wy viii. For maximum possible speed, f, is maximum and equal to j1.N . From equations (1) and (2), tan + H, = |rg] ———— wee nf; mot) @) This is an expression for maximum safety speed with which a vehicle can be safely driven along a curved banked road (considering friction). If 1, = 0, then equation (3) becomes, vce fol oeten0 ms Et T= Otand Vox = rg tan we) This is an expression for maximum safety speed with which a vehicle can be safely driven along a curved banked road (neglecting friction). From equation (3) and equation (4) we can write, tan0 + vi fan + He | _ News wee(5) 1-p, tan rg and tan = “= Yue @=tan! (=) -+(6) From equation (5) and equation (6), angle of banking is independent of mass of vehicle. © scanned with OKEN Scannervy. vi. If the vehicle is running exactly at the optimum speed , then the forces acting on the vehicle are weight mg acting vertically downwards normal reaction N acting perpendicular to the road. But in practice, vehicles never travel exactly with this speed. Hence, for speeds other than this, the component of force of static friction between road and the tyres helps us, up to a certain limit. For maximum possible speed, The component N sin0 is less than the centrifugal force mv? . —>N sind r In this case, the direction of force of static friction (f,) between road and the tyres is directed along the inclination of the road, downwards. The horizontal component (f, cos 0) is parallel to Nsin0. These two forces take care of the necessary centripetal force (or balance the centrifugal force). BY =Nsind+fcos0 (1) r The vertical component, N cos@ balances the component f, sin 0 and weight ‘mg’ N cos 0 = f, sind + mg mg=N cos 0- f, sin 0 © scanned with OKEN Scannervi. For this, tension (Ty) in the string is resolved into Tp cos 0 : vertical component Tosin 0 : horizontal component The vertical component (To cos 0 ) balances the weight ‘mg’. mg = Tp cos0 we) The horizontal component Tp sinO then becomes the resultant force which is centripetal. mre” = To sin 0 we(2) Dividing equation (2) by equation (1), or = gsind 123) rcos® From the figure, sind = + L r=Lsin® .A4) From equation (3) and (4), IfT is the period of revolution of the bob, then o-28- (8 Leos® Period, T= 27, | LSS g Obtain an expression for maximum safety speed with which a vehicle can be safely driven along a curved banked road. OR Show that the angle of banking is independent of mass of vehicle. The vertical section of a vehicle on a curved road (considering friction) of radius ‘r’ banked at an angle ‘0° with the horizontal is shown in the figure. © scanned with OKEN Scannervi. NC is the distance of a point from the centre of mass. Any mass distribution is symmetric about the centre of mass. Thus, from the definition of the centre of mass, JNC-dm =0 1,=1.+Mh? This is the mathematical form of the theorem of parallel axes. 2. What is a conical pendulum? Obtain an expression for its time period. A tiny mass (assumed to be a point object and called a bob) connected to a long, flexible, massless, inextensible string, and suspended to a rigid support revolves in such a way that the string moves along the surface of a right circular cone of vertical axis and the point object performs a uniform horizontal circular motion. Such a system is called a conical pendulum. Expression for its time period: i, Consider the vertical section of a conical pendulum having bob (point mass) of mass m and string of length ‘L’. Here, @ is the angle made by the string with the vertical, at any position (semi-vertical angle of the cone) ii, Ina given position B, the forces acting on the bob are a. __ its weight ‘mg’ directed vertically downwards. b. the force ‘Ty’ due to the tension in the string, directed along the string, towards the support A. Ans: iii. As the motion of the bob is a horizontal circular motion, the resultant force must be horizontal and directed towards the centre C of the circular motion. © scanned with OKEN Scanner1 Ans: iii, | Long Answer () (4 Marks Each) State and explain the theorem of parallel axes. Statement: The moment of inertia (1,) of an object about any axis is the sum of its moment of inertia (1_) about an axis parallel to the given axis, and passing through the centre of mass and the product of the mass of the object and the square of the distance between the two axes. Mathematically, 1, = 1. + Mh? Proof: Consider an object of mass M. Axis MOP is any axis passing through point O. Axis ACB is passing through the centre of mass C of the object, parallel to the axis MOP, and at a distance h from it (.. h = CO). Consider a mass element ‘dm’ located at point D. Perpendicular on OC (produced) from point D is DN. Moment of inertia of the object about the axis ACB is I, = f(pcy dm, and about the axis MOP it is I, = [(DO' dm. 1,= [(DO) dm= f[(DN)’ + (NO)? Jam = J[(ONy + (Nc) + 2-NC-Co + (CO) Jam = f[(ocy + 2NC-h +h? Jam «+..(using Pythagoras theorem in ADNC) = [(DC/ dm + 2hf NC-dm + h? dm Now, [(DC)"dm =I, and fdm=M © scanned with OKEN Scannerez a From formula (ii), txt) +0, 1 = 0.01 x10 45 0.04 =7.5 rad/s From formula (iii), AL = 0.04 (7.5 — 5) = 0.1 kg m/s From formula (iv), AK.E. = > x 0.04 x (7.57 5?) = 0.6255 Ans: The change in its angular momentum and change in its kinetic energy are 0.1 kg m’/s and 0.625 J respectively. 7. Two wheels of moment of inertia 4 kgm? rotate side by side at the rate of 120 rev/min and 240 rev/min respectively in the opposite directions. If now both the wheels are coupled by means of a weightless shaft so that both the wheels rotate with a common , angular speed. Calculate the new speed of rotation. ) Solution: \ =4kg m’, n, = 120 p.m, np = 240 p.m. Initially, the angular velocities of the two wheels are @, and @, and, therefore the angular momentum L, and L, are in opposite directions. The magnitude of the total initial angular momentum, L = —L, + L2. L=-le, + lo; (i) After coupling on the same shaft, the total moment of inertia is 21. Let, w = 2an be the common angular speed. The magnitude of the total final angular momentum L' = 21 ....(ii) By the principle of conservation of angular momentum, L = L‘ Equating equation (i) and (ii), we have 1 (w:— 1) = 210 2x 2nn=2z (n:—m) 2n=nz- ny p= BM. 240-120 = 6 am 2 2 Ans: The new speed of rotation of the wheels would be 60 r.p.m. © scanned with OKEN ScannerCalculation: From formula (i), O= w=) bd _ wn ( 100 } 1000x 9.8 = tan‘! (0.0102) 0=0°35" From formula (ii), h=/sin@ h=1xsin(or3s') /~1™ i = 0.0102 m a h=1.02cm Ans: The elevation of the outer rail above the inner rail is 1.02 em. 6. A flywheel of mass 8 kg and radius 10 cm rotating with a uniform angular speed of 5 rad / sec about its axis of rotation, is subjected to » an accelerating torque of 0.01 Nm for 10 seconds. Calculate the a change in its angular momentum and change in its kinetic energy. py / Solution: eS Given: M=8kg,R=10cm=0.1 m, @, = 5 rad/s, t= 0.01 Nm, t= 10s To find: i. Change in angular momentum (AL) ii. Change in K.E. (AK.E.) Formulae: i, 1= MR ii, t= (2 =o } t iii, AL=I(a;-@)) iv. AK.E.= Fe} - of) Calculation: From formula (i), _ 8x(0.1)° a = 0.04 kgm? 1 © scanned with OKEN Scanneriv. Let us consider the object to be consisting of N number of particles of masses m), m; My at respective perpendicular distances 1, fr, ....0N from the axis of rotation. As the object rotates, all these particles perform UCM with same angular speed «, but with different linear speeds Vp FT, V2 = £2 Oy weed = Ey ©. Directions of individual velocities vi, v2, ....VN, are along the tangents to the irrespective tracks. Linear momentum of the first particle is of magnitude Pi = mv = mir, Its direction is along that of v1. Its angular momentum is thus of magnitude L, = pir, = m1; © Similarly, Ly = mj; @, Ly = my; @,...., Ly = my yO. For a rigid body with a fixed axis of rotation, all these angular momenta are directed along the axis of rotation, and this direction can be obtained by using right hand thumb rule. As all of them have the same direction, their magnitudes can be algebraically added. Thus, magnitude of angular momentum of the body is given by Lem ot my ot... myKo = (my + my} +...¢myry )o = lo where, I= mr? + m,ry +....+ myty is the moment of inertia of the body about the given axis of rotation. A railway track goes around a curve having a radius of curvature of 1 km. The distance between the rails is 1 m. Find the elevation of the outer rail above the inner rail so that there is no side pressure against the rails when a train goes round the curve at 36 km/hr. Solution: Given: Radius of curve, r= | km =1000 m, Speed of train, v = 36 knvhr =10 m/s To find: Elevation of rails (h) Formulae: i. tan @ me ii, h=/sinO © scanned with OKEN ScannerAt highest point H, = —mg 2-2) Subtracting (1) by (2), T.-Tu= me +mg- (= -ne) (vi-vj,) + 2mg r T.-Tu= © (viv) +2mg (3) By law of conservation of energy, (P.E+K.E) at L=(P.E+K.E) at O+ dmv =mg.2r+ Sim 3m(vi-vi)= mg.2r vi-vi = 4gr wf) From equation (3) and (4), T.-Ty= = (4gr) + 2mg = 4mg + 2mg, r T- 6mg Obtain an expression for the angular momentum of a body rotating with uniform angular velocity. Consider a rigid object rotating with a constant angular speed ‘«’ about an axis perpendicular to the plane of paper. en ; ' It It I It It I t ' t It I t I I t © scanned with OKEN Scanneriv. vi. 3 Ans: Force experienced by the first particle is, f= mya, = mina As these forces are tangential, the irrespective perpendicular distances from the axis are ry, P2, . Thus, the torque experienced by the first particle is of magnitude T=fin= mya Similarly, y= myya, t= Mya ....ty= Mya If the rotation is restricted to a single plane, directions of all these torques are the same, and along the axis. Magnitude of the resultant torque is then given by tet tty = (mq + my where, [= my? +m, + Myty is the moment of inertia of the object about the given axis of rotation. Derive an expression for the difference in tensions at highest and lowest point for a particle performing vertical circular motion. Suppose a body of mass ‘m’ performs V.C.M on a circle of radius r as shown in the figure. vu__H 7 1 i 1 I I I i 1 1 1 I I I Let, ension at the lowest point ension at the highest point ‘elocity at the lowest point Vu = velocity at the highest point At lowest point L, T- ma +mg eA) © scanned with OKEN Scannervi. iii, Translational K.E. of the first particle is 1 (KE): = Sm La = mo oz, Similar will be the case of all the other particles. Rotational K.E. of the object, is the sum of individual translational kinetic energies. Thus, Rotational K.E. Rotational K. x But I= my? Rotational K.E. Obtain an expression for the torque acting on a rotating body with constant angular acceleration. Consider a rigid object rotating with a constant angular acceleration ‘a” about an axis perpendicular to the plane of paper. A body of N particles Let us consider the object to be consisting of N number of particles of Masses Mm), M3,.....My at respective perpendicular distances mr, f2,.....tN from the axis of rotation. As the object rotates, all these particles perform circular motion with same angular acceleration a, but with different lincar (tangential) accelerations. ay= rat, ay 1 y= Tya,, ete. Ly. © scanned with OKEN ScannerFormula: Tw= =(u? - Srg) r Calculation: From formula, Ty= Salto -5x 08x 9.8) 0.5 = —(100 — 39.2 08 ) =38N ‘Ans: The tension in the string when the body is at the top of the circle is 38N. [Note: The given question is solved in accordance with textbook method.] iii, Short Answer I (SA1) (3 Marks Each) Derive an expression for kinetic energy of a rotating body with uniform angular velocity. Consider a rigid object rotating with a constant angular speed w about an axis perpendicular to the plane of paper. For theoretical simplification, let us consider the object to be consisting of N particles of masses m,, m2, .....my at respective perpendicular distances r), r3, .....tw from the axis of rotation. As the object rotates, all these particles perform UCM with the same angular speed w, but with different linear speeds, VL = M10, V2 = F20y.0005 VN = TNO © scanned with OKEN Scannerwy From formula (ii), 1500 = 4 x 1.2 x (25t)° 2x 1500 Va “ t=2sec. Ans: An angular acceleration must be applied for 2 sec. 5. A bucket containing water is tied to one end of a rope 5 m long and it is rotated in a vertical circle about the other end. Find the number of rotations per minute in order that the water in the bucket may not spill. Solution: Given: r=5m To find: Rotations per minute Formulae: i. v= Vtg. ii, vero as o ii, n= Qn Calculation: From formula (i), v= /5x98 = J49 =7 m/s From formula (ii) and (iii), vy 7x7 _ 49 Oar Dx2x5~ 22 “P* Rotations per minute = 2 x60 = 13.37 rpm. Ans: Rotations per minute in order that the water in the bucket may not spill is 13.37 r.p.m. 6. A body weighing 0.5 kg tied to a string is projected with a velocity of 10 m/s. The body starts whirling in a vertical circle. If the radius of the circle is 0.8 m, find the tension in the string when the body is at the top of the circle. Solution: Given: m=0.5 kg, u= 10 m/s, r= 0.8 m To find: Tension at highest point (Tw) © scanned with OKEN Scannerc. Force of static friction (f,) between road and the tyres. Since, normal reaction balances the weight N=mg we) While working in the frame of reference attached to the vehicle, the frictional force balances the centrifugal force. f- a wee(2) Dividing equation (2) by equation (1), £-¥ (3) N w iii, However, f, has an upper limit (f,)nux = HAN, where p1, is the coefficient of static friction between road and tyres of the vehicle. This imposes an upper limit to the speed v. At the maximum possible speed, .--.[From equations (2) and (3)] Vous = YHTE This is an expression for for maximum safety speed with which a P vehicle should move along a curved horizontal road. iv. Significance: The maximum safe speed of a vehicle on a curve road j depends upon friction between tyres and road, radius of the curved road = and acceleration due to gravity. 4. The moment of inertia of a body about a given axis is 1.2 kgm’. Initially the body is at rest. For what duration, an angular acceleration of 25 radian/sec’ must be applied about that axis in order to produce a rotational kinetic energy of 1500 joule? Solution: Given: To find: Formulae: Calculation: 1= 1.2 kgm’, a = 25 radian/sec’, wp = 0 rad/s (K.E. ron = 1500 J Time (t) ib a= SO ii, t From formula (i), w= 25t © scanned with OKEN Scanneriii. ii, Applying parallel axis theorem 1, =1,+Mbh? 1,=1,-MR? Applying perpendicular axis theorem, h=h+h=2h MR? _ MR? 4 2 h=2x Derive an expression for maximum safety speed with which a vehicle should move along a curved horizontal road. State the significance of it. Consider ver having a rad ical section of a car moving on a horizontal circular track s ‘r’ with *C’ as centre of track. Forces acting on the car (considered to be a particle): Weight (mg), vertically downwards, Normal reaction (N), vertically upwards that balances the weight © scanned with OKEN Scanner06. Ans: Ans: 2. A hollow sphere has radius 6.4 m. what is the minimum velocity required by a motor cyclist at bottom to complete the circle. Minimum velocity required by a motor cyclist at bottom to complete the circle, Vain = V5rg = (5x64xK98 17.7 m/s A bend in a level road has a radius of 100 m, Find the maximum speed which a car turning this bend may have without skidding, if the coefficient of friction between the tyres and road is 0.8, Maximum speed, which a car turning the bend may have without skidding, Vax = Jurg 0.8 x 100 x 9.8 28 m/s Short Answer | (SA1) (2 Marks Each) A flywheel is revolving with a constant angular velocity. A chip of its rim breaks and flies away. What will be the effect on its angular velocity? When the chip of the rim of a flywheel revolving with a constant angular velocity breaks away, its mass will decrease. Due to the decrease in its mass, the moment of inertia of the flywheel will decrease: In order to conserve angular momentum, the angular velocity of the flywheel will increase The moment of inerti: of a uniform circular disc about a tangent in is the mass and R is the radius of 5 2 its own plane is a MR’ where M the disc. Find its moment of inertia about an axis through its centre and perpendicular to its plane. MI. of a unifrom circular disc about a tangent in its own plane, 5 2 —MR* 4 © scanned with OKEN ScannerAns: Ans: Very Short Answer (VSA) (1 Mark Each) Find the radius of gyration of a uniform disc about an axis perpendicular to its plane and passing through its centre. MLL. of a unifrom disc about an axis perpendicular to the plane and MR? passing through its centre: I= Since, |= MK* x= [t= [MRR M 2M 2 Does the angle of banking depend on the mass of the vehicle? No, angle of banking is independent of mass of the vehicle. During ice ballet, while in the outer rounds, why do the dancers outstretch their arms and legs. During ice ballet, while in the outer rounds, the dancers outstretch their arms and legs to reduce their angular spe State the principle of conservation of angular momentum. Angular momentum of an isolated system is conserved in the absence of an external unbalanced torque. Two bodies have their moments of inertia I and 21 respectively about their axis of rotation, If their kinetic energies of rotation are equal, then what is the ratio of their angular velocity? Given: (K.E.)) =(K.E.)> «Given: I) = 1, b= 21) © scanned with OKEN ScannerHint: 1, = 1, + Mh’ =MR w(*) ...(MLL. of circular loop along its diameter = ey 2 MR* | MR™ =—+—— 2 4 = 3 vr? 4 5. A 500 kg car takes a round turn of radius 50 m with a velocity of 36 knw/hr. The centripetal force is (A) 250N (B) 750N (C) 1000N (D) 1200N Hint: C.p.p.= 7 r 6. Acyclist riding a bicycle at a speed of 14V3 mm/s takes a turn around a circular road of radius 20V3- m without skidding. Given g = 9.8 mvs’, what is his inclination to the vertical? (A) 30° (B) 45° (C) 60" (D) 90° Hint: 6 = tan (<] rg = tan!{ 14x14 «3 20 x V3 x98 =tan '(v3) 0 = 60° 7. A string of length € fixed at one end carries a mass m at the other. The string makes 2/x revolutions/sec around the vertical axis through the fixed end, The tension in the string is (A) 2m (B) 4m/ (C) 8m (D) 16 m/ Hint: @ = 2xr = 22 2 " T= mio = 16 m/ © scanned with OKEN ScannerLO portion for academic year 2020-21 only. 1. A diver in a swimming pool bends his head before diving. It (A) _ Increases his linear velocity (B) Decreases his angular velocity (C) Increases his moment of inertia (D) Decreases his moment of inertia ( Note: The @ marked questions are the part ereren| 2. The angular momentum of a system of particles is conserved (A) When no external force acts upon the system (B) When no external torque acts upon the system (C) When no external impulse acts upon the system (D) When axis of rotation remains the same 3. Astone is tied to one end of a string. Holding the other end, the string is whirled in a horizontal plane with progressively increasing speed. It breaks at some speed because (A) Gravitational forces of the earth is greater than the tension in string (B) The required centripetal force is greater than the tension sustained by the string (C) The required centripetal force is lesser than the tension in the string (D) The centripetal force is greater than the weight of the stone 4. The moment of inertia of a circular loop of radius R, at a distance of R/2 around a rotating axis parallel to horizontal diameter of the loop is t ont 3 wn (A) a MR (B) 7 MR (Cc) MR (D) 2MR? © scanned with OKEN Scanner