection with
Ex: The company made several changes with regard to employee benefits,
improving healthcare and retirement plans.
14. THEREIN /ˌðeəˈrɪn/ (adverb) = In that place / in that situation
Ex: The contract specifies the terms, and the details are outlined therein." (=
The details are outlined in the contract.)
THERETO /ˌðeəˈtuː/ (adverb) = To the thing just mentioned
Ex: The contract includes several clauses about payment terms, and any
amendments thereto (= to the payment terms) must be made in writing.
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15. INITIATIVE /ɪˈnɪʃ.ə.tɪv/ = a new plan or process to achieve something
or solve a problem
Ex: Although she was quite young, she showed a lot of initiative and was
promoted to manager after a year.
16. AUSPICES /ˈɔː.spɪ.sɪz
 under the auspices of someone/something = with the protection or
support of someone or something, especially an organization:
Ex: Financial aid is being provided to the country under the auspices of the
International Monetary Fund.
17. ADVERSE /ˈæd.vɜːs/ = having a negative or harmful effect on
something
Ex: So far the drug is thought not to have any adverse effects.
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18. MODEST /ˈmɒd.ɪst/ = not large in size or amount.
Ex: There has been a modest improvement/recovery in housing conditions for
the poor.
19. TO ENDEAVOUR /enˈdev.ər/ = to try to do something
Ex: The team will endeavour to complete the project ahead of the deadline
despite the challenges.
20. COMBAT /kəmˈbæt/ (v) = to try to stop something unpleasant or
harmful from happening or increasing
Ex: The government is spending millions of dollars in its attempt to combat
drug abuse.
 COMBAT /ˈkɒm.bæt/ (n) = a fight, especially during a war
Ex: The soldiers are trained in survival and unarmed combat (= fighting
without weapons).
21. DISCHARGE (n) = the act of sending out waste liquid or gas
Ex: Thousands of fish were killed as a result of a discharge of poisonous
chemicals from a nearby factory.
22. ORIGINATE /əˈrɪdʒ.ən.eɪt/ (v) = come from
Ex: Although the technology originated in the UK, it has been developed in the
US
23. CONTEMPLATE /ˈkɒn.təm.pleɪt/ = consider or plan future activities or
actions.
Ex: Before making a decision, she took some time to contemplate the possible
outcomes of changing careers.
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24. PROTOCOL /ˈprəʊ.tə.kɒl/
= a formal agreement or treaty that is a supplement to an existing
international agreement
(nghị định thư)
Ex: The Geneva Protocol of 1925 prohibits the use of poisonous gases in war.
25. EMISSION /iˈmɪʃ.ən/ = the act of sending out gas, heat, light
Ex: These health risks are caused by vehicle emissions
26. FLUX /flʌks/ - fluxes (pl) = a flowing movement
 Transboundary fluxes (dòng chảy xuyên biên giới)
27. EXCEED /ɪkˈsid/ = to be more than a particular number or amount
 Ex: The company’s annual sales figures have exceeded projections,
indicating a strong market demand.
28. VOLATILE /ˈvɒl.ə.taɪl/ = likely to change suddenly and unexpectedly,
especially by getting worse.
Ex: The stock market can be highly volatile, with prices fluctuating rapidly due
to economic news and investor sentiment.
29. COMPLIANCE /kəmˈplaɪ.əns/ (n) = the act of obeying a law or rule
 Comply with (v) = to act according to an order, set of rules, or request:
Ex: The company said that it had always acted in compliance with
environmental laws.
30. ABATE /əˈbeɪt/ (v) = become less strong
Ex: The storm/wind/rain has started to abate
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31. PERSISTENT /pəˈsɪs.tənt/ (adj) = lasting for a long time or difficult to
get rid of
Ex: Symptoms of the illness include a high temperature and a persistent dry
cough
32. INTERIM /ˈɪn.tər.ɪm/ = temporary and intended to be used or accepted
until something permanent exists
Ex: The board appointed an interim CEO to lead the company until a
permanent replacement is found.

 Acidification /əˌsɪd.ɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
 Eutrophication /ˌjuː.trə.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
 Ground-level ozone /ˈəʊ.zəʊn/