XE - Strength of Materials - Ch1-Ver2
XE - Strength of Materials - Ch1-Ver2
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
Stanford: Grading
Homework Assignments Berkeley: Grading
25% Weekly homework
Lab Reports 10% assignments(25%) Two Midterm
Midterm 25% Examinations(20%+20%)
Final Exam 40% Final examination (35%).
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CHAPTER
Introduction –
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Concept of Stress 6
Contents
1.1. Introduction
1.8. Assumptions
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1.1. Introduction
- Consider a diving board as an example of a deformable body
- From rigid-body equilibrium, given the weight of the diver, and the
lengths L1, L2, we can determine the diving board support reactions at
A and B. Questions of the following type can only be answered by
employing the principles and procedures of strength of materials
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1.1. Introduction
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1.1. Introduction
1.1.1. Strength of materials
• A branch of mechanics
• It studies the relationship of
– External loads applied to a deformable body,
and
– The intensity of internal forces acting within the
body
• Are used to compute the deformations of a body
• Strength of Materials is a field of study that
determines strength, stiffness, & stability
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1.1. Introduction
Mechanics
(Dynamic)
Kinetic
Kinematic
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1.1. Introduction
• Static • Strength of Materials
Deformable Body
Rigid Body
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1.1. Introduction
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1.1. Introduction
Classification of Structural elements
Structural elements compose a structure and can be classified as by
their forms (shapes and dimensions).
• Three dimensional body
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1.1. Introduction
• Plates and Shells
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1.1. Introduction
• Rods, Bars
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1.1. Introduction
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1.1. Introduction
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1.1. Introduction
1.1.3. External loads
• Surface forces
– Area of contact
– Concentrated force
– Linear distributed force
– Centroid C (or geometric
center)
• Body force (e.g., weight)
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1.1. Introduction
1.1.4. Support reactions
• for 2D problems
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1.2. Review of Static
1.2.1. Structure Free-Body Diagram
The first step towards solving an engineering problems is drawing the
free body diagram of the element/structure considered
F y 0 Ay Cy 30 kN 0
Ay Cy 30kN
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1.2. Review of Static
1.2.2. Component Free-Body Diagram
• In addition to complete the structure,
each component must satisfy the
conditions for static equilibrium
• Consider a free-body diagram for the
boom:
M B 0 Ay 0.8m Ay 0
M B 0 Ay 0.8 m Ay 0
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1.2. Review of Static
1.2.3. Equilibrium of rigid body
x, y, z coordinates x, y plane
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1.3. Equilibrium of deformable body
Internal forces: The forces set up within a body to balance the effect of
the externally applied forces.
1.3.1. Method of Sections
To obtain the internal loading acting on specific region – “cut” by
imaginarily section through the region where internal loadings are to be
determined.
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1.3. Equilibrium of deformable body
Two parts of the body are separated => A free-body diagram of one of
the parts is drawn.
Internal loadings
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1.3. Equilibrium of deformable body
- Coplanar Loadings. If the body is subjected to a coplanar system of
forces (fig. a), then only normal-force, shear-force, and bending-moment
components will exist at the section (fig. b).
- If we use the x, y, z coordinate axes, as shown on the left segment.
F z 0 N ... F y 0 Q ...
M 0 0 M ...
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1.3. Equilibrium of deformable body
1.3.2. Internal resultant loadings
• For coplanar loadings:
– Apply ∑ Fx = 0 to solve for N
– Apply ∑ Fy = 0 to solve for Q
– Apply ∑ MO = 0 to solve for M
The resultant internal loadings at a point located on the section of a
body can be obtained by using the method of section. This requires the
following steps.
Procedure for Analysis
• Method of sections
1. Choose a segment to analyze
2. Determine the Support Reactions
3. Draw a free-body diagram for whole body
4. Apply the equations of equilibrium
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1.3. Equilibrium of deformable body
Procedure for analysis
• Free-body diagram
1. Keep all external loadings in exact locations before “sectioning”
2. Indicate the unknown resultants, N, Q, M, and T at the section,
normally at the centroid C of the sectioned area
3. Coplanar system of forces only include N, Q, and M
4. Establish x, y, z coordinate axes with origin at the centroid
• Equations of equilibrium
1. Sum moments at section, about each coordinate axes where
resultants act
2. This will eliminate unknown forces N and Q, with direct solution
for M (and T)
3. Resultant force with negative value implies that the assumed
direction in reality is opposite to that shown on the free-body
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diagram 31
Example 1.1
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Example 1.1
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1.4. Concept of Stress
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1.4. Concept of Stress
1.4.1. Stress Analysis
Stress: The distribution of the internal force over the area on which it
acts is expressed as the force intensity, that is force per unit area.
There are two types of stress: normal stress and shear stress
Consider the sectioned area subdivided in
to small area such as DA
Very small force DF acting on DA, will be
replaced by three components
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1.4. Concept of Stress
1.4.2. Normal stress
• Intensity of force, or force per unit area, acting normal to ΔA
• Symbol used for the normal stress, is σ (sigma)
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1.4. Concept of Stress
1.4.3. Axial Loading: Normal Stress
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1.4. Concept of Stress
1.4.4. Average shear stress:
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1.4. Concept of Stress
1.4.5. Shearing Stress Examples
P F P F
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A A A 2A
1.4. Concept of Stress
1.4.6. Bearing Stress in Connections
• Bolts, rivets, and pins create
stresses on the points of
contact or bearing surfaces
of the members they
connect.
• The resultant of the force
distribution on the surface is
equal and opposite to the
force exerted on the pin.
• Corresponding average
force intensity is called the
bearing stress,
P P
sb
A td
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1.4. Concept of Stress
1.4.7. Rod & Boom Normal Stresses
• The rod is in tension with an axial force of 50 kN.
• At the rod center, the average normal stress in
the circular cross-section (A = 314x10-6m2) is sBC
= +159 MPa.
• At the flattened rod ends, the smallest cross-
sectional area occurs at the pin centerline,
A 20 mm 40 mm 25 mm 300 10 6 m 2
P 50 103 N
s BC,end 167 MPa
A 300 10 6 m 2
P 20 kN
t A, ave 6 2
40.7 MPa
A 49110 m
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1.4. Concept of Stress
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1.4. Concept of Stress
1.4.9. Pin Bearing Stresses
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1.5. Stress Under General Loadings
• A member subjected to a
general combination of loads is
cut into two segments by a
plane passing through Q
DV yx DVzx
t xy lim t xz lim
DA0 DA DA0 DA
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1.5. Stress Under General Loadings
• For equilibrium, an equal and opposite internal force and stress
distribution must be exerted on the other segment of the member.
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1.5. Stress Under General Loadings
• Stress components are defined for the planes
cut parallel to the x, y and z axes. For
equilibrium, equal and opposite stresses are
exerted on the hidden planes.
• The combination of forces generated by the
stresses must satisfy the conditions for
equilibrium:
Fx Fy Fz 0
Mx M y Mz 0
• Consider the moments about the z axis:
M z 0 t xy DAa t yx DAa
t xy t yx
similarly, t yz t zy and t yz t zy
A
Point B displaces a distance d down.
L The deformation of the rod between
points A and B is d.
B
d
P
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1.6. Strain
1.6.1. Deformation:
When A force is applied to a body, it will tend to change the body’s
shape and size - deformation
1.6.2. Strain:
The strain is the geometrical expression of deformation caused by
the action of stress on a physical body. The strain is calculated by first
assuming a change between two body states: the beginning state and
the final state
Basically Strain are of three types
1. Longitudinal Strain: -It is defined as the increase in length (d) per
unit original length (L) when deformed by the external force.
Longitudinal Strain = d / L
2.Volumetric Strain:-It is defined as the change in volume (v) per unit
original volume (V), when deformed by external force.
Volume Strain = v / V
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1.6. Strain
3. Shear Strain:-When the change takes place in the
shape of the body, the strain is called a shear strain.
- Shear Strain
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1.7. Types of loading
Mechanics of materials is a branch of applied mechanics that deals with
the behaviour of solid bodies subjected to various types of loading
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1.8. Basic Assumptions
• Continuous
• Homogeneous
• Isotropic
• Perfectly elastic
• Small deformation
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1.8. Basic Assumptions
• Continuous
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1.8. Basic Assumptions
• Homogeneous
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1.8. Basic Assumptions
• Isotropic
Isotropic Anisotropic
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1.8. Assumptions – Hooke’s Law
Hooke’s Law
• "Hooke's Law" is about stretching
springs and wires.
• Hooke's Law states:- the extension is
proportional to the force
• the spring will go back to its original
length when the force is removed
• so long as we don't exceed the
elastic limit.
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1.8. Assumptions – Hooke’s Law
s=Ee t=Gg
Young’s modulus Shear modulus
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1.9. Principle Superposition
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1.9. Principle Superposition
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THANK YOU FOR
YOUR ATTENTION !
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