1.Olorgesaille Kariandusi FortTernan Koobi For a/TURKANA Hyrax Hill.

RUSINGAISLAND GAMBLESCAVE (NJORO)Any 2x1 = (2mk)

In case of conflict of interests between immigrant races and Africans those of Africans
should be paramount.

2. Identify the main economic activity of the Plain Nilotes during the pre-colonial period. 15. Name two African leaders who were detained in 1952 at the declaration of a State of Emergency. Jomo
Kenyatta Bildad Kagia Fred Kubai Paul Ngei Achieng Oneko
-pastoralism/livestock keeping Kungu Karumba
They generate revenue for the government Some provide loans for domestic investment

3. Name one community in Kenya which played a leading role in the long distance trade.
Some provide specific services to the residents e.g.

SECTION B
Akamba

Agiriama (MIJIKENDA) (a)Give five reasons which led to the migration of the Cushites from

) their original homeland into Kenya during the pre-colonial period?

4. Identify one community in Kenya which had a centralized system of government

(i) They moved in search for pasture and water for their livestock.
during the pre- colonial period

Abangwa of the Abaluhyia1 (ii) There was drought and famine in their original homeland.

(iii) There was outbreak of diseases and epidemics in their original homeland. To escape
from constant attacks from their neigbours/or external attacks
5. Give two evidences which show the Chinese traders reached the Kenyan coast
(iv) They moved in search of land for settlements as their population had increased. They
moved to know what was beyond the horizon/adventure.
(b) Explain five result of the inter action between the Bantu and the Cushites in the pre-colonial period.
before 1500 AD. Remains of Chinese coins Intermarriages which strengthened relationships between communities. Some Bantu adopted Islam from the
Cushites.
Fragments of Chinese pottery/Fossils/Artifacts Information in the periplus of Some Bantu copied some customs of the Cushites such as circumcision and age set systems.

the Eritrean sea. The Bantu and Cushites raided other for cattle which led to loss of property and lives/increased welfare.

Cushites attacked the Bantu which led to further migration (e.g. Orma/Orma Orma/Galla pushed the Eastern Bantu from
Shungwaya)./Displacement
6. State the main reason for the coming of the Portuguese.
The cushites and the Bantu exchanged goods which led to the development of trade. Some Cushites were
absorbed/assimilated by the Bantu.
7. Identify two sources of government revenue in Kenya.
16 a) What were thereasons for the construction of Kenya-Uganda railway during the colonial period?

(v)
Taxes/Com duties Loans Donations/grants in aid
Licences/fees/rates/rents To facilitate the movement of the troops to suppress resistances/pacification.

(vi) To transport the administrators into the interior for effective control of British East
Fines Africa.

8. Name two officers of a municipal council who are appointed by the Public Service (vii) To promote the development of legitimate trade/Abolish slave trade

Commission. (2mk)The town clerk The Treasurer The Medical Officer of Health
To transport goods from interior to the coast (raw material) and
The Engineer
manufactured goods from the coast.
Municipal Educator OfficerAny
What is the main function of the Civil Service in Kenya? (1mk) To implement/carry out policies of the Government.1x1Give
one reason why parliament is regarded as supreme in Kenya (1mk) Has power to pass a vote of no-confidence on The British wanted to exploit the resources in the interior
government.
Explain six effects of the construction of the Kenya-Uganda railway.
Is the highest law-masking body Can alter the amend Constitution.
Has power to declare War and a state of emergencyGeneral material Revenue and Expenditure It led to the emergence of towns along the railway line e.g. Voi, Nairobi.

9. Give one way in which the constitution of Kenya guarantees the rule of law.
It enabled people to travel to and from the interior to different destinations easily.

It encouraged the construction of feeder roads thus improving transportation in the interior.
Everybody is equal before the law.
It led to land alienation and establishment of settler plantations where different cash crops were grown/Displacement
A suspect is assumed innocent until proven guilty in a court of law.
It stimulated both internal and external trade./Development of trade. It led to the Indian Coolies settling in
A suspect is given opportunity to defend himself/herself in court of law. Kenya/Introduction of India It led to employment opportunities to many people in Kenya. It provided revenue for the
government.
10. State two contributions of parastals to the economic development of Kenya. It made it possible for the missionaries to spread Christianity into the interior/Led to opening of interior. It

enabled the government to administer more effectively /colonists.

They provide employment opportunities.
It led to the alteration of the Kenya –Uganda branch

11. State two problems which the Imperial British East African Company facedinthe 16. a) State three methods which were used by the British to establish their rule in Kenya.
administration of the Protectorate.
Shortage of funds Problem of transportation They used military conquest to crash the resistances of African
Poor coordination from the colonial office in London In-experienced administrators
communities./Direct rule They signed treaties of protection with some
Shortage of personnel
Lack of knowledge of the area Hostility local leaders/collaboration.
12. Name the treaty which mked the colonial spheres of influence in East African in 1886. They established administrative posts in the interior from where they controlled the protectorate effectively. They tricked

Anglo-Germany agreement. African leaders to give away their land.

They occupied areas that were previously under the imperial British East African company (IBEACo.) rule

13. State two grievances of the Kikuyu Central Association (KCA) against the colonial They used missionaries to persuade Africans to accept authority.
government in Kenya.

Racial discrimination African representation in the Legco The Kipande system

(b) Describe the organization of the Central Government in Kenya during the colonial period.

They were against taxation Forced labour Demanded the release of Harry Thuku Land problem (i) The Central Government was headed by a Governor who represented the British
Cultural Issues Government.

14. What was the main result of the Devonshire White Paper of 1923? (ii) The Governor ensured the implementation of colonial policies.
 (iii)
The central government gives grants/ financial aid to local authorities for their operations
There was a legislative council which made laws for the colony The laws were
approved by the Governor
23 (a) The national flag The national Anthem The coat of arms The loyalty pledge The presidency
(iv) The colony was divided into provinces headed by provincial commissioner. The
The constitution
provinces were divided into Districts headed by District Commissioners. Divisions were The National language
divided into locations headed by African Chiefs.

(v) Locations were divided into sub-locations headed by sub-chiefs. The sub-locations were
Explain six factors which undermine National Unity in Kenya

divided into villages headed by headman.

i)
(vi) All administrators from the rank of the District Officer to Governor were British.
Unequal distribution of natural/ National resources causes imbalanced regional economic development.
This causes dissatisfaction and disharmony.
Divisions headed by the District Officers
ii) Different religious beliefs and practices may lead to discrimination on religious grounds.
17. (a) Why did the British use direct rule in administering most parts of Kenya? iii) The practice of tribalism leads to favouring people of one’s tribe in employment and allocation of
Most communities did not have centralized administrative systems therefore the British appointed chiefs resources. This creates hatred among people.
There were many ethnic groups with diverse social- cultural systems which made it difficult for the British to apply
indirect rule
iv) Nepotism leads to use of public resources to favour one’s relatives resulting to unfair treatment of other
people
communities resisted British rule and so they had to be controlled directly.
v) Asking for and offering of bribes to obtain and give services violets peoples right to equal treatment/
corruption
There was an existing system of direct rule used by the imperial British East Africa company on which the British built their
administration vi) Ethnic conflicts/ disputes/ clashes discourage co- operation among the Citizens
enough administration administrators
vii) Racism leads to discrimination on the basis of colour/ race. This creates suspicion and hated among
people.
(b)Explain six ways through which Ronald Ngala contributed to the struggle for independence in Kenya Discrimination on the basis of gender deniespeople the right to participate equally in national development What are the
functions of the Attorney General in Kenya? Gives legal advice to
the government
He advocated for equal living standards for all races in Kenya Gives consent for a person to be prosecuted Can institute/ undertake criminal proceedings against any person Can terminate
any prosecution proceedings at nay stage
He was a founder member of the Mijikenda Union formed in 1947, which played an important role in the Mijikenda political awareness
Drafts and presents government bills for debate in parliament Participates in parliamentary debates/ ex officio
As a member of the legislative council (Legco) he advocated for increased African
Explain six responsibilities of a Kenyan citizen
representation
Obeying the laws of the country to promote peace and harmony
He organized many political rallies in coast province during
which he demanded for the release of people who had been Respecting other citizens, their views and property to ensure peaceful co- existence.
detained under emergency laws
Taking part activities that promote national development for example contributing towards famine relief
As president of Kenya African Democratic Union ( KADU) he advocated for fund/ Harambee
independence
Participating in meetings organized by government official and other community leaders to ensure effective implementation of
As African elected members Organization (AEMO) he mediated between extremes and
policies.
moderates to create unity.

Contributing to the income of the government by paying axes

As a leader to the Lancaster House Conference he participated in the drafting of the
independence constitution Offering positive criticism to the government to promote good governance/ Participating in contribution
making process and referendum
In 1961, Ngala as leader of KADU accepted to form a coaliation
government with new Kenya Party so as not to delay the Exercising one’s voting rights during presidential, parliamentary and civic elections to enhance democracy.
independence process.
Taking part in community policing and volunteering information about criminal activities to the police to enhance security
SECTION C

18. (a) Identify three types of local authorities in Kenya

Avoiding corrupt practices and adhering to accountability and transparency norms for sustainable economic
developmentBeing loyal and patriotic to the country in order to promote national security and social cohesion

(i) Municipal Councils HISTORY MARKING SCHEME PAPER 1 2006

1 Identify two source of Kenyan Historic Archaeology/ Paleontology
Anthropology ( Myth & Legends) Linguistics
(ii) Town councils Oral tradition Written sources Geology
Rock paintings/ art Genetics Electronic sources
Name one community in Kenya that belongs to the River Lake Nilotes
(iii) Country councils
(i) The Luo

(iv) Urban councils

State two economic activities of the Abagusii in Kenya during the Pre- colonial

period They grew crops They kept livestock They hunted animals and gathered

(v) City councils wild fruits They traded with their neighbourThey made handicrafts/ Basketry Iron

b) Explain the relationship between the central and local government in Kenya working
The local authorities operate the policy guidelines formulated by the central government.
Give one reason which led to the decline of Gedii during the 15th century External
The minister in charge of the government approves all the activities that the local government plan to undertake attacks

Inadequate water supply/ Drought

All the councilors nominated by political parties into the local authorities are approved by the minister of the
local government. Name the type of constitution used in Kenya Writt
Identify two peaceful ways of resolving conflicts Negotiation ( Reconciliation)
Mediation Arbitration
All the by- laws made by the local authorities are approved by the minister before being implemented.
Litigation ( court system)
Records of all council meetings and business transactions are submitted to the Minister for verification and approval. What is direct democracy?
It is a government where people themselves make rules/ decisions that effect their welfare Identify two development rights of
children Right to education
Any local authority which does not operate according to the guidelines of the central government can be dissolved by the Right to leisure/ play
minister
Right to participate in cultural and artistic activities Right to express themselves
Access to information
The minister for local government scrutinizes the annual reports of the local authorities to evaluate their performance
Right to social security/ parental love
The minister appoints senior officials who sit in the local authorities meetings to give guidance on
government policy.
Name the document which contains the rights of citizens in Kenya?

The financial records of all local authorities are audited by the officers of the central government The constitution of Kenya/ bill of right

Local authorities submit their loan applications and intended revenue sources to the central government through the minister
of local government. Identify one method used by the British to administer Kenya Colony between 1920 and
 1963 Direct
22. (a) What five situations can make registered voter to be denied the right to vote in
Indirect rule
Kenya?

State two ways through which European settlers in Kenya wee able to get labour force during the colonial period When one is in custody

When one is insane/ unsound mind

Forced recruitment/ conscription/ When one presents oneself in a constituency where one s not registered When one is discovered to have registered twice
When one does not have a voter’s card on the voting day
Denying African rights/ growing
When one does not have a national identification Card on the voting day/ one has a defective National Identification
crops Though introduction of
CardWhen ones name does not appear in the voters register When one is time barred/ late
Kipande system

Creation of African reserves (b) Explain the rights to an accused person during trial in a court of Law in Kenya

Through introduction of taxation by the British government

Name two political parties which were

(i) The accused person is presumed innocent until proven guilty

formed in Kenya between 1960 and 1963

(ii) He/ She should be informed of the charge with sufficient detail so as to prepare a
defence.
Kenya African National Union (KANU) One should be given adequate time to consult with the advocate/ witness One should be present when court proceedings are taking place
One should be given a chance to plead for leniency One should not be forced to give evidence
Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU) African People Party ( APP) New Kenya Party ( NKP) One should be allowed to be heard
Give one reason why an aspiring candidate for a parliamentary seat in Kenya must be nominated by a One should be allowed to appeal against the ruling Right to legal representation
political party In order to limit the number of candidates So as to identify party candidates
To adhere top constitutional requirements/ rules
(a) What is the composition of the executive Arm of Government in Kenya?
The executive consists of the president It also consists of the Vice President The minister/ cabinet
Give two reasons why corruption is being discouraged in Kenya To promote economic party The civil servants
To promote peace and stability To promote national unity
To provide fair distribution of national resources To gain international confidence The Attorney General
To promote patriotism and ethical behaviors

Describe six functions of the Civil Servants in KenyCivil servants interpret and explain government policies to the people

i. They implement government policies and programmers/ training

Identify one Philosophy adopted at independence to ii. Civil servant such as permanent secretaries advise their respective Ministers on matters of government policy
iii. They collect government revenue
promote social justice in Kenya African socialism
iv. They maintain law and order
Harambee
v. Civil servants prepare development plans
Name two types of local authorities in Kenya City councils Municipal Council Town council Urban council
County Council ( Area Council) vi. Civil servants link the people with central government through the Provincial administration
Give one example of indirect taxes in Kenya Sale taxes/ exercise duty/ customs duty Value added tax Cess/ fines/ fees Land vii. Civil servants keeps the government operations running after the dissolution of parliament
rates Domestic borrowing
viii. Senior Civil Servants ensure proper use of public funds and resources/ protect and conservation of
National Resource
SECTION B (45 MKS)
24. (a)What are the units of the Kenya Police Force?

(a) Why did the highland Nilotes migrate from their original homeland during the Pre- colonial period?
(i) Traffic police which controls traffic and inspects vehicles
(b) They moved in search of water and pasture for their livestock The outbreak of diseases/ epidemics forced
them to move
(ii) Regular police who maintains law and order
(c) Attacks from their communities forced them tomove/ external attacks There was population pressure in
their original homeland
They moved due to draught and famine (iii) The Criminal investigation department/ C.I.D ( ½ for abb
Family/ clan dispute/ conflicts forced them to migrate/ internal conflicts They moved for adventure

Explain five results of the migration and settlement of the Highland Nilotes sin Kenya (iv) Anti – stock theft unit
They displaced some communities they found in the area where they
settled e.g. Abagusii, the Kwavi, Maasai and the Abaluyia ( example a must) Some highland

Nilotes were absorbed/ assimilated by the Bantu such a the Teriki and the Tachoni
(v) The general Service Unit/ G.S.U (½ abb

The Highland Nilotes traded with their neighbours/ they exchanged animal products for grains from the Abaluyia and the
Abagusii. This led to the expansion of trade in the region. (vi) Anti- narcotics unit

Their settlement increased the population of the region (vii) Tourism police

The highlands Nilotes intermarried with the Luo, Abagusii and Abaluyia. This strengthened their relations. There were ethnic

wars/ conflicts due to cattle raids

(viii) National security intelligence service

There was cultural exchange leading to enrichment of their lives

(ix) Special crime prevention unit. (flying squad, Kenya police reserve)
19(a) What were the activities of the Imperial British East Africa Company (IBEA Co) Between 1888 and 1895? It traded with
the local communities/ promoted legitimate ttrade It established administrative posts/ maintained law of order (b)Explain FIVE factors that make it difficult for the prison department in Kenya to work effectively
It discouraged slave trading
It provided information about the interior of East Africa It built the Uganda Railway  Inadequate/ dilapidated facilities have led to congestion and frequent outbreak of diseases
It secured the British sphere of influence/ promoted the spread of Western civilization It suppressed African resistance  inadequate vehicles and equipment.

against the British

 Increase in number of Prisons has led to poor living conditions Inadequate finances have led to provision of poor service such as food
It pioneered the construction of roads/ improved infrustruct
(b) Why did the imperial British East Africa Company (IBEA Co.) Rule come to an end in 1895?

The company lacked qualified administrators  Inadequate number of prison warders leads to overworking hence brutal handling of prisoners

There was mismanagement of funds by the company officials/ corruption The area was too vast for the few officials to
 Poor living conditions low salaries of prison officers has demoralized them and affected their performance of duty
manage

Some African communities resisted/ rebelled against the company rule The company lacked adequate funds/ capital for its
 Corruption of prisons has forced some prisoners to pay so as to get better services Shortages of trained counselors to assist in
day to day activities
reforming the inmate effectively Inadequate food, medical facilities and clothing for inmates
There was poor communication between the company officials and the colonial office in Britain/ poor communication
Company official were affected by unfavourable climate conditions/ tropical diseases Translation of the Bible into local
languages enhanced missionary activities  Some inmates have become hardened thus, difficult to rehabilitate Political interference/ rapid changes affecting prisoners.
The discovery of quinine which was cure for malaria facilitated missionary work
Some African rules were friendly to missionaries therefore they supported missionary activities African convents became
evangelists and thus spreading Christianity 1. Give two reasons for studying government.
SECTION C (30 MKS)
 (i)
ii. Demoralization of sports men and women
To understand how different organs of government function.
iii. Discrimination/ favoring teams over others.

(ii) To understand how laws are made/enforced

10. State one type of government expenditure in Kenya

(iii) To have knowledge of the duties/responsibilities of citizens. To enable citizens know their rights. (i) Capital

(iv) To be able to compare political systems of the world.

(ii) Recurrent

2. State two advantages of the discovery of fire by early man.

11. Who gives assent to a parliamentary bill before it becomes law in Kenya?
i. Man used fire to cook food.
The president
ii. Fire provided light at night.
SECTION B
iii. Man used fire to keep himself warm Fire was used to harden tips of tools.
iv. Fire was used to frighten/keep off dangerous animals.
a) Give five reasons for the migration of

the Luo from their original

3. Name the dispersal area of the Eastern Bantu.
homeland into Kenya.
-Shungwaya

(i) They were looking for new settlements as a result of overpopulation

4. State two duties of the Orkoyot among the Nandi.

i.
ii.
He presided over religious functions
He foretold future events/seer. he was a medicine man.
(ii) Diseases and natural disasters forced them to migrate.

iii. He was a rain maker

They migrated in order to escape internal conflicts.
Overstocking and Overgrazing led them to look for more pasture.
5. Give the main reason why the rulers of Malind welcomed the Portuguese in the 16th century. They moved to search for fertile lands with favourable climate.
Some people migrated for adventure (spirit of adventure)
What the social effects of the expansion of the Luo into Western Kenya?
-They wanted
They intermarried with their neighbours, such as Luhyia, Kalenjin, Abagusii and Kuria. They shared the name ‘Nyasaye’ with
6 Give two factors which influenced Seyyid Said to develop agriculture in zanzibar in the 19th Century. some Luo communities as a title of God
They had similar funeral rites and burial customs with their neighbours They assimilated other communities.
i. Zanzibar had favourable climate for clove growing. Availability of labour/slave labour They displaced other communities

ii. Zanzibar had a natural deep harbour which would promote trade in agricultural products. Zanzibar had fwertile Their movement and settlement increased conflicts.
soils.
Their settlement in Western Kenya led to population increase.

They influenced their neighbors to adopt their language and naming system.
6. Apart from the Nandi name two other communities that resisted the establishment of colonial rule
in Kenya. Responses to be written in prose.

(i) Agiriyama 13. a) Identify five

factors that

(ii) Bukusu led to the

growth of
(iii) Somali
towns along
State the main duty of the Governor during the British co lonial rule in Kenya. (1mk) the coast of

- To facilitate effective administration of the colony Kenya

7. State one reason why the colonial government established local native councils in Kenya in 1924. before the

19th Century.
(i) To serve as a link between African people and the Central government.
(i) The coming and establishment of settlements along the coast by early visitors.

(ii) To involve African in the management of their affairs.

To provide a forum through which African would express themselves.

(ii) The development of the Indian Ocean trade.

Some towns were established on Islands/security. Existence of deep, well sheltered harbours.
Climatic conditions were favourable. Increase in population due to intermarriages.
8. Identify two features of African farming in Kenya during the colonial period. The settlement of Muslim refugees from Arabia.
Effective administration by the rulers of the towns enabled them to expand.
Small scale farming was practiced Africans mainly grew foods
Traditional methods of farming were used . Describe the way of life in the coastal towns of Kenya before the 19th century.

Each town had a leader whose title was the Sultan or sheikh. The towns were governed using Islamic Laws/Sharia.
9 State one recommendation of the Lennox-Boyd Constitution regarding the legislative council in Kenya.
People developed and spoke the Kiswahili language. Women wore ‘Buibui’ and men put on ‘Kanzu’

The main religion practiced was Islam.

9. Name one Ex- officio member of parliament in Kenya?
The people adapted Arabic and Persian architectural designs. They ate oriental foods.

(i) The Speaker They carried out trade with Europeans as well as with the communities in the interior of Kenya. They practiced mixed farming/or grew bananas,

cashew nuts as well kept animals.

(ii) The Attorney-General.
They carried out fishing.
Education was provided in ‘Madrasa’
10 Who was the first Vice-President of independent Kenya? Responses should be in prose.

Oginga Odinga a) Give reasons why the British colonial government encouraged Europeans to settle in Kenya by 1939.

i. Governor Northey saw the need to develop the highlands to meet administrative costs.
11 State two ways through which a person can become a citizen of Kenya? ii. The British industries needed cheap raw materials They thought the area had no occupants/was empty land.
(iii) By naturalization
iii. The government wanted to make the protectorate economically viable In order to control further influx of Asians into the
protectorate
b) Explain the effects of land alienation in Kenya during the colonial period.

(iv) By birth Africans who lost their land became poor.

The displaced Africans were confined to Native Reserves thus leading to congestion/over use of land. May Africans
(v) By registration
became squatters and lived in misery and hopelessness.
12.State two ways in which poor leadership affects sporting activities in Kenya. The landless were to supply labour in setter farms for wages in order to pay taxes. The displaced Africans were forced to

i. Constant Wrangling leading to negligence of duty Mismanagement of funds/greed move to towns to look for employment.
The movement to towns by the displaced African was disrupted. The traditional Social-Economic set-up of the African

(i)
was disrupted.
The Court of Appeal
Loss of land led to bitterness and made Africans later to form political organizations to demand for their land.

Responses should be in prose. (ii) The Chief Magistrates Court

14. a) Identify five methods that the colonial government used to discourage the activities of
(iii) The resident Magistrates Court

Mau Mau Movement.

(iv) The senior Principal Magistrates Court Special Courts/Tribunals.

b) Why should there be separation of powers between Legislature, Executive and Judiciary in Kenya.In order to make the co-ordination of government
(i) Many people were arrested/or detained in various camps. programmes and administration effective. To enable the government to facilitate division of labour.It helps prevent
abuse of power/provides checks and balances. It promotes efficient service delivery.It is a constitutional requirement

(ii)
To enhance accountability
The armed forces were used to suppress the movement They killed/or executed the It promotes transparency/openness in government dealings.
activists.
It ensures that no arm of the government interferes with the other.

(iii) They used traitors and spies to reveal hiding grounds of the fighters. The activists
Responses should be in prose.
houses were destroyed/looted/villages burned down.

17. a) State five functions of the Kenya Police.

(iv) The people were put in concentration camps to curtail their movement Kenya African
(i) Maintain law and order
Union (K.A.U.) was banned.

(v) The people were put in concentration camps to curtain their movements. State of (ii) Quelling civil disturbances.
Emergency was declared.
(iii) Prosecute criminals.
(vi) The government tortured Mau Mau supporters

(iv) Inspect vehicles to ensure roadworthiness. Entertain people during national functions.
Explain five reasons why the MauMau movement was able to last for a long time. Conduct driving tests.

Oathing united people and this made them to be committed to the cause.
(v) Detect and prevent crimes/investigate Arresting suspected criminals.
Fighters used guerrilla warfare which made it difficult for the British government to contain the rebellion. The

civilian population sustained the rebellion by supplying food, weapons and information. (vi) Guarding the country’s entry points. Combining crime.

The movement was led by able leaders.

The aberdares and Mt.Kenya forests provided goods hideouts for the Mau Mau fighters.
(vii) Protectinggovernment property/senior government officers.

Describe five duties of the District Commissioner in Kenya.

The fighters were ex-service men and were therefore able to apply the military experience they had gained in the first i. Represents the president in the district.
and second world wars. Oversees the implementation of government policies.
The movement received moral and material support from Independent African countries. mk. ii. Interprets and explains government policies to the people in the district.
iii. Interprets and explains government policies to the people in the district. Conducts civil marriages on behalf of the state.
iv. Chairs the district security committee.
Responses should be in prose. v. Co-ordinates disaster management activities. Issues licences and trade permits in the districts The accounting officer.
vi. Ensures law and order is maintained in the district.
vii. Acts as a link between the people and the state
15. (a) Give three reason that can make the parliament in Kenya to be dissolved. Responses should be in prose.

i. It can be done when a vote of no confidence is passed on the government president. The constitution allows the president to
dissolve it at will. Locating pre-historic sites.

ii. It can be done after the expiry of the five year parliamentary period. During a state of emergency Excavating/digging the site.
It can be done when the opposition has more members then the ruling party
Dating the fossils and artifacts.
in Parliament. mk) Recording the findings.

Responses should be in prose.

2.Iteso. Samburu. Turkana. Maasai.
Explain six functions of the speaker of the National Assembly in Kenya. Njemps.
i. The National Assembly Parliament debates and makes laws which are used to govern the country. It amends/changes existing
laws and the constitution when necessary.
ii. It acts as a check on the possible abuse of power by either the judiciary. 3. Ethiopian highlands.
Executive or any other institution in the country. 4.The clan formed the basic political unit. Leadership was by the council of elders.
It represents the views of the people /elected members provide a link between the people and the government.
Both had age-set systems.
It ensures that the rule of law is respected/everyone is governed by the same laws.
The council of elders settled disputes.
It approves and controls sources of government revenue and expenditure/the budgets which contain the estimates of the two
They had warriors who defended their communities.
sums are read/debated and approved annually.
5 They wanted to participate in trade.
It monitors the government spending through the public Accounts
6. The Church Missionary Society (C.M.S).
7. They did not want to pay taxes to the British.
Committee/This Committee can summon public servants for misuse of public funds.
They had lost their independence/the British replaced the Agiriama traditional rulers with their own appointees.
The British did not respect their culture, for example:- destruction of shrines/raping their women. They were forced to join
The National Assembly debates issues of national and international concern and makes recommendations for the British army.
They lost their land to the British.
appropriate action.
The British disrupted their trade in ivory and food stuffs.
8.They were attracted by social amenities.
The National Assembly has power to pass a vote of no confidence in the president and Government /It can terminate Towns offered higher job prospects/better wages.
Many Africans found themselves in over crowded reserves/land alienation. In order to escape hut tax/forced labour.
the life of a government when two thirds of its members pass a vote no confidence in the two thirds of its members
Some Africans wanted to open up businesses in towns.
pass a vote of no confidence. They demanded equal rights with the whites. They wanted to own land in the Kenyan highlands.
They opposed restrictions on their migration into Kenya
Parliament can fire an individual member through a vote of no confidence/The member of parliament is
forced to resign.
10.They were constantly threatened with closure by the colonial government. They lacked trained teachers.
It creates parastatal or other government agencies through Acts of Parliament. Inadequate funds/lack of facilities. Leadership squabbles.

Competition from the mission schools.

The members of the National Assembly elect the speaker and the deputy speaker.
Responses should be in prose.

11.By birth.
16. a) A part from the High Court identify five other types of courts in Kenya.
 By registration. Malindi, their traditional ally refused to support the Portuguese because they were cruel to them. Decline of the Indian ocean trade since it

By naturalization. ) was the main source of income for the empire.

The annexation of Portugal by Spain weakened Portuguese control of the coast.

12.If one makes untrue/malicious utterances about another individual/government. Intense commercial rivalry from the Dutch, the British and the French reduced the Portuguese source of revenue.
If one publishes seditious documents/Reveals Government Secrets.
If one incites others against government/other people.
If one talks ill against the president. The defeat and departure of Fort Jesus by the Omani Arabs brought Portuguese rule to an end.

19. (a) To carry out farming in order to meet the administration of the colony. The climate of the white
13.Parliament cannot make laws that contradict traditional customs and practices of the people. Parliament cannot pass a law highlands was suitable for white settlement.
that contradicts Kenya’s constitution. The whites would be loyal to the colonial government as opposed to the Africans.

The president can limit the supremacy by making independent decisions. Parliamentary supremacy can be limited by the There were large tracts of seemingly unutilized land.The settlers were to carry out farming in order to produce goods to be transported by the
application of international laws. railway. This would help meet the cost of maintaining the railways.
14.The Public Investment Committee.

The Public Accounts Committee. The government did not want the Asians to take control of the colony.

15.By ensuring that all citizens are subjected to and governed by the same law. By ensuring that matters are handled according (b)They were subjected to constant raids by the African whose land had been alienated. They had inadequate labour force as many Africans refused
to the law of the land. to work for them.
By ensuring that everyone has the right to legal representation. The settlers lacked essential agricultural skills as many had not practiced farming before.

By ensuring that all suspected criminals are assumed innocent until proved guilty. They were not familiar with the seasons and therefore could not predict when and what to plant. They had inadequate capital to invest in

16. The Chief Justice. farming.

They were unable to mket their produce during the world wars. The economic depression affected the mket prices.

There was high cost of production due to animal and crop diseases.
17.It helps the government to determine the sources for revenue. To ensure transparency in the use of public funds.
There was inadequate transport and communication network which affected the movement of people and goods.
It helps in appropriate allocation of resources to different ministries.

To enable Kenyans and other foreign organizations to know the economic planning and expenditure of the
20. (a)Local Government Workers Union. Domestic and Hotel Workers Union.East African Federation of
government.
Building and Construction Workers Union. Transport and Allied Workers Union.
Garment Workers Union.
(b)They aired the grievances of the workers to the employers/colonial government.
18. (a)The availability of trade items They managed to achieve better conditions for the workers through strikes and collective bargaining.
The demand for goods.
Existence of enterprising merchants.
The accessibility of the coast. They achieved better wages for Africans and Asians under the colonial government.
Existence of local trade. There was political stability. Existence of natural harbours
The occurrence of monsoon winds. They enlisted the support of the international community and alerted it of the oppression experienced under the colonial government.
(b)The coastal city states organized constant rebellions against the Portuguese. They educated people on their political rights through seminars and public meetings. They opposed racial discrimination/colour bar among the
workers to enhance unity.
The Portuguese administrators were corrupt/misused the funds meant to finance the administration. Trade Unions provided training ground for national leaders who took part in the struggle for independence.

Portugal was too small to provide enough soldiers and administrators to control the whole of its empire far away They assisted and supported those who struggled for independence.

They provided an alternative forum for independence struggle after the banning of political organizations by the colonial
government.

21. (a)To ensure equal opportunities for all citizens.

To promote democracy.
To ensure that resources are used for the benefit of society and its members. To

encourage various forms of ownership of property.

To promote freedom from disease, ignorance and of poverty

To promote freedom of conscience and human dignity.

(b)The philosophies have encouraged cooperation/unity/understanding among Kenyans. They have encouraged Kenyans to actively participate in There was widespread poverty, disease and ignorance which made it difficult for him to administer the country
development projects. effectively.
Through the philosophies, education has been promoted by building schools, colleges and universities.

Many Kenyans lacked essential skills to provide the country with sufficient manpower. This forced him to use
The philosophies have encouraged mutual social responsibility amongKenyans expatriates.

The philosophies have helped improve medical services, by constructing dispensaries, health centres and hospitals. Poor transport and communication system hampered the rate of economic development.

The plight of the disadvantaged people has been addressed by the philosophies through organizing harambees to assist them. People in Kenya were divided over his land policy. For some, his policy of compromising with the whites and promising to protect
their land and property was too moderated.

The philosophies have promoted African culture through borrowing of positive African traditions. The philosophies have promoted
There was opposition from KADU which did not favour a government of national unity but wanted a majimbo system of government.
spiritual wellbeing through building of churches.
The people’s confidence in his government was tainted by political assassination of Tom Mboya,
22. (a)To form the government after elections/appoint the cabinet. Kariuki J.M. and Pio Gama Pinto/crackdown on government critics.
To summon parliament after a general election.
To open parliament. To give assent to bills.
The existence of banditry (Shifta Menace) in N. Eastern/NFD posed a security problem.
To dissolve parliament. To prorogue parliament.
To appoint the leader of government business in the house.(Any 3 x 1=3 mks)
There were sharp divisions within the cabinet which made it difficult for them to
(b)Persistent lack of funds to run the country.
come up with unanimous decisions.
To guide the flow of traffic on the roads.
23. (a) To arrest traffic offenders.
To control traffic on roads. Toprovide emergency assistance in case of a road accident. To education the public on road safety measures..
To inspect motor vehicles. To conduct driving test/issues provisional driving licences

(b)The police officers have been allocated modern technological devices to help detect crime. They have been allocated more vehicles to ease
their mobility
There is the introduction of professional training programmes for officers to improve their competence/capacity building.

The raising of the academic qualification requirements for joining the police force with the aim of improving their performance.

The introduction of a public relations office/a police spokesperson to ensure that information is delivered effectively and efficiently to the
general public.

The introduction of community policing to help police gather information from the public so as to assist them detect crime.

Introduction of police booths/hotlines that people can use if they have information vital to the polic
There has been an improvement in their terms (salaries) and conditions (Housing) of service.

24. (a)Provision of civic education. Collecting views from the public. Drafting the constitution.
The draft constitution is published for the public/disseminated.

The Review Commission holds public hearings in all the areas for further recommendations. Convening of a national constitutional conference to

amend or reject the recommendation.

The agreed upon issues are re-drafted and presented to the Attorney General by the review commission.

If certain issues are rejected at the conference, the commission organizes a referendum for the public to vote.

The Attorney General publishes the draft constitution in form of a bill.

It is introduced in parliament for enactment.

(b)It provided for a Governor General who was the head of state on behalf of the Queen. It provided for an independent judiciary to ensure justice State two ways through which the government has encouraged the preservation of African culture through music and dance.
and to prevent corruption. It set up a judicial service Commission to appoint judicial officers.
It provided that the Governor in consultation with regional authorities and the Prime Minister appoint the Chief Justice.
Creation of the Ministry of Culture and social Services
It provided for six Regional Governments and Assemblies whose power included control of land, education, health and the police.
Allowing the various ethnic communities to perform at public gatherings

It entrenched rules of citizenship, fundamental rights of citizens. Inclusion of music as a subject in the national curriculum/ promoting music/ drama festivals Development of cultural

It specially provided for the establishment of the Public Service Commission and the Central Land Board to ensure fair and
Heritage Centers
effective government.

It provided for the position of a Prime Minister as the head of Government.

Allowing the media hoses to play traditional music/ dance
It provided for the tenure of the office of the judges and the Attorney General

It provided for a multi-party democracy where the party with the majority in parliament formed the government.
State one way though which the Minister for Local Government Exercises control over Municipal Councils in Kenya

It entrenched the amendment procedures such that a special majority of two thirds majority was required to change the constitution.
Regulates the issuing of grants Monitor expenditure/ auditing Approves levies/ taxes
It provided for the separation of powers for the three arms of the government/executive, judiciary and legislature.

Name the unit of the police department which is responsible for maintaining law and order at the Chief’s office.The Administration police
It provided for a bicameral house of a Senate and House of Representatives.

Identify one branch in the study of History and Government of Kenya Social Who appoints the Head of the Civil Service in Kenya?

Economic The president

Political Identify two characteristics of African Socialism that promote national development in Kenya Democracy
Apart from the Maasai name one other plain Nilotes found in Kenya
Turkana Samburu Njemps Iteso
What was the main economic activity of the Cushites in the pre- colonial period?
(i) Pastoralism/ livestock keeping
Equal opportunities
State two political functions of the council of elders among the Agikuyu during the colonial period To settle disputes

To make laws for the community

To punish the law breakers/ wrong doers Respect for human dignity Mutual; social responsibility

To declare war/ make peace SECTION B (45 MKS)

Name two groups that rivaled the Portuguese for the control of the Kenyan coast in the 16th century

Egyptians (a) Give the evidence which shows that the early visitors reached the KenyanCoast before the 15th

Turks
century
Arabs

Persians
The Greeks and Chinese coins were found at the KenyanCoastThere are fragments of Chinese Pottery
The British
which have been preserved
Dutch French

Identify two communities which resisted the British Occupation of Kenya Documents that mention the presence of early visitors to the Kenya coast have been preserved .Presence of monuments
constructed by the early visitors
Agiriama

Bukusu
(b)
Somali

Nandi
i. Some African people living along the Kenya coast were converted to Islam.The volume of trade increased between the interior
Give the main reason why poll tax was introduced in Kenya during the colonial period

- To force Africans to work on European settler farms.

and the coastal towns

Who was the chairman of the East African Association during the colonial period in Kenya?

Harry Thuku
(i) Arabs introduced Islamic culture/ architecture to the coastal people

Name the first African to be nominated to the legislative Council in 1944 in Kenya (ii) The Arabs introduced new crops which were later adopted by the coastal People.

Eliud Mathu

Identify two methods used by Trade Unionists to demand for their rights during the colonial period
Demand for imported goods led to the decline of traditional industries
Strike/ riots
Some communities such as Akamba resorted to long distance trade in search of commodities. There was an increase in
Boycotts

Go slows/ sit – ins Demonstrations Petitions population as many traders settled at the coast

State the main reason why the second Lancaster House Conference was held in 1962
The Arabs established city states/ towns at the coast
To come up with a constitution for independent Kenya

State two roles played by the Kenya African Democratic union in the struggle for independence in Kenya. The Islamic law and system of administration was introduced by Arabs at the coast

There was the development – Kiswahili language as a result of the interaction between Arabs and Coastal people
It united the smaller communities in Kenya

It educated/ mobilized Africans against colonial domination

Intermarriage between Africans and Arabs led to emergency of Washahili people.
It pressed for the release of Jomo Kenyatta b) Give three causes of Somali resistance to the British rule in Kenya during the 19th century?

It participated in the drawing up of the independence constitution

The Somali were opposed to the division of Somaliland into the British and Italian spheres of influence
 (vii)
which separated the clans
They had inadequate funds to maintain/ sustain their activities

They were opposed to punitive expeditions sent against them by the British
(viii) They faced hostility from slave traders/ raiders because of condemning the practice
The Somali people being Muslims were opposed to being controlled by the British who were Christians
The British attempted to stop the Somali raiding activities against their neighbours The Somali were against British Control of
their pasture land and watering points The British wanted the Somali to drop their nomadic way of life (ix) They were few in numbers compared to the vast population of Africans to be
c) Explain six negative effects of British Colonial rule on the people of Kenya converted

(x) Lack of geographical knowledge of the area which made them look for guides

(i) Colonial rule led to the loss of political independence a)Identify five elements of good citizenship in Kenya Respect for other people/their property

Obedience to the laws of the country Participation in development projects

(ii) Creation of reserves for Africans led to the emergence of Squatters
Participation in the democratic/ electoral processes Being loyal/ patriotic to ones country

(iii) It led to the introduction of forced labour among the Africans

Practicing integrity/ honesty when performing duties Reporting law- breakers to the authorities

Efficient use of national resources

(iv) Led to the introduction of taxation on Kenyan. b)Explain five ways in which the Harambee philosophy has promoted the development of education in Kenya since independence

(v) Creation of colonial boundaries split communities and affected their social cohesion. (i) Many education institution have been constructed using funds raised through harambee effort. Thus

enabling many children to attend school

(vi) Africans in Kenya lost their land to Europeans settlers leading to landlessness Colonial rule undermined
African cultural practices.
(ii) Many students have been assisted to pay school fees/ pursue further studies thus enabling the needy to

(vii) It destroyed traditional African political systems replacing them with appointed leaders Introduces go on with learning
segregation/ colour bar which created divisions among Kenyans

a) Why did the colonial government deny the Africans the right to grow cash crops in Kenya before 1954?
Africans were expected to provide labour on settler forms
(iii) Physical facilities have been constructed/improved through harambee this enables learning in a

Europeans settler did not want to compete with Africans in cash crop growing conducive environment

The settlers claimed that Africans did not have enough knowledge of growing cash crops as this would lead

to low quality products (iv) Teaching/ learning materials have been purchased/ donated to schools to improve the quality of

Education

They feared that crops diseases would spread from African Farms to settler plantations.

Europeans setters claimed that African farmers would produce low quality crops due to inadequate resources (v) Additional staff/ workers in schools have been paid through harambee contributions by the parents to

b)Explain six problems faced by Africans in urban centers during the colonial period in Kenya
offsets the inadequacy.
i) There were inadequate housing facilities to meet the demand of the people

ii) The social services provided to the Africans were inadequate and of poor Quality.
(vi) Through the Harambee spirit co- curricular activities have been supported by well wishers thus helping
iii) Increased population in urban centers led to serious water shortages
the learners to exploit their talents.
iv) Lack of planning of housing led to poor drainage and sanitation Facilities.

Establishment of industries in urban centers led to pollution of the environment which affected the health of the
a) State five reasons that may lead to a presidential by – electron in Kenya
inhabitants.
ii. President’s election may be nullified by court due to electron offences
There were many unemployed people who got involved in social vices/ crimes Overcrowding especially in slums/

shanties led to the outbreak of diseases Inadequacy in housing led to the development of shanties/ slums iii. The serving president may die while in power

Africans working in urban centers received low wages which affected their standard of living iv. The president may resignIf the president becomes physically/ mentally incapacitated

a) Give three reasons for the coming of European Christian Missionaries to Kenya in the 19th century. v. Parliament may pass a vote of no confidence in the president/ government
To spread Christianity

Some came to spread western culture vi. If the serving president deserts/ defects from the party that sponsored her/ him to parliament
They came to stop slave trade/ establish legitimate trade To explore/ gain geographical knowledge of Kenya
vii. If the serving president ceases to be a Kenyan citizen
To counter the spread of Islam
a) Explain five functions of the speaker of the National Assembly in Kenya

(a) Explain six factors that hindered the work of the early Christian missionaries in
i. Chairs parliamentary sessions during which he invites members of parliament to contribute to motions/ debates
Kenya

ii. He maintains order by enforcing standing orders/ rules

(i) Lack of knowledge of local languages made it difficult for missionaries to spread
Christianity
iii. He gives permission to members who wish to be absent for eight consecutive sittings

(ii) Tropical diseases led to ill- health/ death of the missionaries slowing down their work.
iv. Swears in members of parliament after election before they can participate in proceedings

(iii) Lack of transport and communication facilities limited their movement into the interior
v. He is in charge of the general administration of the National Assembly

(iv) There was opposition from Muslims who were already established at the Kenyan Coast
vi. He chairs the standing order committee which interprets the standing orders of the National Assembly.

(v) Lack of security led to loss of their property

vii. He declares parliamentary seats vacant in order to pave way for general and by elections
(vi) Lack of support from the Africans due to missionaries interferences with traditional
African cultural practices
viii. He receives and accepts letters of resignation from members of parliament who have left/ defected to other parties