WHEAT (Triticum sp.

, 2n=14, 28, 42)

 It is one of the important cereals in the world giving about 2/3 rd of the total production followed
closely by rice.
 In temperature region it is the major source of food. The wheat flour is used predominantly for
making bread.
 India is one of the few countries in the world where three types of wheat are grown.
Bread wheat (T. aestivum) 90% area
Durum wheat (T. durum) 8% area
Dicoccum/Emmer wheat (T.dicoccum) 2% area

Distribution:
 Russia, USA, India, Pakistan, France, Canada, Italy, Argentina, Persia, Greece, Egypt, Europe,
China, Japan, Mexico.
 In India, extensively cultivated in North West India, Eastern part, Central plain, to some extent
Southern peninsular zone.

ORIGIN:
 Probable origin is south west Asia because related wild species are still grown in Babylonia,
Syria, Iran, North Israel, Iraq and Eastern Turkey.
Diploid Wheat - Asia minor
Tetraploid Wheat - Abyssinia (North Africa)
Hexaploid Wheat - Central Asia
 There are about 30 species in wheat, out of which 13 are diploids, 12 are tetraploids and 5 are
hexaploids.

Progenitor:
T. monococcum 2n=2x=14 (AA), Diploid Einkorn wheat

Cultivated:
T. aestivum 2n=6x=42 (AABBDD), Allohexaploid Bread wheat/ Common wheat
T. durum 2n=4x=28 (AABB), Allotetraploid Durum wheat/ Macaroni wheat
T. dicoccum 2n=4x=28 (AABB), Allotetraploid Dicoccum/ Emmer wheat

Related Species:
- T. boeticum/ T.aegilopoides (AA) Wild Einkorn 2n=14
- T. dicoccides, (AABB) Wild Emmer 2n=28
- T. persicum/ T. carthlicum (AABB) Persian wheat 2n=28
- T. turgidum (AABB) Rivet/Poulard 2n=28
- T. polonicum (AABB) Polish wheat 2n=28
- T. compactum (AABBDD) Club wheat 2n=42
- T. sphaerococcum (AABBDD) Dwarf wheat 2n=42
- T. spelta (AABBDD) Spelt wheat 2n=42
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 - T. macha (AABBDD) Macha wheat 2n=42
- T. timopheevi Tetraploid Source of CMS 2n=42

Crop Systematics and Species Relationship

Wheat belongs to the grass family Graminae and to the tribe Triticeae. The tribe forms a
distinct natural group characterized by a compound spike, laterally compressed spikelets with two
glumes, single starch grains and fairly large chromosomes in multiples of seven. The genera
Triticum, Aegilops, Secale, Agropyron and Haynaldia are distinct and form a natural subtribe the
Triticinae, within the tribe Triticeae. The genus Triticum has a large number of species including
cultivated types (Table 1). All the species of wheats are grouped in three natural groups einkorn,
emmer and dinkel wheat that form a polyploid series with chromosome numbers n=7, 14 and 21
respectively. The first domesticated forms of wheat are considered to have evolved through selectors
of cultivable types from wild diploid species T. boeticum subsp. aegilopoides to produce T.
monococuum (einkorn wheat) and the wild tetraploid T. dicoccoides to produce T. dicoccum (emmer
wheat) simultaneously. The hexaploid wheats were the last to evolve and are the most modern.

Genetic Evolution
The genome analysis, the determination of evolutionary relationships on the basis of
chromosome pairing in hybrids to understand the evolutionary and species relationship in Triticum
has been extensively studied by Kihara and his colleagues. These studies indicated that
allopolyploidy was involved and that wheat evolution followed a system of diploid divergence and
polyploid convergence.

Evidences indicate that the tetraploid wheats (AABB genome) evolved from an allopolyploid
combining T. monococcum (AA) and an unknown, which was supposed to be the progenitor of BB
genome. Though it was believed to be Ae .spelloides, the ‘B’ genome donor, recent studies revealed
that it could not be progenitors of hexaploid wheat. Further, natural hybridization of a tetraploid with
wild grass (Ae. squarrosa L. DD genome renamed as T. tauschii) gave rise to hexaploid wheats like
T. aestivum, T. compactum etc.

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EVOLUTION OF WHEAT:
T. boeticum / T. aegilopoides wild Einkorn
Natural mutation & selection

T. monococcum Einkorn wheat x Unknown species (T. searsii)

(2n=2x=14, AA) (2n=2x=14, BB)

F1 - AB
Natural chromosomal doubling

T. turgidum Emmer wheat x T. tauschii

2n=4x=28, AABB 2n=2x=14, DD

F1 - ABD
Natural chromosomal doubling

T. aestivum Common wheat

(2n=6x =42, AABBDD)

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Triticale development:
T. turgidum x Secale cereale (Rye)
(2n=4x=28, AABB) (2n=2x=14, RR)

F1 – ABR
Chromosomal doubling

Hexaploid triticale (X. triticosecale)

(2n=6x =42, AABBRR)

T. aestivum x Secale cereale (Rye)

(2n=6x=42, AABBDD) (2n=2x=14, RR)

F1 - ABDR
Chromosomal doubling

Octaploid triticale
(2n=8x=56, AABBDDRR)

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Hexaploid wheat: A B D genomes
1A 1B 1D
2A 2B 2D
3A 3B 3D
4A 4B 4D
5A 5B 5D
6A 6B 6D
7A 7B 7D

 These homeologous chromosomes do not pair, only homologous chromosomes pairs.

 Ph gene present on Chromosome 5B, which prevents homeologous chromosome pairing.
 Hexaploid wheat contains 7 homeologous groups and each homeologous group contains 3
chromosomes eg. 1A 1B 1D.
 If one chromosome is lost in a homeologous group it is compensated by genes from other
chromosome eg. Leaf rust resistant genes - 2A (2 genes), 2B (3 genes), 2D (2 genes), they occur
at same position in chromosome no.3.
 E.R.Sears developed complete set of 21 monosomics (2n-1) in hexaploid wheat cultivar, Chinese
spring. In T. aestivum,all monosomics (2n-1) and nullisomics (2n-2) are viable.
 Monosomic analysis is used for locating
i) gene/s in chromosome/s and chromosome arm/s
ii) hemizygous ineffective genes
iii) genes via chromosome substitutions and
iv) genes by lack of expression in nullisomics
 Alien germplasm exploitation has been limited due to factors like lack of crossability, ploidy
differences, embryo abortion, hybrid sterility, useful and deleterious gene linkages, lack of
synapsis, and crossing over between wheat and alien chromosome.
 Three crossability genes kr1, kr2 and kr3 have been identified in Chinese spring which facilitates
crossing to rye.
 To overcome ploidy differences, genetic bridges and chromosome number doubling have been
beneficial. Alien tetraploids have been of significant value in overcoming persistent wheat x
diploid alien species crossability barriers.
 Embryo rescue techniques have now become routine practice in interspecific and intergeneric
hybridization.
 In wheat chromosome pairing is restricted to homologues by a diploidizing mechanism located
in the long arm of chromosome 5B, preventing normal synapsis between wheat and alien
chromosomes.
 On the 3D-beta, 3A and 4D chromosomes, minor suppressors of allosyndesis have been located.
The pairing promoting genes exist on chromosome 3D, in the long arms of 5A & 5D and short
arm of chromosome 5D.
 In the absence of the chromosome 5BL suppressor gene, formation of multivalent occur
involving homeologues and synapsis of chromosomes from related genera.

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  The activity of the Ph gene in chromosome 5BL of wheat is seemingly suppressed by genes in
rye. More than two alleles in rye that acts additively to promote homologous pairing in wheat.
The short arm of chromosome 5R may carry pairing promoters.

Features of species :
- T. boeticum (wild Einkorn) - One or two cereal spikelets, the brittle ear shatter at maturity into
individual spikelets, awns provide an effective means seed dispersal.
- T. monococcum - primitive diploid form of domesticated wheat, evolved from T. boeticum by
mutation & selection.
- T. speltoides - probable B genome donor, naturally cross pollinated crop.
- T. searsii - probable B genome donor.
- T. dicoccoides - amphidiploid resulting from hybridization b/w T. boeticum&T. searsii.
- T. dicoccum - it is the oldest of the cultivated wheat, spikes are dense, bearded and laterally
compressed. The spikelets are two grained & grains are within glumes after crushing.
- T. durum - free threshing wheat with naked grain & grain contain high gelatin.
- Aegilops squarosa/ T. squarosa - probable D genome donor with high adaptability.
- T. tauschii - probable D genome donor.
- T. spelta - an amphidiploid obtained by hybridization b/w T. dicoccoides x T. tauschii.
- T. aestivum - known as Common/ Bread wheat & grown in all parts of tropics & subtropics. It
exhibit extremely wider range of morphological, physiological variation & ecological
adaptation.

FLORAL BIOLOGY

The inflorescence of wheat is a spike bearing two opposite rows of lateral spikelets and a
single terminal spikelet on the primary axis. The unit of spike is called spikelet. Two to five florets
are born in each spikelet, subtended by a pair of glumes. Each floret contains three anthers and a
pistil bearing two styles each with feathery stigma and two ovate lodicules which are modified
perianth structure. Florets at anthesis are forced open by swelling of the lodicules. Flowering starts
several days after the wheat spike emerges from the boot. Florets on the main culm flower first and
those on the tillers flowering later. Flowering begins in the early morning and continues throughout
the day. Two to three days are required for a spike to finish blooming. A wheat grain is caryopsis, a
small dry, indehiscent, one seeded fruit with a thin pericarp consisting of a germ or embryo and an
endosperm.

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HYBRIDIZATION TECHNIQUE:

Emasculation:
The spike enclosed in leaf sheath or partially emerged is selected for emasculation. The awns and tips
of spiklets are cut off to avoid obstacle in the process of emasculation and pollination, similarly the
central sterile flower also removed with forceps. The requisite numbers of spikelet are kept on the
spike and with the half of forceps the glumes are separated and three young immature greenish
yellow anthers are removed from each flower and the flower bagged.
Pollination:
On the next morning between 9.00 to 11.00 am the pollen grain collected desired protected plant in
petridish and dusted on stigma of emasculated flower with the help of hair brush. The spike is
covered with bag after pollination and labelled again.

BREEDING OBJECTIVES:
1. Breeding for high yield–
- Components - No.of heads/unit area, No.of grains/head, grain weight.
- Yield is a function of no.of spikes x no.of grains/spike x weight of grain
Or no.of grains/ unit area x weight of grain in that unit area
- Balance between them depends on day length and heat units, which determine the flowering
and uniformity of the genotypes and is also influenced by mineral fertilizers and moisture
supplies.
- When photoperiod is long and temperature is optimum like in Western Europe & North West
of USA, yield is higher; when photoperiod length is shorter like in India & Mexico, it leads to
lesser yield.
- Ideotype for rainfed condition should be semi-dwarf, lengthy panicle, large no of spikelets per
panicle, deep root system to utilize moisture, timely earing.

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 - 1B/1R translocation (Small arm of chr.1R of rye translocated to long arm of chr.1B of wheat)
enhances genetic yield potential eg. Veery - CIMMYT.
- Harvest index was manipulated through selection for dwarf / semi-dwarf genotypes.
2. Breeding for stability and adaptability:
Breeding for stability implies that the variety developed is affected to minimal loss from vagaries
of climate, stress or destructive pest. Breeding for adaptability implies that that variety is
adaptable over a wide range of environments with consistency in performance.
For a given agro-climate, it is also necessary to develop varieties / hybrids that have high yield
with specific adaptation.
3. Breeding for earliness
4. Breeding for lodging resistance –
- Adoption of semi-dwarf varieties played significant role in world wheat production. They have
short straw, which makes the plant less prone to lodging.
- The development of short-strawed varieties probably started in Japan in the 19th century. It was
obtained from Japanese variety Norin 10 which has two dwarfing genes Rht 1&Rht 2.
- General symbol for dwarfing genes is Rht ‘n’.
- Rht 1 and Rht 2 genes were incorporated into several important cultivars through the initial
cross that used the Japanese variety, Norin 10.
- Incorporation of these genes resulted in lodging resistance and showed higher harvest index ,
increased biomass and higher rate partitioning of assimilates into grains.
- Rht 1 is located on alpha arm of chromosome 4A and is available in both aestivum and durum
wheats. Rht 2 is located in the short arm of chromosome 4D.
- Other dwarfing genes are Rht 3, Rht 5, Rht 8, Rht 9, Rht 10
- Semi-dwarf varieties - Sonara 63, Sonara 64 (from CIMMYT), Kalyansona.
- Triple gene dwarf varieties - Hira & Moti - not popular due to difficulty in manual harvesting.
5. Breeding for winter hardiness
6. Breeding for drought resistance
7. Breeding for salinity tolerance
8. Breeding for disease resistance
 Imp. diseases - Rust (leaf, stem, brown), Smuts, Powdery mildew, Leaf/ head blight
 Stem rust/ Black rust (Puccinia graminis tritici) –
- A no.of specific resistance genes have been identified and certain loci multiple allelism is
reported.
- Some resistance genes were transferred from related species to T. aestivum.
- eg. Sr21, Sr22 & Sr35 from T. monococcum; Sr2, Sr9e, Sr9g, Sr12 & Sr13 from Tetraploid
wheats; Sr32 & Sr39 from T. speltoides; Sr33 from T. tauschii; Sr34 from T. comosoa; Sr38
from T. ventricosa; Sr36 & Sr37 from T.timopheevi; Sr40 from T. aromaticum; Sr27 & Sr31
from Secale cereale; Sr24, Sr25, Sr26 from Agropyron elongatum.
- These resistance genes can be easily combined in the same variety. Most current cultivars
possess these specific resistance gens in various combinations.
- Resistance to P. graminis tritici controlled by multiple genes having small effects or non-
specific genes.
- Durable resistance to stem rust has been attributed to ‘Sr2 gene complex’.
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 - Stem rust res.var. - Vaishali
 Leaf rust/ Yellow rust (Puccinia recondita tritici) –
- Known specific genes for resistance are known and multiple allelism is known to occur at
certain loci.
- Several genes are also transferred from related species to wheat.
- Lr27/Lr31 interacts in a partly dominant complementary manner to give resistance.
- Slow rusting is also simply inherited and influenced by environmental factors.
- Durable resistance to leaf rust in CIMMYT bred varieties is due to additive interaction of Lr34
with other minor genes.
- Leaf rust res. var. - Sonalika, Sujatha, DL-802-2, DL-802-3, Girija
 Stripe rust/ Orange rust (Puccinia striformis) –
- Known specific genes for resistance are known and multiple allelism is known to occur at
certain loci.
- Both major and minor genes (Yr genes) are known to occur.
- Yr18 confer partial durable resistance in CIMMYT wheats.
- Rust res. spp – T. monococcum, T. boeticum, T. timopheevi
 Powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis) –
- Specific genes for resistance are known (Pm genes)
- Pm4a & Pm5 derived from T. dicoccum, Pm4b from T. carthlicum, Pm6 from T. timipheevi,
and Pm7 & Pm8 from Secale cereal.
- Resistance due to non-specific genes of quantitative nature are also described.
- Powdery mildew res. spp – T. boeticum
 Bunts (Tilletia sp.) - Ten specific genes are known to confer resistance.
 Loose smut (Ustilago tritici) – Four specific genes confer resistance –Ut1, Ut2, Ut3, Ut4.
 Leaf spot - res. species Aegilops curuiflorum.
 Barley yellow dwarf virus – Quantitative in nature. A partly dominant gene Bdv1.
9. Breeding for insect resistance
- Imp. insects - Hessian fly, Green bug & leaf beetle
- Resistance to insects is governed by specific genes.
- Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor) - 13 genes (H1 to H13) are known to confer resistance.
- Biotypes of hessian fly occur and resistance can break down because of a simple mutation.
- Hessian fly res. var. - Mosquillo, Kourale.
- Green bug – Specific gens govern resistance eg. Gb gene
-
10. This is achieved after the identification of dwarfing gene in Japanese variety Norin 10. Most of
our dwarf wheats are two gene dwarfs. E.g. Sonara 63, sonara 64, kalyan sona. Emphasis is
now on triple gene dwarfs.

11. Breeding for quality:

Wheat is cultivated primarily for its grain, which are mainly processed in to flour utilized for
numerous end products. The quality of end product is of utmost consideration to the wheat
consumers. Broadly the wheat grain quality criteria include features like physical appearance,

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processing qualities, nutritional values and biological properties each of these is composed of several
components influenced by genetic make up of the variety.
- Different wheat varieties vary in their chemical composition & considerably influenced by
environment.
- The quality of wheat is determined by quality & quantity of starch and non-enzymatic storage
proteins which constitute glutein of wheat.
- Glutein is one of the important naturally occurring protein complex.
- Wheat is the only cereal which has gluten which makes it unique in terms of processing
possibilities into different products.
Types:
i) Hard wheat – T. aestivum - high glutein content, good flour yield, water absorption & better
bread making quality.
ii) Soft wheat – T. compactum - fine, silky flour, suited for making confectionary products like
cake.
iii) Durum wheat – T. durum - greater hardiness, milled to produce granular product ‘samolin’,
used to make paratha & noodles, used for making macroni.

(i) Breeding for physical quality: The objective is to develop a variety with well accepted physical
characteristics like colour, vitreousness, texture / hardness, appearance, grain weight, test weight.
(ii) Breeding for chemical composition: Wheat grain is one of the important source of human
nutrition and is a rich source of protein, starch and minerals. Some of the objectives that determine
the chemical composition of wheat grain that has implications on higher quality include:
a. Starch composition – modification of functionality of starch and amylose and amylopectin
content as per desirable end product such as noodles, pasta, thickness, binding agents, bread etc. If
the objective is to produce starch with no amylase, then breeding for waxy type wheat would be
necessary.
b. Protein content - Wheat grain has a special significance of breeding for high protein and
low protein for bread and biscuit purposes respectively and also for different end products.
c. Protein quality: The ratio of gluten / gliadin fractions dictates the quality of end produce.
The control of expression of these two under genetic control is targeted for specific end product
quality.
(iii). Nutritional quality: Objective is to improve the amino acid balance for better nutritional
quality. Wheat grains deficient in lysine and there is a negative correlation between protein and
lysine content. Efforts to improve lysine as well as high protein content are needed to improve
nutritional quality of wheat.
(iv). Breeding for market quality: Includes physical characteristics, flour recovery milling quality,
dough quality as well as gluten content useful for specific product

12. Breeding for abiotic stresses eg. Drought, heat and aluminium toxicity.

BREEDING METHODS :

1) Introduction:

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The green revolution is successful in the world due to introduction of Norin-10 variety (dwarfing
gene) developed in Japan. The variety Norin-10 was never important variety in Japan. The seed
sample received in 1946 to Washington State University and Crosses were made in 1948 worht
Brevor – 14 and the genotype become main source of two Norin-10 dwarfing gene. Then Dr. N.E.
Borlaug ( Father of green revolution) who engineered development of semi dwarf wheat. Or his work
he was awarded a Nobel peace Prize in 1970. In India, the dwarf wheat varieties were importance
from Mexico, Sonoro-64, and Larma Rojo- 64 A in 1965-66. Latter on made green revolution
successful India.
Primary introductions - Sonara-63, Sonara-64, Mayo-64, Lerma rojo-64
Secondary introductions - Kalyan sona from Sonara-64
Choti lerma from Lerma rojo

2) Pure Line Selection:

In this method individual progenies are evaluated and promising progenies are finally selected old
Indian tall varieties E.g. N-P-4, N-P-6, N-P-12, PB-12, PB-11 were developed by pure line selection.

3) Pedigree Method:

The most common method used in self pollinated crops is pedigree method of selection. The crosses
are made between complimentary lines and records are maintained of selections made over number
of generations. The procedure provide selection opportunities generation after generations. It allow
breeder to identify bet combination with considerable uniformity. The hybrid bulk selection method
is relatively inexpensive, in which generations are advanced without selection till F5 to F6 and much
material can be handled, nut often difficulty is isolation of superior recombination. To overcome, this
difficulty single decent method of selection is used in which population remain constant over
segregation generations.

Varieties: a)

Tilmely sown: NIAW-34, NIAW-301, NIAW-2496, HD-2278, HD-2189.

b) Late Sown : HD-2501, Sonalika, HI-977, etc.

4) Hybridisation and selection

Hybridization & selection- Pedigree

Bulk
SSD
a) Inter varietal: A number of successful derivatives were developed at IARI New Delhi and
Punjab.
NP 809 - New pusa multiple cross derivative.

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 However all these varieties were lodging and poor yielder when compared to other countries.
Hence the wheat hybridization programme was changed by Dr. M.S. Swaminathan during 1963.
Borloug was invited to our country and he suggested for introduction of semi dwarf varieties from
Mexico. As a result four commercial spring wheat varieties viz., Sonara 63, Sonara 64 Mayo 64 and
Lerma Roja 64 were introduced. However they had red kernel hard wheats. These were utilised in
our breeding programme and amber colour wheat varieties like Kalyan Sona, Safed Lerma, Sharbati
Sonara were released, these are double gene dwarfs.

b) Inter specific crosses: To get Hessian fly resistance. So also for rust resistance.

c) Back cross method of breeding

This method is used when variety otherwise is good, high yielding but deficient in simply inherited
trait. The obvious effect of this method the production potential of improved variety is fixed at the
level of recurrent variety. Recently identified donors always are used in back cross breeding
programme.
Stem Rust: Resistance gene- Sr2 From variety Hope.
Leaf Rust: Resistance gene – Lr 13 from variety Sonalika
Rust resistance in Chinese spring from Thatcher.
Used for transferring disease resistance gene
- Rust res. from Chinese spring to develop varieties - HW-2004, HW-2044.
- Development of multi-lines - Norman Borlaug developed multi line against rust - MLKS 15.

5. Recurrent selection - for transfer of characters of low heritability (30-60%)

6. Hybrid Wheat Breeding:

Hybrid wheat breeding is not commercially successful through cytoplasmic genetic male sterile lines
are available due to following problems.

1) Inadequate heterosis over wide range of environment.

2) Inadequate genetically controlled fertility restoration.
3) Lack of sufficient seed set after cross pollination
4) Longer time required for production of ABR lines
5) High cost of hybrid seed production
6)
Hybrid development
- T. timopheevi - source of CMS
- Male gametocides - GA, Ethrel
- T. timopheevi x T. aestivum
- Development of hybrids in Japan
Hybrid wheat

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 At Kansas Agri. Expt. Station USA male sterile lines were identified by crossing T.timophevi
x T. aestivum Bison variety By repeated back crossing a male sterile line resembling Bison
was evolved. At present USA and Canada are doing work on this.

7. Mutation breeding:

This method is used in depleted gene pool situation. Chemical mutagenes EMS provide broad
spectrum genetic changes with lesser sterility effects, as compared to X ray or particular mutation.
Dr. M. S. Swaminathan did extensive work on this with gamma rays. Sharbati, Sonara with increased
protein content was evolved.
Gamma ray irradiation of Sonara-64 & Lerma rojo and released as Sharbati sonara, Pusa lerma
NP-11 is the examples of spontaneous mutation.

8. Multiline Breeding:

It is extension of back cross breeding and could be called Multilateral backcrossing. It consist of
spontaneous back cross programme to produce isogenic lines for resistance to disease, in back ground
of some recurrent parent. Each isogenic line will be similar to recurrent parent but they will differ for
resistance to various physiological farms of diseases. A mixture of these isogenic lines is called
multiline variety. E.g. ML-KS-11 (PAU, Ludhiana) and Bithoor developed at CSAUAT, Kanpur.

Borlaug developed multilines against rust. MLKS 15 was developed at IARI.

9. Biotechnology:

In vitro production of haploids- Anther or pollen culture is used to produce the haploid plants. The
frequency of obtaining haploids increase when anthers are treated with cold socks and heat
treatments. The haploids when treated with colchicines, the homozygous diploid line can developed
in short period and can be used in hybrid breeding programme. The plantlets can be tested in vitro for
different stresses drought, salt, disease etc. to evaluate before field screening.

Tissue culture - Gametoclonal/ Somaclonal/ Protoclonal variation

10. Genetic engineering

- Marker assisted selection (MAS) - by using MAS, 36 traits have been tagged with different
molecular marker.
- Transgenics- Biolistic/gene gun approach, Electroporation and co-cultivation with
Agrobacterium are also used.
- PCR based markers used for characterization of resistance against Common bunt (Tilletiatritici),
Powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis), Leaf rust (Puccinia recondita), Hessian fly (Mayetida
distructor), Russian wheat aphid (Diraphis noxia)
- SSR’s/ Microsatellites are the markers of choice in MAS because of high level of polymorphism
and ease of handling.
-
Germplasm/ PGR’s: Four lakh accessions in wheat. Major collection is at

14
 - N.I.Vavilov All Union Institute of Plant Industry, St.Peterburg, Russia
- National Seed storage laboratory, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- CIMMYT, Mexico
For rice > 85,000 accessions are maintained at IRRI, Phillipines and Raipur, Chattisgarh.
Institutes:
International – International Centre for Maize and Wheat Improvement (CIMMYT), Mexico
National – Directorate of Wheat Research (DWR), Karnal.

Allien addition lines: Alien addition lines are those in which one or more pairs of chromosomes are
added additionally from related species or genera.

Wheat x Rye
AA, 2n=42 2n=14, RR

Triticale x Wheat
AARR 2n = 42
2n = 56
2n = 42 to 49
AA, A+rI, A+rII, A+rIII, A+rIV, A+rIV, A+rV, A+rVI, A+rVII
7 possible Alien addition lines

Alien substitution lines: Alien substitution lines are those in which one or more pairs of
chromosomes are replaced by an equal no of pairs of chromosomes from another related species.

15
WHEAT VARIETIES :

Variety Year Variety Year

CPAN 3004 1992 Sonalika 1967
Dh803-3 1994 Sujatha 1983
DWR-162 1993 Raj laxmi 1994
GW-173 1993 Sonali 1992
HD-2189 1979 NDW-1014 1991
HD-2329 1985 HP-266 1971
HD-2380 1989 VC-616 1986
HI-971 1988 WP 2425 1999
HWW-234 1984 WP 2338 1993
PBW-343 1995 HW 2004 1991
Raj-3077 1990 K 9465 1997
WH-542 1992
WH-147 1977

POPULAR WHEAT VARIETIES IN INDIA:

Sonora 64 NP-845 Janaka
Lerma rojo 64 NP-824 Deshratna
Kalyansona HD -2009 ARJUN
Sonalika Bithur UP-262
Shrabati sonora Malvia-12 UP-115
LOK-1 Girija DWR-162

UAS, DHARWAD RELEASED VARIETIES:

Karnataka is unique in cultivation of three species, namely, Triticum aestivum (Bread wheat),
Triticum durum (Durum or soji wheat), and Triticum dicoccum (Dicocum or diabitics wheat). Totally
nine varieties have been developed by the University.
Bread wheat varieties:
1. DWR-162 (bread wheat) which has occupied 80 % of wheat area in Karnataka and about 2.5 lakh
ha in the entire Peninsular India.
2. DWR-225 with an yield potential of 40 q/ha and resistance to all existing races of leaf rust.
3. UAS-304 - high yielding and resistant to diseases.
Durum wheat varieties:
1. DWR-185 for irrigated conditions (occupies an area of 30,000 ha) and
2. DWR-2006 resistant to leaf blight for rainfed conditions.
3. UAS-415

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Karnataka is the only State where Dicoccum wheat is grown commercially. UASD is a pioneer
Institute in the world to develop and release these varieties. Dicocum wheat have greater future due to
their therapeutic value in diabetes management and higher profitability.
Dicoccum wheat varieties:
1. DDK-1001 - a semi-dwarf dicoccum wheat variety.
2. DDK-1009 - resistant to leaf blight has been released recently.
3. DDK-1025 - high yielding and resistant to diseases.
4. DDK-1029 - high yielding and resistant to diseases.

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