Mik w eens Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of multicellular organisms like humans? anism, no specific organs for exchange of gases are needed the organism isin contact with the environment. But in multicellular not be in direct contact with the surrounding environment. Thus, che oxygen requirements of large multicellular organisms (human ¢ of human body is so big that oxygen cannot diffuse into all the cells iv enough movement. Movement may be incurred through locomotion . action of body parts (e.g., chewing of cud by cow), breathing, od for performing life processes. 4 utilisation of the inhaled oxygen for oxidation of food. th and development. ¢ wastes (excretion). 5, What are outside raw materials used for by an organism? provide energy to organisms to maintain their body processes. They are damage and breakdown in the body. What processes would you consider essential for maintaining life? esses essential for maintaining life are: nutrition, respiration, transportation d control and coordination What are the differences between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition? [CBSE 2019 (31/2/1)] Life Processes /fSON eee Cee yeu) Antotrophie Nutrition Heterotrophic Nutrition Hol, L they cannot prepare tr on fgg 1. They ean prepare their ov | ® they vequte ray materia ike COs, 2 They depend om other plans ng TO in the presence of sunlight and Is for their foot, ehivophsll to prepare their fond | | % They stove the nd i the fora of, They sone dhe food i dhe fan gp | sitet jyengen. (Ay ater pony Q.6. Where do pI Ans. “The raw mater Ki photosynth: Cewbon dioxide front aumosphere in dissolved form in water, Water is simply absorbed by the pars of Co the aguaye! rials required for photosynth Cr Tene er from the soil. Aquatic plans ia’ is pres f hy subme Hin water: May Q. 7. What is the vole of the acid in our stomach? Ans. i) The acid (hydrochloric aci) secreted inside the stomach makes the medtygn acid ‘ . + enzyme pepsi ents diidictiye dic necessary for the ativan ofthe enzyme pepsin. 1 converts inactive prope’ inti ae, pepsin W) Hydrochloric acid kills any bacteria which may enter the stomach along with food, 4, Qs. An e enzymes convert te Inge andl insoluble food molecules into sm yy jes in the process of digestion for their absorption into the cell. For example secretes ensymes ike amyhise ypsin ad lipase. The enzyme amylase beaks dog fe and pase breaks down the emulsed fs int ng 5 trypsin breaks down the proteins amino acids and tty acids, respectively: How is the small intestine designed to absorb digested food? intestine is the main region for the absorption of digested food. The inns small intestine has millions of tiny finger-like projections called villi, The presence ov the inner walls of the small intesti y large surface area for absorption ofdigeyns ted The villi are richly supplied with blood vessels which take the absorbed food to ea ‘I The sm ich and cell of the body ee Q.10. What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism have with regard obtaining oxygen for respiration? 4 Ans. The onganis that lives in water such as. Bish obtains oxygen fo respiration which sd in water whereas the terrestrial organisms take in oxygen cliretly from the ai. Since, thea ved in water is fairly low as compared to the amount of oxygen inthe aquatic organisms is much faster than terrestrial organisms, of oxygen d breathing rate Q 11. Whatare the different ways in which glucose is oxidised (o provide energy in various organism’ Ans. Breakdown of glucose takes place by various pathways as given below: “702 __. Ethanol + CO, + Energy (nyoas) (@eatbon re) Gute pons Pale (eaenmalecse) PH. seston mlece ——_LEROTOHET se ai Ene ena Gnu easy” YSrlgael Eee 60, +H,0 + Energymeri in human beings? {cBsE 2019 (31/1/2)] the lungs."Thealveoliis surrounded by very tia blood esol from the alveoli walls to the blood in capillaries. Parts of body by binding it with haemoglobin present ets called capillaries. Oxygen diffuse, he oxygen is carried by blood to al hy jn blood. ‘the blood passes through the tissues ofthe body cals (due tits higher concentration in the blood) present i en resin orl, Catbon dioxide is produced as a waste product during Nee eh OF te body tissues, This CO, difuses into the blood (due to its higher concentrauon id 7 antes): Blood carries CO, back to the lungs where it diffuses into its alveoli, then into the trachea, nostrils and then out of the body ey ir. CO is more soluble in wwarer than oxygen and hence mostly transported in the dissolved | ea in our blood. and the oxygen present in it diffuses into the ‘This oxygen combines with the digested food o Air 2 Nostril 22. on oo coy Pharynx: 2s Wind pipe —Bronchi o 4 coy” HiME <3 Alveni St Blood = Tissue How are the lungs designed in human beings to maximise the area for exchange of gases? "Hh Langs are two soft spongy structures lodged jn the thoracic cavity. Each lung is enclosed in a double-walled sac called pleura. In the Se2rdy—S Jungs, the air passage (wind pipe) divides into smaller tubes, called bronchi which in turn form Primary bronchus Tertiary bronchi Bronchioles pronchioles. The bronchioles later terminate Puree: Branch of in balloon-like structures, called alveoli. The ue presence of alveoli in the lungs provides a very Aveolar duct large area for the exchange of gases and this availability of large surface area maximises the ‘Airaao: exchange of gases. The alveoli have very thin ; wa dil chats an extenitye war of ted shee feat peokn vessels to facilitate exchange of gases. Alveol and associated capiaries inthe lung ‘What are the components of the transport system in human beings? What are the functions of these components? ‘Transport system in human beings consists of heart, blood and blood vessels. (i) Heart: The muscular organ which pumps and receives the blood. (i) Blood: It is a fluid connective tissue. It consists of plasma, RBC, WBC and blood platelets. Plasma transports food, CO, as nitrogenous wastes in dissolved form. RBCs transport respiratory gases and hormones. WBCs protect the body from infections and platelets prevent the loss of blood at the time of injury by forming blood clots (ii) Vessels: They are subdivided into: (@) Arteries: Carries blood from heart to different body parts. (6) Veins: Transport blood towards heart from various body parts. (© Capillaries: Site of exchange of materials between blood and living cells through tissue fluid. . Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds? Mammals and birds are warm-blooded animals. They constantly use energy to maintain their body temperature. They have higher energy needs and so they require more oxygen to Produce energy. Thus, it is important that their oxygenated blood does not get mixed up with deoxygenated blood. Life Processes CyQ. 16. Qa7. Ans. Q. 18. Ans. What are the components of the transport system in highly organised plants? ‘The components of the transport system of highly organised plants consist of xjtem Xylem consists of twracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres. Phioeg tPMay sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres and phloem parenchyma, onsigs, How are water and minerals transported in plants? In xylem tissue, vessels and Posi, tracheids of the roots, stem and Soi panicle PMerouslayer or Endodemis iedves-are interes ' a Cortex leaves are interconnected t0 fOrM pest hae | Fim of water (parenchyma) @ continuous system of water- —— conducting channels reaching all parts of the plant, The root hairs are directly in contact with the film of water in between the soil particles, Water gets into the root hairs by the process of diffusion. At the roots, cells in contact with the soil actively take up ions. This creates a difference in concentration of these ions between the root and the soil. Water, therefore, moves into the root from the soil. Hence, the is steady movement of water into root xylem, creating a column of water that is steadily puste upwards. Also, water is lost from the aerial parts of plant (transpiration). Evaporation of vav molecules from the cells of the leaf creates a suction which pulls water from the xylem cel roots (the transpiration pull). ‘Thus, transpiration helps in the absorption and upward movement of water and miner dissolved in it from roots to the leaves. Absorplion of water through root hait How is food transported in plants? The food manufactured by the leaves of a plant is transported to its other parts through a kind oftube system called phloem. The pissmogesmata transport of food ee ike canting ve s to other parts of the element wit ise is called eat, companion cell ‘The movement of material through phloem depends Micha, on the action of living cells ‘Siove pores Sieve plato Fine cytoplast ‘laments called sieve tubes. Companion celts r Food molecules enter the 5.5.5 sive phloem elements or cells onpaee from mesophyll cells of the leaf. Once they enter phloem, they can be transported upwards or downwards to all parts of a plant, including roots. “This food is transported to different p, “The end walls of sieve tubes are conne ottuiose wa! Apart of phloem tissue be form of solution through sie © arts of plant in the 8 + by perforated sieve plates, £0" ‘ted with each other bc: Ne eaannus PASSE LONI LOOE Hips to stey cont bes SUUDS Uo Sten tips thronigh which diswlved fnodd anbstaaces move feels nis yhe nanstocation in phtoy phivent tise using erred Achieved by utitising energy. Material like sucrose is trans ure ef the rss on to tissues which ising Water Lo move int Demy front ATH This increases the osmotic pre: This pessine am essune moves the material in the ph se les pressite, This allows the phloem tamere wane ee ete material according to plane's need. _ Describe the structure and functioning of nephrons [CBSE 2023 (UU 2 Seucture of Nephron: Nephron is the structural and functional unit of ide I consists af a long coiled tubule differentiated into proximal tubule, loop of Henle and distal tubule. The distal tubule open: nephron to the collecting tubule. At the proximal end of the ties « double-walled cup-shaped structure called Bowman's capsule. The Bowman's capsule contains a bundle of blood capillaries which is called glomernbis. [1 the glomeruli, the blo that comes in through afferent anteriole is drained out through Functions of Nephron: (i) Filtration: Filtration of blood takes place in Bowman's capsule fiom the capillaries of glomerulus, This takes place under high pressure. The filtrate passes into the tubular part of the nephron, ‘This filtrate conta rie acid, salts and major amount of water: ns glucose, amino acids, wre long the tubule usetul substances such as glucose, amine (ii) Reabsorption: As the filtrate flows. ling acids, salty and water are selectively reabsorbed into the blood by capillaries surrou the nephron tubule. (ii) Tubular secretion: Certain substances whieh are harmful and not needed by the body like en ions are secreted from the capillary blood sium, creatinine and hydve ule. This is called tubular secretion ammonia, pots into the lumen of distal 01 4 the collecting tubule is called urine. [¢ flows three pag, bth ethira, reters into urinary ‘The fluid enter bladder, where it is stored and discharged from time to time th What are the methods used by plants to get rid of excretory products? To get rid of excretory products, plants use the following ways ascous waste products through stomata on leaves aud lenticels in stern, () The plants get rid of 4 of bark Wi) The plants get rid of stored solid and liquid wastes by shedding of leaves, peelin and felling of fruit (ai) ‘The plants also secrete wastes in the form of guiny (iv) Some waste substances are excreted through roots mito the soil around them s eliminated by the process of transpiration pd resins, 1) Excess of water i) In living cells, many cytoplasmic wastes are shifted to cellular vaewotes + How is the amount of urine produced regulated? the amount of nrine produced depends on how much of excess water ib there or the bots, aud now much of dissolved waste is there to be excreted. More water and dissolved waste int the Vad wall produce more urine and on the other band, bess water and bers disobed waste will therefore, produce less urine. ST aan ‘The kidneys in human beings are # part of the system for (0) mutrition (0) respiration (6) excretion (d) tansportationQZ. The xytem in plants are eneponsibite for a (a) transport of water oh aan 5 (6) transport of amino aciels cay sraneport of ORFREM Ans, (a) } QS. The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires ipl (@) carbon dioxide and water ) ae a 1 (6) suntighe fd) alt of the? ij Ans. id) , . 5 oxide, water and energy takes place j } Qa. The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide in Place in, (6) mitochondria {¢) cytoplasm (©) chloroplast ® How are fats digested in our bodi “The small imestine is the site of he is acidic and las to be made alkaline Qs. Ans, bile juice from the liver and the en7) mailer globules U ‘emulsified fats. The wall of the s™: snzymes present i it finaly convert Silliand passed to every cel for obtain! What is the role of saliv Soliva contains an enzyme present in food into sugar What are the necessary condition sy for autotrop! Q6. Ans. called saliva (maltose). \s for Q7 ‘Ans. The conditions necessa and water “The byproducts of antotrophie nutrition complete dige: 1, The upper part ol hereby increasing the ¢ al] intestine va in the digestion of food? (a) nucleus here does this process fake place? ‘tion of fats. The food coming from enzymes to act. It is made aty JF small intestines also called duodenuny, om pancreas. Bile salts break then : me action and lipase breaks g cli secre 1 glycerol. These are aby for the pancreat lipase fi sficiency of n79" contain glands acids and incestinal ju 1¢ fats into fatty “H ing energy: ests the starch (comple ino) ry amylase which autotrophic nutrition and what are its byproducyy are sunlight, chlorophyll, carbon hic nutrition are water and oxygen- CO, ‘carbon diode Q.8. What sight is Sele, +H, 0 —Ghoroptyll Water are the differences between aerol CHO + Oy +H,O Siocise Oxygen ater bic and anaerobic respiration? Name some orga, le of respiration. that use the anaerobic mod ‘Ans. ( Merobic Respiration “Anaerobic Respiration 1 Aerobic respiration takes place in the presence of oxygen. 2, Complete break down of food occurs in it. 5, The end products are carbon dioxide (GO,) and water 4,0). 4.4 produces a considerable amount of energy, ++ due wo complete oxidation of food molecules. Onganisuns that use the anaerobic mode of respi worms. “Kile: i ais ong ns, ot are small pouches or saclike structure, » tian millions of alveoli are present in the lungs 9. Hi i desi Q-9. How are the alveoli designed to maximise the exchange of gases? 1, Anaerobic respiration takes place in theses of oxygen. 2, Incomplete oxidation of food occurs. 3. The end products may be ethyl alcobe carbon dioxide or lactic acid. 4, Much less energy is produced, duetoincont oxidation of food. ation are yeast, some bacteria and some pat hey are surrounded by blood capillaries Nee The presence of millions of alveoli in the i qeprovides a very hinge surface ! Beatrice: the alveoli for the exchange of gases. When we breathe expand and maximise the p uxiiise th ANE Of pases, 10, What would be the conseque nees ofa deficiency of haemoglobin in our bodi [CBSE 2019 (31/3/9)] he deficiency of haemoglobin j Ar a ide ey ot Cmoglobin in our body i called anaemia, tn anaemia, the blood is unable fess energy’ will be availabe of 28¥8eH required by the body. So, respiration would be less and lethargic and will boone : the Boel The haemoglobin deficient person will feel weak, pale, angic a ‘able to perform heavy physical work. . 11. Describe double circulation of blood in hum, ‘an beings. Why is it necessary? as, The blood Passes through the heart twice through separate pathways for completing one cycle. ‘This type of circulation is called double circulation . The double cixculation of blood includes ( Systemic circulation (i) Pulmonary circulation Stee (i) Systemic circulation: It supplies Onygenat& blood oxygenated blood from left Hemel auricle to left ventricle, which is ide pumped to aorta to distribute haps = YOngenates blood blood to various body parts. The Pulmonary ta P Pulmorary artery ®ifeulation a deoxygenated blood is collected from the various body organs Deoxygenated blood by the veins to pour into vena cava and finally into the right Systemic circulation MMS Right ventricle All body organs except lungs, atrium (auricle), Right atrium \ ge” transfers this blood into the right aK oo? ventricle. eR ‘Deoxygenated blood (ii) Pulmonary circulation: The Veins! deoxygenated blood is pushed by the right ventricle into the lungs for oxygenation through pulmonary artery. The oxygenated blood is brought back to left atrium of the human heart through pulmonary vein, From left atrium, the oxygenated blood is pushed into the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into aorta for systemic circulation. Necessity of double circulation: In humans, having four-chambered heart (which consists of two auricles and two ventricles) the left side and right side of heart are completely separated to prevent the oxygenated blood from mixing with deoxygenated blood. Such a separation allows a highly efficient supply of oxygen to the body cells which is necessary for producing a lot of energy. This energy is useful in case of human beings that have high energy need because they constantly require energy to maintain their body temperature. ).12, What are the differences between the transport of materials in xylem and phloem? Ans. | ‘Transport in Xylem ‘Transport in Phloem 1. It transports organic nutrients, 1. Tttransports water and minerals 2. The movement is generally unidirectional. 2. The movement is multidirectional. 3. Phloem transport is inhibited by metabolic 3. Itis not influenced by metabolic inhibitors. inhibitors. h the help of 4, Ibis carried out by xylem vessels and tracheids. | 4. Takes place in sieve tubes adjacent companion cells, ' 5. Major operating forces are diffusion and 5. Energy (ATP) is required for translocation. transpiration pull Lion AT‘ ware and down ie the poe is bidveetional ge, ups aut avin, rhc the xylem takes:place-only from the roots (0 7 Water ind nutrients iv the xy! lent is tie CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE (QUESTIONS: ons Each of the following questions are of 2 marks. G1. A plant X was enclosed in a glass jar with some lizards. A similar plant Y yay another glass jar but without lizards. Both the jars are kept under the for a few hours, Which plants likely to photosynthesize more and why? Ans. Plant X carbon dioxide. ne Hight will inerense le; ig to a higher amount of photosynthesis, Q.2. Proteinuria is a condition in which significant amounts of prot ‘Which process in the nephron is likely to be a n can be detec fected causing proteinuria? Justi fy. Ans, © Filtration OR selective reabsorption by the nephron may not be functioning py 9 Improper filtration will ead to proteins getting filtered even though they 3 OR Afier filtration, useful substances such as proteins may not be getting reabsorbed, Q:5. Amount of urine produced generally decreases in summers as compared to oth ted in ys cl lo Ned Conaig, gg Hkely to photosynthesize more, ‘This is due (o rexpitution of the lizard, he AM Ning, Oper, ATE MOL Wage her seas we don't keep ourselves sufficiently hydrated. Justify. mit Ans.” The amount of urine produced is regulated by se nephron. It depends on how much excess water Waste is there to be excreted. In summers mor reabsorption of water by the body to ma the in the body inta in osmotic balance. Q.4. A person suffering from liver disease is advised to avoid fatty Give a reason why each of the foods mentioned should liver disease. (CBSE Practice & Since the liver produces bile which creates an alkaline medium for effective absence of bile acidic foods may cause more acidity and poor digestion ‘Ans. 4 Since bile is responsible for fat digestion by converting large fat globules to sm efficient digestion, in absence of which fats will not be properly Q.5. What will happen if ( Xylem tissue in a plant is removed? di) We are injured and start bleeding? digested. Serene ey PIE {, Movement of water and minerals from the soil to other & will ultimately die. (8) Platelet cells: plug these le Leakage of blood would lead to k system. ective reabsorption in the renal tu and how much water is lost due to sweating so there bile ig slg iS mere 'y and highly acidic foods, beavoided by a person suffering ag Paper 2095 digestion, aller ones te [CBSE 2023 (31/29) paris of the plant will stop andi 1 aks by helping the blood to clot at these points of inj! loss of pressure which would reduce efficiency of pumpi6, Whatis the other name of tissue guia’ ? Write its two functions. [CBSE 2023 (31/4/3)] @ Lymph @ Functions: @ ar (i) d digested and absorbed fa Ie, sort bed! fat from intestin ‘ excess fluid fr ott extracellular space back into the blood. Qt Give the name ofthe enzyme produces it. What would hap, enzyme? ae in the uid in our mouth cavity. State the gland which Pen to the digestion process if this gland stops secreting this [CBSE 2023 (31/6/1)] Ans. Te Mepis, lay roa laug a Paton jhe Yoak a eak oedet, 1 Salivatad i jase tee ly ine dl Teli te wecatet Mie Mitaipeme < nigurtunh. of. teeepis Lach te imple sagan 4 i ee, Ta Alecia ge % ee A ik, he we ci. foal oer | a Megacudt a silat eulhce sunset thee \ i ag ’ deed Wet ty euilyy Glew Aetna tase plang. Q.8. Ifa plant is releasing carbon dioxide and taking in oxygen during the day, does it mean that there is no photosynthesis occurring? Justify your answer. [NCERT Exemplar] [HOTS) Ans. Release of CO, and intake of O, gives evidence that either photosynthesis is not taking place or its rate is too low. Normally during day time, the rate of photosynthesis is much more than the rate of respiration. So, CO, produced during respiration is used up for photosynthesis hence CO, is not released. Q.9. Why do fishes die when taken out of water? (NCERT Exemplar] ye tichly supplied with blood capillaries and can ince fishes cannot absorb gaseous oxygen, they die respire with the help of gills, Gills readily absorb oxygen dissolved in wate soon after they are taken out of wat 2.10. What would happen if green plants disappear from the Earth? [NCERT Exemplar] ‘Ans, Green plants are the sources of energy for all organisms. Ifall green plants disappear from the Earth, all the herbivores will die due to starvation and so will the carnivores. [NCERT Exemplar] grass need a longer small 2.11. Why is small intestine in herbivores longer than in carnivores? Ans. Digestion of cellulose takes a longer time. Hence, herbivores eati iestine to allow complete digestion of cellulose. Carnivorous animals cannot digest cellulose, hence they have a shorter intestine. 2.12, What will happen if mucus is not secreted by the gastric glands? [NCERT Exemplar] Ans. Gastric glandsin stomach release hydrochloricacid, enzyme pepsinand mucus. Mucus protects the inner lining of stomach from the action of hydrochloric acid and enzyme pepsin. If mnucus is not released, it will lead to erosion of inner lining of stomach, leading to acidity and ulcers, 2:13. Why do veins have thin walls as compared to arteries? [NCERT Exemplar] Ans. Arteries carry blood from the heart to various organs of the body under high pressure so they have thick and elastic walls. Veins collect the blood from different organs and bring it back to the heart. The blood is no longer under pressure so the walls are thin with valves to ensure that blood flows only in one direction. Life Processes /AEyroot xylem? INCRE, mntinuously into the ied 0,14, Why and how docs water enter contionansly m9 OO ake up fons. The on on My . TW it eases the movemer ze ‘Ans. Cells of root are in close . uct wit tie resrire Ftreascsith 7a oe increases inside the root and hence ; ‘oil into the root which occurs continuousl free containers, one in the dark and gy kept separately in oxygen pining nt = am Fe re a crved tet plant kept in dark could nots rg Give reson gh sheervation. 28 tn observation. OME Soe seaeeuS eee) : eee ble to carry out photosynthesis and due to absence of oxsee lark is unal arty " ‘Ans. © The plant keptin cl it cannot respire. © But the plant kep' can use for respiration. 1 ni 1 Tight is able wo photosynthesize converting CO, into oxygen whi, ight is y i the rate of photosynthesis? ving situations what happens to 2 ae ne (i) No rainfall in the area 4 (iii) Good manuring in the area (#v) Stomata get blocked due to dust [NCERT Exempiy) ‘Ans. (i) Decreases (iii) Increases | Q.17. State the function of Bows (ii) Decreases (iv) Decreases man’s capsule and glomerulus. “Ans, Bowman's capsule and glomerulus have semipermeable walls. The glomerulus, is a tuf y capillaries contained in Bowman's capsule. The water and dissolved substances (wastes ang ft l from here they are filtered into the tubule useful) are filtered into the Bowman's capsule ant Thus, both the structures act as filtering apparatus. Explain why the rate of photosynthesis in plants is low both at lower and higher temperature, Photosynthesis is an enzymatic process. The enzymes function within an optimum range of temperature which is neither very low nor very high. At low temperature the activity of enzymes is lowered due to which the rate of photosynthesis is also low. Again when the temperature is very high, the activity of enzymes decreases which leads to low rate of photosynthesis. Q.19. Is ‘nutrition’ a necessity for an organism? Discuss. [NCERT Exemplar} Ans. Food is required for the following purposes: ( Itprovides energy for the various metabolic processes in the body. (ii) Ieis essential for the growth of new cells and repair or replacement of worn out cells Gi) Icis needed to develop resistance against various diseases. Q-20: What is the advantage of having four chambered heart? [NCERT Exemplar} Ans. In fo f our chambered heart, left haifis completely separated from right half by septa. This preven’ Q18. Ans, Q1. G) Which organisms © Gi) List two functions _ Ans. Amphibians and re slower metabolism tate aid begs haere heart. r e and é be delivered to the body... hence, they require a lower has three. of we heart? Why do they have three-chambered heat [CBSE 2024 (31/18) This is because these animals have* amount of oxygen per liter of blood” 0°jo functions of lymph a [9 eis responsible for the removal of interstitial aid from ts gp Teabsorbs and tonsport ty acids and fsa cyte om the waves of a plant were i om the digestive system. vp mere ofa plant were covered with aluminium foi hve ould afte hysiology of jhe plan? ct the physiolog} “ (CBSE Sample Paper 2023) Photosynthesis will occur so no glucose will be ma ‘ ple Pap I be taken, glucose will be made. Also no respiration will take place as "0 ye er } © ; rane asion tiheaae 3 Dae oa be no upward movement of water or minerals from | Femperaue ee eager will be affected. | @ wi ati ne ee ie a reakdown of glucose during aerobic and anaerobic respiration? | (i) ATP is called the energy currency of the cell. Why? i) What js meant by “residual volume of air” in a breathing cycle? [CBSE 2023 (31/2/2)] (i ee pias senee ae) ans el % % ) Glucose > Pyruvie acid /Pyruvate In the cytoplasm (ji) Itis used as fuuel for all activities in a cell / ATP is broken down giving rise to a fixed amount ofenergy which drive endothermic reactions in the cell 1 (iy When air is taken in and let out, the lungs always contain a residual volume of air so that there is sufficient time for the oxygen to be absorbed and for the carbon dioxide to be released / volume of air present in lung after exhalation. 1 js a table representing the characteristics of two fluids involved in the {f substances in the human body. Q.4. Given below transportation of Fluid A uid B colourless coloured ‘contains less oxygen comiains more oxygen contains more proteitt contains less protein () Identify fluid A and fluid B. (ii) With the help of a flow chart, spaces to the main circulatory system. (i What role does fluid A play in the digestion of food in humans? (CBSE Practice Paper 2023) describe the movement of fluid A from the intercellular Ans, (i) 0 Fluid A- Lymph Q Fluid B - Blood (i) Intercellular spaces -> lymphatic cay (ii) Lymph carries digested and absorbe 5. Two major forces help in the transport of water in a plant. Force A movement of water during the day, whereas force B helps the movement of water in a during the night or during the day when lnumidity is very high. i) Identify force A and force B. ) Describe how each of these forces helps in the movement of water ina plant. (CBSE Practice Paper 2023) pillaries —» lymph vessels ~+ larger veins fat from the intestines back to the blood. js the driving force in the plant Ans, () Q Force A: transpirational pull Q Force B: root pressure Linon LF(i) Transp trang tional pull: evaporation of water molecules from the stomata of yi, ion creates a suction that pulls water from the XSTem cells of toons, at Bonar by roots from the soll Causes watery more into Ii se water that is pushed upwards.” "Sy \ctive absorption of ions ot xylem creating a colui Q.6. (i) State the role of ATP in cellular respiration. (@) What ensures sufficient exchange of gases . s in plant depen y plants? seh i oi iffusion of gase (iif) State the conditions on which the direction of diffusion oF & (cose aes "ho My) y a fixed amount of ex ATP breaks down to gi ~ : taking place in the cell her 1 Ans. (i) Energy currency for cellular proces which can drive the endothermic reactions (ii) Stomata and surface of leaves, stems and roots. (ii) Environmental conditions Requirements of the plant. {i What isthe internal energy reserve in plants and animals? 1 stomata remain closed during the jy. ee e “ ww desert plants perform photosynthesis if thei desert plants perform pI ascndartg ‘ar (i) Hos Pg tet arse tlt fe Pipe eiysy/2)) ‘Ans. (() Plants Starch ; 1imals- Glycogen * ; 5 Desert plant ight and prepare an intermediate compouyj Desert plants take up carbon dioxide at ni Oe erie acted upon by the energy absorbed by the chlorophyll during the day. ‘ Q..8. State the events occurring during the process of photosynthesis, Is it essential that these sys take place one after the other immediately? [CBSE 2023 (81/5/1)] [CBSE Sample Paper 202) loropy . ‘Ans. 6CO, +6H,O —Sopm — CoHi2O + 60, Corban dioxide Water Ccarbohyiate Oxygen | Events that take place during photosynthesis are: ; () Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll Gi) Conversion of light energy into chemical energy and splitting of water molecule. (iii) Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate. These steps need not take place one afier other immediately. For example, desert plants tale up carbon dioxide at night and prepare an intermediate which is acted upon by the enery | absorbed by chlorophyll during the day. Q.9. (i) What is compensation point? (i) “AI plants give out oxygen during day and carbon dioxide during night”. Do you agree with this statement? Give reason. [NCERT Exemplar) ‘Ans. (i) When the rate of photosynthesis is equal to rate of respiration, it is called as compenstion point. The rate of liberation of Oy during photosynthesis is equal to the rate of liberation Of CO, during respiration. Thus, there is no net uptake of gases from the environmet __ Compensation point is usually reached at dusk and dawn and on a cloudy () During day time, as the rate of photosynthesis is more than the rate of respiration, the n result is evolution of oxygen. At night there is no photosynthesis, so they give out ca*o® dioxide due to respiration Q. 10. ® Sea peptic ulcer? How is peptic ulcer caused? (ii) List two different functions performed by pancreas in our body. (CBSE 2019 G1/13)] {HOTS}peptic leer is ine lin peptic ulcer Ly of ga ining of the stomach is called peptic uleet (ii) (@) Pancreas secrete di suet eh a in prot gestive enzymes wh Ss which help in the diges a ne digestion proce: (6) The endocrine part of insulin cre Patt OF Pancreas (Langerhans cells) produce horim0 ke glucagon- 11. (a) State the role play. fol F iyed by th ing i o mete yy the i, process of digestion. Enzyme tryp: (i) Enzyme lipase (©) List two functions ‘ ‘ons of finger-like projections present in the small intestine. [CBSE 2020 eus/DI 12, Plants have low energy needs as compared to animals. Explain. [NCERT Exemplar] “Ans. Plants do not move, In a large plant body there are many deael cells like sclerenchyma which provide strength to the plant but do not perform any cellular function. As a result they require fess energy ‘Animals, on the other hand, need energy for different activities like movement OF | search of food. So, they require more energy 0.13. How do the guard cells regulate opening and closin “Ans. ‘The swelling of guard cells due to absorption of water caus shrinking of guard cells closes the pores. Opening and cl changes in guard cells. When guard cells are turgid, stoma al pore is 0 © conditions, the stomatal aperture closes. 2.14. () Define light reaction. (i) Define dark reaction. (iii) Two green plants are kept separate] other in continuous light. Which om ‘Ans. ()) Achemical reaction, which take place only in the presence oflight, light dependent reaction. It takes place in grana of chloroplast. (@ A chemical reaction, which can take place even in the absence of light, is called a dark reaction or light independent reaction. It takes place in stroma of chloroplast Gi) Plant kept in continuous light will live longer because it will be able to produce oxygen required for its respiration by the process of photosynthesis. 215, @ Name the energy eurrency inthe living organisms. When and where ist produced? [NCERT Exemplar] 1g of stomatal pores? [NCERT Exemplar] es opening of stomatal pores while ng of stomata occurs due to turgor pen while in flaccid Jy in oxygen-free containers, one in the dark and the ‘e will live longer? Give reasons. [NCERT Exemplar] is called light reaction or (i) What happens to the rate of breathing during vigorous exercise and why? Life Processes Are ON the energy currency in the iis ei on de living organisms and also during pho th Pretosygy el te (ATP) Ans. (i) Adenosine triphosp! ing respira in the mitochondria dl in plants. 5 vigorous exercise, our body requires more ene is needed, so the rate of breathing is increased. Oxy sy and Jor this purpose ake rate inereases by oy e285 by ag My Ny 25 times. Q.16. (i) Name the correct substrates for the following enzymes. (@) Trypsin (6) Amylase (c) Pepsin @ Lipase digestion of food. INCERT y, “eM (ii) Explain the role of mouth in (a) Protein (b) Starch (¢) Protein (@) Fats all pieces by the teeth. ‘Ans. (i) amylase (found in saliva) breaks down Sah i, Gi). @ Food is crushed into si () Ic mixes with saliva and the enzyme sugars, {@ Tongue helps in thorough mixing of food with saliva. lot have any digestive enzyme but still plays a significant role in the fy the statement. [CBSE 2023 (81/5/1)] [CBSE Sample Paper 2021] (1 (ODy Q.17. Bile juice does n digestion because bile i ig bile is alkatin a of digestion. Justi ‘Ans. Bile does not contain any enzyme but it is essential for ‘ontain salts which helps to emulsify the fat present in the food. So, the bile perfo form functions: {) The food coming from the stomach is acidic and has to be made alkaline for the pa ANCTCale enzymes to act. (i) The bile salts breakdown the fat present in the food into smaller globules. This incre NCTEASES the efficiency of enzymes in the small intestine to digest the food effectively. Q.18. List in tabular form three differences between blood and lymph. [CBSE 2019 (315 Msi Ans. ns. FN az Rouen ae Xam idea Science-X° ' [NCERT Exemplar} 1" eaves provide large surface are; oF g Lewes P kt urtice area for maximum light absorption, ay Leaves are arranged at right angles to the light source in away th erlapping. 0 loge extensive network of y away that causes overlapping. jptare the adaptations of leat for photosynthesis 8 enable: cnables quick transport of substances to and from the mesophyll presence of numerous stomata for ga je) Presen stomata for gaseous exchange. } I « chloroplasts are more | ane cbloreplass are more in number onthe upper surface of ive reasons Op Plants look green. (jy The respiratory surface of earthworm is its skin. Nutrition is necessary for an organism, (a) We boil the leaFin aleohol when we are testing it for starch, ao oT ee of plants contain green pigments called ehlorophyll w hich iy, neces plootosynthesis. Plants reflect green light of sunlight, so they look green. (i The skin of earthworm is quite thin and moist and has rich blood supply. So, it re pires sary for through its skin. dan organism requires nutrients like carbohydrates, fais, proteins, minerals and vitamins for fie growth, reprodiction and metabolic actives, so mutton is neceasry Foran orgs {) We bol the leafin alcohol to remove chlorophyll from green leat. pifferentiate between an artery and a vein. Refer to Basic Concepts Point 70. qi. [NCERT Exemplar] Describe the structure of human kidney. ed and located at the back of abdomen, one on either side of backbone. depression called hilum through which renal avtery enters and y has two regions: outer cortex and inner medulla. Each "Ans, Kidneys are bean-shaps Its inner concave surface has a cin leaves the kidney. Kidne number of filtering units called nephrons. renal vt kidney has a large Fecha the following questions are of 5 marks. QL @ Whyis tiereadifference in the rate of breathing between aquatic organisms and terrestrial organisms? Explain. () Draw a di i Iabel-pharynx, trachea, Tangs: ww a diagram of human respiratory system and Iabel-p Te ee Sr diaphragm and alveolar sac on it.anise the amount of dinaly lve a Ans. () Rate of bn in water is lower as compared to th 2) For diagram Refer to Basie Concepts. poi a i umount of oxygen Ue int 99. Q.2. Explain the nutrition process in an Amoeba. Amoeba is holozoic ‘Ans. ‘The mode of nutition in 4 _ Pegs roamed Orga! Asin Syact ecu ‘cyloplas figested food Psoudopodia —iggdyaauole food vacuole iniooyiopiasm dig wtp) AS LA Y (ingestion (19 Forming food (it) Digestion (i) Absorption (+) Assimilation (0) Egesign VecH0l° Haren stages in the nutrtion of Amoeba ‘The various steps involved in the process of nutrition are: (i) Ingestion: Amoeba ingests food with the help ofits finger-like extensions, called Pseudopod, When a food particle approaches Amoeba, it forms pseudopodia around it and forms . iad vacuole inside the Amoeba. i) Digestion: Various enzymes from the cytoplasm enter into the food vacuole and break then, down into simple soluble molecules. (ti) Absorption: The simple soluble food is absorbed by cytoplasm of Amoeba from food Vacuoles through the process of diffusion. () Assimilation: Aosta cell obtains energy from the absorbed food through respiration. Th energy is utilised by Amoeba for its growth and repair of the body. (©) Bgestion: When a considerable amount of undigested food gets collected inside Anoel, i cell membrane ruptures and throws out the undigested food. Q.3. (i) Describe acrobic respiration. (i) Describe the process of anaerobic respiration. Ans.) The respiration which needs oxygen or occurs in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration, During this type of respiration, glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide and ee with the release of considerable amount of energy. The energy is stored in the formol It consists of two steps: @ Giveolpsie ae conversion of glucose into pyruvate (or pyruvic acid) is called glycolysis. occurs in the cytoplasm, (b) Kreb’ 2 Tis a ¢ ee Peet i sie bree of converting pyruvate into CO, and HO along with the Slee Be {mount of energy. It occurs in the mitochondria. One molecu “ ates 38 ATP of energy during aerobic respiration, ‘ Glucose SR Dries Oxygen peters erbae” Pipi —peaseiecm— GOD, + 61,0 4+ S44TP (molecule) in mitochondria) ro ee Xam idea Science-x| ig ‘The respiration which takes place During this respiration glucos cis ae eee of oxygen is called anaerobic respiration neh ow nto ethy! aloe and GO, with the release iS Lype of respirati ic respiration, one molecule of oxygen produces ) piration accu in microscopic organisms like yeast. €t© Pyruvic acid —Bthealsenceof oxygen (ynuvatey H,OH + 2c, + 2ATP (molecules) Enhyt alcoho Energy of very small amount of e only 2. ATP of energy. This In human beings, the energy is obtained by respiration occurs in muscles during vi tuscles during vigorous exercise when oxygen gets consumed faster than its supply by the blox g the anaerobic re , y od. During the anaerobic respiration in the muscles the glue erted into lactic acid with the release of 2 ATP of ene as f energy. aerobic respiration but sometimes anaerobic Anaerobic respiration in human being Glucose “poe Pyruvica id + 2ATP Potente) Aaeytoplavn acid —Tthsobencenfonges . pacticacid + 2 (Pyruvate) (Occursin human muscles) (2molecules) ‘Energy Canolecules weabsence of oxygen gut. Explain process of breathing in man, [NGERT Exemplar] athe in air, the diaphragm contracts and flattens which results in the increase in volume of chest cavity. Due to this expansion of chest cavity, the air pressure in the lungs decreases. Thus, air from outside rushes ns. (i) When we br j to the lungs through nostrils, trachea and bronchi. Therefore, air sacs of lungs get filled with air when we breathe in. The exchange of gases between alveoli and blood takes place by the process of diffusion. For diagram refer to Basic Concepts, point 55. {i) Now, the air present in air sacs of the lungs is rich in COy. When we breathe out air, the diaphragm relaxes which results in the decrease in volume of chest cavity. This relaxation pushes the air from the lungs into the trachea, nostrils and then out of the body into ait Breathing in air is called inhalation and breathing out air is called exhalation. Mechanism of gaseous exchange during respiration: ‘The oxygen is carried by blood to all the parts of the body. As the blood passes through the tissues of the body, the oxygen from the blood dllfuses into the cell, whereas the CO, which is produced during respiration diffuses into the blood and is carried to the lungs. Q.5. i) How do leaves of plants help in excretion ? Explain briefly. [CBSE 2023 (31/5/1) (ii) Describe the structure and function ofanephron. [CBSE 2020 (31/3/2), 2019 (31/5/2)] Powers on Cuesta Ans. 20 (31/3/2)] {) © Oxygen and CO, produced during photosyuthesis and respiration is given out through stomata in the leaves. © Excess water is given out by the process of transpiration © When leaves become old, they fall off carrying waste materials along with them in their vacuoles. (Any Tivo) 11 (i) Structure of Nephron: the kidney which is made of fine tubules, one end Nephron is the basic filtration unit ofvwhich forms a cup-shaped structure called Bowman's capsule, and the other end opens into a collecting duct/tube. 1% Function of Nephron’ Blood carrying nitrogenous wastes is filtered through the glomerulus and is collected in the Bowman's capsule, some usefil substances in the filtrate like glucose and water ete are selectively reabsorbed as the filtrate flows along the tube. 1%estion of tvod ith sétinge Q.6. Describe the privess of dige OR ral of man and label the following parts: INCERT OR xenp, | ¢s get digested in human beings? [NrRy “ea Draw the diagram of alimentary e" phagus, Stomiach, Intestine Mouth, Ocs pohydrates, proteins and fal is, point 2 How do cart for wo Basic Concep' tthe various processes involved in the digestion of human beings rough the help of mouth Iman beings ingest fo gestion of food, In mouth there ate salivary, For diagts Ingestio: Digestion: The teeth helps in physical di ares) ecrete saliva, in which sulivary amylase enzyme present which digest dhe vthe digestion of carbohydrate stats trom mount isp op maltose sugat: i. J-shaped ie muscular, When the slightly digested foo ente ovement of ts wall, takes place, whichis yn ps the food t0 move TovsAtUs the sony 1. From the oesophagus the food ey aastric juices which is a ust present in food into : ‘area called pharyns which leads to lon Mouth opens into a stall fu called oesophagus, whose walls hi ‘oesophagus the contraction and expansion 1 movement hel as peristaltic movement. Thy Conall; in oesophagus there is no digestion of food imo the stomach. In the stoma hydrochloric acid, pepsin (prote food emters from stomach into the and the remaining part of the smal secretions of two glands, ée., liver and pant secretes pancreatic juice which digests the proteins, carbolty dates the digestive enzymes are amylase, maltose and invertase (or digesting the carbohydrate, trypsin for proteins and lipase for fats. Thus, food is completely digested in ileum par ach there is secretion of g: I micas. Novs the partially dey part which is known as duodeniy as ileum. The duodenun, reece emulsilied Es, Heyy Jn digesting enzyme) and small intestine’s wid II intestine is termed reas. Liver secretes bile p small intestine. (iy Absorption: Now, the food enters from duodenum into ileum part ofsmall intestine where millions of finger-like projections known as vill are present which absorb the food. (io) Assimilation: The blood carves the digested and dissolved food to all parts of the body Atrium ( Collects blood on rekaxation) Pulmonary Vein —> Lelt (3) @) a) Contraction of Left Atrium a} Left Ventricle | Collects blood on expansion o Contraction of Left Ventricle a Various onganis of human body <—— Aorta ) Note: Marks also to be awarded if written 10) paragraph form. xB Id reduce the efficiency of the pumping 1 (b) Leakage results in loss of dplood pressure which wou system.