GE205

Second year, first semester

Lecturer Name: Dr. Omar Suliman Zaroog

 Mechanics is the branch of Physics dealing
with the study of motion. No matter what your
interest in science or engineering, mechanics
will be important for you - motion is a
fundamental idea in all of science. (Mechanics
is: The study of forces acting on bodies)
 PHYSICS: Is the scientific study of matter and

energy and how they interact with each other

 Mechanics

Mechanics of Sold Mechanics of Fluids

(Things that do not change shape)

Deformable Bodies Rigid Bodies Incompressible Compressible

(Things that do change shape) Things that do not changes shape

Mechanics of Materials Statics Dynamics

Theory of pasticity Theory of elasticity

 Branches of Mechanics of solid:
1. Statics (study of rigid bodies that are in equilibrium)
2. Dynamics (study of object with acceleration motion)
3. Mechanics of materials ( also called Strength
of Materials ) (study of how bodies react to forces
acting on them)
 Mechanics of materials is used to answer two
questions
◦ (1) Is the material strong enough and
◦ (2) Is the material stiff enough
 Coincidentally, as an engineer those are the two
questions you want to answer whenever you design
somethings. If material is not strong enough your
design will break. If the material is not stiff enough
your design probably would not function the way it
is intended to.
 Accordingly we will learn how to answer these
questions in this course
 In this course the following topics will be
covered, there are about nine topics covering
the concept and application of mechanics of
materials fundamental
1- Stresses in the members of a structure
2- Axial loading: Normal stress
3- Shearing stress
4- Bearing stress in connections
5- Analysis and design of simple structures
6- Stress on an oblique plane under axial loading
7- Stress under general loading conditions
8- Design considerations
 Normal strain under axial loading
 Stress-strain diagram
 Hooke’s law: Modulus of elasticity
 Elastic versus plastic behaviour of material
 Deformations of members under axial loading
 Statically indeterminate problems
 Problems involving temperature changes
 Poisson’s ratio
 Multi-axial loading & Hooke’s law
 Shearing strain
 Stress concentrations
 Deformation in a circular shaft
 Stresses in the elastic range
 Angle of twist in the elastic range
 Statically indeterminate shafts
 Design of transmission shafts
 Stress concentrations in circular shafts
 Symmetric member in pure bending
 Deformation of symmetric member in pure bending
 Stresses and deformations in the elastic range
 Deformation in a transverse cross section
 Bending of members made of several materials
 Stress concentrations
 Introduction
 Shear and bending moments diagrams
 Relations among load, shear and bending
moment
 Determination of maximum bending moment
 Design of prismatic beams for bending
 Shear on the horizontal face of a beam
element
 Determination of the shearing stresses in a
beam
 Shearing stresses in common types of beams
 Transformation of plane stress
 Principal stresses and maximum shearing
stress
 Mohr’s circle for plane stress
 Stresses in thin-walled pressure vessel
 Deformation of beam under transverse
loading
 Equation of the elastic curve
 Using Macaulay’s method to determine the
slope and deflection equation of a loaded
beam
 Determination of maximum deflection
 Introduction
 Euler’s Formula for Pin-Ended Columns
 Euler’s Formula for Columns With Other End

 Is a "push" or "pull" exerted by one body on
another, such as: A person pushing on a wall

 Force is not a scalar quantity it is a vector quantity,

therefore a force is completely described by:
1. Magnitude
2. Direction
3. Point of Application
 • We ‘ resolve’ vectors into components
using the x and y axes system

• Each component of the vector is shown as

a magnitude and a direction.

• The directions are based on the x and y axes. We use the “unit vectors” i
and j to designate the x and y axes.
 For example,
F = Fx i + Fy j or F' = F'x i + F'y j

Chose of coordinates

The x and y axes are always perpendicular to each other. Together, they
can be directed at any inclination.
Resolving the force is depending on angle and the position of the angle.
{Fsin and Fcos}
• Step 1 is to resolve each
force into its components
• Step 2 is to add all the x
components together and add
all the y components together.
These two totals become the
resultant vector.

 Step 3 is to find the

magnitude and angle of
the resultant vector.
Magnitude of the resultant vector.

Angle of the resultant vector.

 EXAMPLE
Given: Three concurrent forces
acting on a bracket.
Find: The magnitude and
angle of the resultant
force.

Plan:
a) Resolve the forces in their x-y components.
b) Add the respective components to get the resultant vector.
c) Find magnitude and angle from the resultant components.
 EXAMPLE (continued)

F1 = { 15 sin 40° i + 15 cos 40° j } kN

= { 9.642 i + 11.49 j } kN

F2 = { -(12/13)26 i + (5/13)26 j } kN
= { -24 i + 10 j } kN

F3 = { 36 cos 30° i – 36 sin 30° j } kN

= { 31.18 i – 18 j } kN
 EXAMPLE (continued)
Summing up all the i and j components respectively, we get,
FR = { (9.642 – 24 + 31.18) i + (11.49 + 10 – 18) j } kN
= { 16.82 i + 3.49 j } kN

FR = ((16.82)2 + (3.49)2)1/2 = 17.2 kN

 = tan-1(3.49/16.82) = 11.7°
y
FR


x
 A body is in equilibrium if the sum of all the
external forces and moments acting on the body
is zero.
 A free body diagram is a sketch of the body and all the forces
acting on it.
 3 steps in drawing a free body diagram:
1. Isolate the body, remove all supports and connectors.
2. Identify all EXTERNAL forces acting on the body.
3. Make a sketch of the body, showing all forces acting on it.
1. Draw a free body diagram.
2. Choose a reference frame. Orient the X & Y axes.
(Most often X is chosen in the horizontal
direction and Y is chosen in the vertical
direction.)
3. Choose a convenient point to calculate moments
around.
4. Apply the 3 equilibrium equations and solve for
the unknowns.
 Two children balance a see-saw in horizontal
equilibrium. One child has a mass of 80 kg, and
the other has a mass of 60 kg and is sitting 4 m.
from the fulcrum. Find the force the fulcrum
applies to the beam and the distance to the
fulcrum to the 80 kg child. (Neglect the mass of
the see-saw.)
 ∑Fx=0 no force in X direction
 ∑Fy= 0 =80x9.81+60x9.81-F=0 (positive
direction chosen to be down)
 So F= 1373.4 N
 Take the moment about the 80 kg child
 ∑M =0=F*X-9.81x60(X+4) (positive direction
chosen to be counter clock wise)
 =1373.4*X-9.81x60(X+4)=0
 = 1373.4X-588.6X-2354.4=0
 So X =3m
The main objective of the study of the mechanics
of materials is to provide the future engineer
with the means of analyzing and designing
various machines and load bearing structures.

Both the analysis and design of a given structure

involve the determination of stresses and
deformations.
 2-force members
• A two force member is a body that has forces acting on it
in only two locations.
• Two force members are an important aspect of the analysis
of engineering structures
• The rods in the picture are 2-force members, i.e., the members are
subjected to only two forces which are applied at member ends. It
may be Tension or Compression
• For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel to an axis between
the force application points, equal in magnitude, and in
opposite directions
Axial Loading: Normal Stress
• The resultant of the internal forces for an axially
loaded member is normal to a section cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

• The force intensity on that section is defined as

the normal stress.
𝑃
𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
𝐴
• The normal stress at a particular point may not be
equal to the average stress but the resultant of the
stress distribution must satisfy
P =  ave A =  dF =   dA
A

• The detailed distribution of stress is statically

indeterminate, i.e., can not be found from statics
alone.
Centric & Eccentric Loading
• A uniform distribution of stress in a section assumes that
the line of action for the resultant of the internal forces
passes through the centroid of the section.

• A uniform distribution of stress is only possible if the

concentrated loads on the end sections of two-force
members are applied at the section centroids. This is
referred to as centric loading.

• If a two-force member is eccentrically loaded,

then the resultant of the stress distribution in a
section must yield an axial force and a moment.
(what is a moment?)
 MOMENT IN 2-D

The moment of a force about a point provides a measure of the tendency for
rotation.
 MOMENT IN 2-D
In the 2-D case, the magnitude of the moment is Mo = F d

As shown, d is the perpendicular distance from point O to the line of action

of the force.

In 2-D, the direction of MO is either clockwise or counter-clockwise depending

on the tendency for rotation.
 MOMENT IN 2-D
F
a
b For example, MO = F d and the direction is counter-
clockwise.
O
d
Often it is easier to determine MO by using the components of F as
shown.
Fy F

Fx
b a
O
Using this approach, MO = (FY a) – (FX b). Note the different signs on the terms!
The typical sign convention for a moment in 2-D is that counter-clockwise is
considered positive. We can determine the direction of rotation by imagining the
body pinned at O and deciding which way the body would rotate because of the
force.
Shearing Stress
• Forces P and P’ are applied transversely to the
member AB.
• Corresponding internal forces act in the plane
of section C and are called shearing forces.
• The resultant of the internal shear force
distribution is defined as the shear of the section
and is equal to the load P.
• The corresponding average shear stress is,
P
 ave =
A
• Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the
member surfaces to maximum values that may be
much larger than the average value.
• The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to
be uniform.
 Shearing Stress Examples
Single Shear Double Shear

P F P F
 ave = =  ave = =
A A A 2A
Bearing Stress in Connections

• Bolts, rivets, and pins create

stresses on the points of contact
or bearing surfaces of the
members they connect.

• The resultant of the force

distribution on the surface is
equal and opposite to the force
exerted on the pin.

• Corresponding average force

intensity is called the bearing
stress,
P P
b = =
A td
•Two rods AB and BC were jointed at B. knowing that
d1= 50 mm and d2= 30 mm find the average normal stress
at the midsection of rod AB and rod BC?
Stress in Two Force Members

• Axial forces on a two force

member result in only normal
stresses on a plane cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

• Transverse forces on bolts and

pins result in only shear stresses
on the plane perpendicular to bolt
or pin axis.

• Will show that either axial or

transverse forces may produce both
normal and shear stresses with respect
to a plane other than one cut
perpendicular to the member axis.
Stress on an Oblique Plane

A0
Stress on an Oblique Plane
Stress on an Oblique Plane
• Pass a section through the member forming
an angle q with the normal plane.

• From equilibrium conditions, the

distributed forces (stresses) on the plane
must be equivalent to the force P.

• Resolve P into components normal and

tangential to the oblique section,
F = P cosq V = P sin q

• The average normal and shear stresses on

the oblique plane are
F P cosq P
= = = cos 2 q
Aq A0 A0
cosq
V P sin q P
= = = sin q cosq
Aq A0 A0
cosq
Maximum Stresses
• Normal and shearing stresses on an oblique
plane
P P
= cos 2 q = sin q cosq
A0 A0

• The maximum normal stress occurs when the

reference plane is perpendicular to the member
axis,
P
m =  = 0
A0

• The maximum shear stress occurs for a plane at

+ 45o with respect to the axis,
P P
m = sin 45 cos 45 = =
A0 2 A0
 Factor of Safety

Structural members or machines Factor of safety considerations:

must be designed such that the • uncertainty in material properties
working stresses are less than the • uncertainty of loadings
ultimate strength of the material. • uncertainty of analyses
• number of loading cycles
FS = Factor of safety
• types of failure
u ultimate stress
FS = = • maintenance requirements and
 all allowable stress
deterioration effects
• importance of member to integrity of
whole structure
• risk to life and property
• influence on machine function