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XE - Strength of Materials - Ch1-Ver2

Strength of Materials

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17 views63 pages

XE - Strength of Materials - Ch1-Ver2

Strength of Materials

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haimaixuan96
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STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

1/10/2013 TRAN MINH TU - University of Civil Engineering, 1


Giai Phong Str. 55, Hai Ba Trung Dist. Hanoi, Vietnam
GENERAL INFORMATION
• Ass. Prof. Tran Minh Tu, PhD. Eng.
• Mon., Fri.: 12.15 -14.45 A.M. at Room 202 H1
• Office: 1. Floor – Lab. Building
• E-mail: tpnt2002@yahoo.com
• Tel: 04.8691 462 (off.). Handphone: 0912101173
• Course notes:
• http://www.tranminhtu.com
• Ref. : Ferdinand P. Beer, Jr. J. T. DeWolf, D. F.
Mazurek. Mechanics of Materials. Mc Graw Hill . 2009
• Office hours: Tuesday 8:00-11:00 A.M. or by
appointment
2
Sample reading list:
Russell C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, 6/E
(required text)
Roy R. Craig, Jr (1996), Mechanics and Materials
Bedford, Fowler & Liecht (2003), Statics and
Mechanics and Materials
Beer & Johnson, Mechanics and Materials
James H. Gere, Mechanics and Materials, 6th
edition
3
1/10/2013
Strength of Materials
This course discusses stress calculation due to loads.
Description includes stress-strain concept, tensile test, stress
and strain due to axial loading, statically indeterminate case
related to axial loading, introduction to plasticity and residual
stress, stress and strain due to other loads, such as torsion,
bending moment, and shear force, Mohr’s circle of stress,
failure theory, deflection, statically indeterminate structures, and
energy method.
1/10/2013 4
GENERAL INFORMATION

Princeton : Grading: MIT: Grading


Mid Term Exam - 20% Homework 25%
Design Project - 30% Lab Assignments 30%
Take Home Final Exam - Quiz 15%
25% Case Study and Presentation 10%
Problem set(s) - 15% Final Exam 20%
Other (See Instructor) - 10% Class Attendance*

Stanford: Grading
Homework Assignments Berkeley: Grading
25% Weekly homework
Lab Reports 10% assignments(25%) Two Midterm
Midterm 25% Examinations(20%+20%)
Final Exam 40% Final examination (35%).

1/10/2013 5
CHAPTER

Introduction –
1/10/2013
Concept of Stress 6
Contents
1.1. Introduction

1.2. Review of Static

1.3. Equilibrium of deformable body

1.4. Concept of Stress

1.5. Stress Under General Loadings


1.6. Strain

1.7. Types of loading

1.8. Assumptions

1.9. Principle Superposition

1/10/2013 7
1.1. Introduction
- Consider a diving board as an example of a deformable body

- From rigid-body equilibrium, given the weight of the diver, and the
lengths L1, L2, we can determine the diving board support reactions at
A and B. Questions of the following type can only be answered by
employing the principles and procedures of strength of materials

1/10/2013 8
1.1. Introduction

1/10/2013 9
1.1. Introduction
1.1.1. Strength of materials
• A branch of mechanics
• It studies the relationship of
– External loads applied to a deformable body,
and
– The intensity of internal forces acting within the
body
• Are used to compute the deformations of a body
• Strength of Materials is a field of study that
determines strength, stiffness, & stability

1/10/2013 10
1.1. Introduction

Mechanics

Rigid Body Deformable Body Fluid Mechanics


Mechanics Mechanics

Static Strength of Materials

(Dynamic)
Kinetic
Kinematic
1/10/2013 11
1.1. Introduction
• Static • Strength of Materials

Deformable Body
Rigid Body

(1) Equilibrium (1) Equilibrium


∑Fx = 0; ∑Fy = 0; ∑Fz = 0; ∑Fx = 0; ∑Fy = 0; ∑Fz = 0;
∑Mx= 0; ∑My= 0; ∑Mz= 0 ∑Mx= 0; ∑My= 0; ∑Mz= 0

(2) Kinetic: (2) Stress – Strain relationship:


∑F = ma s = Ee
1/10/2013 12
1.1. Introduction
1.1.2. Classification of Structural element

1/10/2013 13
1.1. Introduction

1/10/2013 14
1.1. Introduction
Classification of Structural elements
Structural elements compose a structure and can be classified as by
their forms (shapes and dimensions).
• Three dimensional body

1/10/2013 15
1.1. Introduction
• Plates and Shells

1/10/2013 16
1.1. Introduction
• Rods, Bars

1/10/2013 17
1.1. Introduction

1/10/2013 18
1.1. Introduction

1/10/2013 19
1.1. Introduction
1.1.3. External loads

• Surface forces
– Area of contact
– Concentrated force
– Linear distributed force
– Centroid C (or geometric
center)
• Body force (e.g., weight)

1/10/2013 20
1.1. Introduction
1.1.4. Support reactions
• for 2D problems

1/10/2013 21
1.2. Review of Static
1.2.1. Structure Free-Body Diagram
The first step towards solving an engineering problems is drawing the
free body diagram of the element/structure considered

• The structure is designed to


support a 30 kN load
• The structure consists of a
boom and a rod joined by
pins (zero moment
connections) at the junctions
and supports
• Perform a static analysis to
determine the internal force
in each structural member
and the reaction forces at the
supports
1/10/2013 22
1.2. Review of Static
• The structure is detached from the
supports and the loads and reaction
forces are indicated
• Conditions for static equilibrium:
M C  0  Ax  0.6 m    30 kN  0.8 m 
 Ax  40kN
F x  0 Ax  Cx
 Cx   Ax  40kN

F y  0  Ay  Cy  30 kN  0
 Ay  Cy  30kN

• Ay and Cy can not be determined from


these equations

1/10/2013 23
1.2. Review of Static
1.2.2. Component Free-Body Diagram
• In addition to complete the structure,
each component must satisfy the
conditions for static equilibrium
• Consider a free-body diagram for the
boom:
M B  0   Ay  0.8m   Ay  0

substitute into the structure


equilibrium equation
C y  30 kN
• Results:
Ax  40 kN  Cx  40 kN  Cy  30 kN 

M B  0   Ay  0.8 m   Ay  0
1/10/2013 24
1.2. Review of Static
1.2.3. Equilibrium of rigid body

x, y, z coordinates x, y plane

1/10/2013 25
1.3. Equilibrium of deformable body
Internal forces: The forces set up within a body to balance the effect of
the externally applied forces.
1.3.1. Method of Sections
To obtain the internal loading acting on specific region – “cut” by
imaginarily section through the region where internal loadings are to be
determined.

1/10/2013 26
1.3. Equilibrium of deformable body
Two parts of the body are separated => A free-body diagram of one of
the parts is drawn.
Internal loadings

The Internal force is distributed on the area of section and represent


effects of the material of the top part of the body acting on the adjacent
material of the bottom part.
The Resultant force FR and moment MR0 at any specific point O is
shown in the fig. c.
If a member is long and slender (rod, beam), the section considered is
generally taken perpendicular to the longitudinal axis – is called a cross
section 27
1.3. Equilibrium of deformable body
Define resultant force (FR) and moment (MRo) in 3D:
• Normal force, N
• Shear force, Q
• Torsional moment or torque, T
• Bending moment, M

1/10/2013 28
1.3. Equilibrium of deformable body
- Coplanar Loadings. If the body is subjected to a coplanar system of
forces (fig. a), then only normal-force, shear-force, and bending-moment
components will exist at the section (fig. b).
- If we use the x, y, z coordinate axes, as shown on the left segment.
F z  0  N  ... F y  0  Q  ...

M 0  0  M  ...

1/10/2013 29
1.3. Equilibrium of deformable body
1.3.2. Internal resultant loadings
• For coplanar loadings:
– Apply ∑ Fx = 0 to solve for N
– Apply ∑ Fy = 0 to solve for Q
– Apply ∑ MO = 0 to solve for M
The resultant internal loadings at a point located on the section of a
body can be obtained by using the method of section. This requires the
following steps.
Procedure for Analysis
• Method of sections
1. Choose a segment to analyze
2. Determine the Support Reactions
3. Draw a free-body diagram for whole body
4. Apply the equations of equilibrium
1/10/2013 30
1.3. Equilibrium of deformable body
Procedure for analysis
• Free-body diagram
1. Keep all external loadings in exact locations before “sectioning”
2. Indicate the unknown resultants, N, Q, M, and T at the section,
normally at the centroid C of the sectioned area
3. Coplanar system of forces only include N, Q, and M
4. Establish x, y, z coordinate axes with origin at the centroid
• Equations of equilibrium
1. Sum moments at section, about each coordinate axes where
resultants act
2. This will eliminate unknown forces N and Q, with direct solution
for M (and T)
3. Resultant force with negative value implies that the assumed
direction in reality is opposite to that shown on the free-body
1/10/2013
diagram 31
Example 1.1

1/10/2013 32
Example 1.1

1/10/2013 33
1.4. Concept of Stress

• The main objective of the study of


mechanics of materials is to provide the
future engineer with the means of
analyzing and designing various
machines and load bearing structures.
• Both the analysis and design of a given
structure involve the determination of
stresses and deformations. This chapter
is devoted to the concept of stress.

1/10/2013 34
1.4. Concept of Stress
1.4.1. Stress Analysis
Stress: The distribution of the internal force over the area on which it
acts is expressed as the force intensity, that is force per unit area.

There are two types of stress: normal stress and shear stress
Consider the sectioned area subdivided in
to small area such as DA
Very small force DF acting on DA, will be
replaced by three components

1/10/2013 35
1.4. Concept of Stress
1.4.2. Normal stress
• Intensity of force, or force per unit area, acting normal to ΔA
• Symbol used for the normal stress, is σ (sigma)

The sign convention for the normal stress is as follows:


- A positive value for s indicates tensile stress, that is, the stress due
to a force DF that pulls on the area on which it acts.
- A negative value for s indicates compressive stress – push on
1.4.3. Shear stress
• Intensity of force, or force per unit area, acting tangent to ΔA
• Symbol used for the shear stress is t (tau)

1/10/2013 36
1.4. Concept of Stress
1.4.3. Axial Loading: Normal Stress

Units (SI system)


• Newtons per square meter (N/m2)
or a pascal (1 Pa = 1 N/m2)
• kPa = 103 N/m2 (kilo-pascal)
• MPa = 106 N/m2 (mega-pascal)
• GPa = 109 N/m2 (giga-pascal)

1/10/2013 37
1.4. Concept of Stress
1.4.4. Average shear stress:

1/10/2013 38
1.4. Concept of Stress
1.4.5. Shearing Stress Examples

Single Shear Double Shear

P F P F
1/10/2013 t ave   t ave   39
A A A 2A
1.4. Concept of Stress
1.4.6. Bearing Stress in Connections
• Bolts, rivets, and pins create
stresses on the points of
contact or bearing surfaces
of the members they
connect.
• The resultant of the force
distribution on the surface is
equal and opposite to the
force exerted on the pin.

• Corresponding average
force intensity is called the
bearing stress,
P P
sb  
A td
1/10/2013 40
1.4. Concept of Stress
1.4.7. Rod & Boom Normal Stresses
• The rod is in tension with an axial force of 50 kN.
• At the rod center, the average normal stress in
the circular cross-section (A = 314x10-6m2) is sBC
= +159 MPa.
• At the flattened rod ends, the smallest cross-
sectional area occurs at the pin centerline,
A  20 mm 40 mm  25 mm   300 10 6 m 2

P 50 103 N
s BC,end    167 MPa
A 300 10 6 m 2

• The boom is in compression with an axial force of


40 kN and average normal stress of –26.7 MPa.

• The minimum area sections at the boom ends are


unstressed since the boom is in compression.
1/10/2013 41
1.4. Concept of Stress
1.4.8. Pin Shearing Stresses

• The cross-sectional area for pins at A,


B, and C,
2
 25 mm  6 2
A  r  
2
  49110 m
 2 
• The force on the pin at C is equal to
the force exerted by the rod BC,
P 50 103 N
t C , ave    102 MPa
A 491106 m 2

• The pin at A is in double shear with


a total force equal to the force
exerted by the boom AB,

P 20 kN
t A, ave    6 2
 40.7 MPa
A 49110 m
1/10/2013 42
1.4. Concept of Stress

• Divide the pin at B into sections to


determine the section with the largest
FBC = 50kN PE  15 kN shear force,
PG  25 kN (largest)

• Evaluate the corresponding average


shearing stress,
PG 25 kN
t B, ave    6 2
 50.9 MPa
A 49110 m

1/10/2013 43
1.4. Concept of Stress
1.4.9. Pin Bearing Stresses

• To determine the bearing stress at A in the boom


AB, we have t = 30 mm and d = 25 mm,
P 40 kN
sb    53.3 MPa
td 30 mm 25 mm 

• To determine the bearing stress at A in the


bracket, we have t = 2(25 mm) = 50 mm and d
= 25 mm,
P 40 kN
sb    32.0 MPa
td 50 mm 25 mm 

1/10/2013 44
1.5. Stress Under General Loadings

• A member subjected to a
general combination of loads is
cut into two segments by a
plane passing through Q

• The distribution of internal


stress components may be
defined as,
DF x
s x  lim
DA0 DA

DV yx DVzx
t xy  lim t xz  lim
DA0 DA DA0 DA

1/10/2013 45
1.5. Stress Under General Loadings
• For equilibrium, an equal and opposite internal force and stress
distribution must be exerted on the other segment of the member.

1/10/2013 46
1.5. Stress Under General Loadings
• Stress components are defined for the planes
cut parallel to the x, y and z axes. For
equilibrium, equal and opposite stresses are
exerted on the hidden planes.
• The combination of forces generated by the
stresses must satisfy the conditions for
equilibrium:
 Fx   Fy   Fz  0
Mx  M y  Mz  0
• Consider the moments about the z axis:
 M z  0  t xy DAa  t yx DAa
t xy  t yx
similarly, t yz  t zy and t yz  t zy

• It follows that only 6 components of stress are


required to define the complete state of stress
1/10/2013 47
1.6. Strain – Displacement and deformation
• Displacement is the relative movement of a point on a rod with
respect to a point in space
• Deformation is the relative movement of two points on a rod.

A
Point B displaces a distance d down.
L The deformation of the rod between
points A and B is d.

B
d
P
1/10/2013 48
1.6. Strain
1.6.1. Deformation:
When A force is applied to a body, it will tend to change the body’s
shape and size - deformation
1.6.2. Strain:
The strain is the geometrical expression of deformation caused by
the action of stress on a physical body. The strain is calculated by first
assuming a change between two body states: the beginning state and
the final state
Basically Strain are of three types
1. Longitudinal Strain: -It is defined as the increase in length (d) per
unit original length (L) when deformed by the external force.
Longitudinal Strain = d / L
2.Volumetric Strain:-It is defined as the change in volume (v) per unit
original volume (V), when deformed by external force.
Volume Strain = v / V
1/10/2013 49
1.6. Strain
3. Shear Strain:-When the change takes place in the
shape of the body, the strain is called a shear strain.

- Normal Strain (longitudinal strain)

- Shear Strain

1/10/2013 50
1.7. Types of loading
Mechanics of materials is a branch of applied mechanics that deals with
the behaviour of solid bodies subjected to various types of loading

Compression Tension (stretched) Bending Torsion (twisted) Shearing

1/10/2013 51
1.8. Basic Assumptions

• Continuous
• Homogeneous
• Isotropic
• Perfectly elastic
• Small deformation

1/10/2013 52
1.8. Basic Assumptions

• Continuous

1/10/2013 53
1.8. Basic Assumptions

• Homogeneous

1/10/2013 54
1.8. Basic Assumptions

• Isotropic

Isotropic Anisotropic

1/10/2013 55
1.8. Assumptions – Hooke’s Law
Hooke’s Law
• "Hooke's Law" is about stretching
springs and wires.
• Hooke's Law states:- the extension is
proportional to the force
• the spring will go back to its original
length when the force is removed
• so long as we don't exceed the
elastic limit.

1/10/2013 56
1.8. Assumptions – Hooke’s Law

s=Ee t=Gg
Young’s modulus Shear modulus

1/10/2013 57
1.9. Principle Superposition

Conditions must be satisfied:

1/10/2013 58
1.9. Principle Superposition

1/10/2013 59
1/10/2013 60
1/10/2013 61
1/10/2013 62
THANK YOU FOR
YOUR ATTENTION !

1/10/2013 63

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