Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Electric Drives ENME 503

Dr. Eng. Noha Shouman
Eng. Ahmed AlKhatib, Kareem Noureldin, M.Sc.

Tutorial (3) Solution

Power Transformer
Useful diagrams

Figure 1- Exact Equivalent Circuit of the transformer referred to the primary side

Figure 2- Approximate Equivalent Circuit of the transformer referred to the primary side
 Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Electric Drives ENME 503
Dr. Eng. Noha Shouman
Eng. Ahmed AlKhatib, Kareem Noureldin, M.Sc.

Problem 1
For the circuit given below, find Vs given that the current Io=2∠0o A.

Answer
𝑉1 = 𝐼0 (1 − 𝑗1) = 2(1 − 𝑗1) = (2 − 𝑗2) 𝑉
𝑉1 2 − 𝑗2
𝐼1 = = = √2∠ − 135° 𝐴
𝑗2 𝑗2
𝐼2 = 𝐼0 + 𝐼1 = √2∠ − 45° 𝐴
(2 − 𝑗2)
𝐼3 = 𝐼2 = √2∠ − 135° 𝐴
(2 − 𝑗2) + 𝑗4
𝑉2 = −𝐼3 (𝑗4) = 4√2∠135° 𝑉
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉2 − 𝑉1 = 6√2∠135° 𝑉 = 8.485∠135° 𝑉
 Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Electric Drives ENME 503
Dr. Eng. Noha Shouman
Eng. Ahmed AlKhatib, Kareem Noureldin, M.Sc.

Problem 2
For the circuit shown below, find Io and the total complex power.

Answer
 For the 4 KW LOAD:
𝑃
𝑆= = 4.44 𝑘𝑉𝐴
PF
𝑄 = √𝑆 2 − 𝑃2 = 1.937 𝐾𝑉𝐴𝑅
𝑆̅ = 𝑃 + 𝑄𝐽 = 4 + 1.937𝐽 𝐾𝑉𝐴
 For the 1.2 KW LOAD:
𝑃 = 1.2 𝐾𝑊
𝑄 = −0.8 𝐾𝑉𝐴𝑅 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 (𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟)
𝑆̅ = 𝑃 + 𝑄𝐽 = 1.2 − 0.8𝐽 𝐾𝑉𝐴
 For the 2 KVA LOAD:
𝑃 = 𝑆 ∗ 𝑃𝐹 = 2 ∗ 0.707 = 1.414 𝑘𝑤

𝑄 = √𝑆 2 − 𝑃2 = −1.414 𝐾𝑉𝐴𝑅 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑡𝑠 (𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝐹)

∴ 𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 + 𝐽 𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 6.614 − 0.277𝑗 𝐾𝑉𝐴
∗
𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 ∗ 𝐼𝑜
∗ 𝑆
∴ 𝐼𝑜 = 𝑉 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 66.197⌊−92.39𝑜
𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦

∴ 𝐼̅𝑜 = 66.197⌊92.39𝑜 𝐴
𝑃𝐹 = cos( ∅𝑉 − ∅𝐼 ) = cos( 90 − 92.39) = 0.99 (𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔)
 Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Electric Drives ENME 503
Dr. Eng. Noha Shouman
Eng. Ahmed AlKhatib, Kareem Noureldin, M.Sc.

Problem 3
For the circuit shown below, find Vs and all power components of the source.

Answer
 For Load 1:
𝑃1 15
𝐼1 = |𝐼1 |∠𝜃𝑖1 = ( ) ∠ cos −1(𝑃𝐹) = ( ) ∠ cos −1 (0.8) = 0.156∠36.87° 𝐴
𝑉1 𝑃𝐹 120 × 0.8
 Using KVL in loop 1:
𝑉2 = 𝑉1 + 𝐼1 (0.3 + 𝑗0.15) = (120∠0°) + (0.156∠36.87°)(0.3 + 𝑗0.15) = 120.023∠0.022° 𝑉
 For Load 2:
𝜑2 = 𝜃𝑣2 + 𝜃𝑖2
∴ cos−1(0.9) = 0.022 − 𝜃𝑖2
∴ 𝜃𝑖2 = −25.82°
𝑃1 10
𝐼2 = |𝐼2 |∠𝜃𝑖2 = ( ) ∠𝜃𝑖2 = ( ) ∠ − 25.82° = 0.0926∠ − 25.82° 𝐴
𝑉1 𝑃𝐹 120.022 × 0.9
 Using KCL at node 1:
𝐼𝑠 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 = (0.156∠36.87° ) + (0.0926∠ − 25.82°) = 0.215∠14.384° 𝐴
 Using KVL in loop 2:
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉2 + 𝐼𝑠 (0.2 + 𝑗0.04) = (120.023∠0.022°) + (0.215∠14.384°)(0.2 + 𝑗0.04) = 120.06∠0.03° 𝑉
𝑆𝑠 = 𝑃𝑠 + 𝑗𝑄𝑠 = |𝑆𝑠 |∠𝜑𝑠
𝑆𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠 × 𝐼𝑠 ∗ = (120.06∠0.03°)(0.215∠ − 14.384°) = 25.81∠ − 14.35° 𝑉𝐴 = (25 − 𝑗6.4) 𝑉𝐴
𝑃𝑠 = 25 𝑊
𝑄𝑠 = 6.4 𝑉𝐴 (𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒)
 Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Electric Drives ENME 503
Dr. Eng. Noha Shouman
Eng. Ahmed AlKhatib, Kareem Noureldin, M.Sc.

Problem 4
The equivalent parameters of a transformer, having a turns ratio of 5, are as shown in the following table.

R1 R2 X1 X2 Rc Xm
0.5 Ω 0.021 Ω 3.2 Ω 0.12 Ω 350 Ω 98 Ω

Draw the approximate equivalent circuit of the transformer, referred to:

a) The primary circuit
b) The secondary circuit.
Answer
 First, referring the circuit to primary side:
𝑎 = 5 (𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦)
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅̀2 = 𝑅1 + 𝑎2 𝑅2 = 0.5 + (5)2 (0.021) = 1.025 Ω
𝑋𝑒𝑞 = 𝑋1 + 𝑋̀2 = 𝑋1 + 𝑎2 𝑋2 = 3.2 + (5)2 (0.12) = 6.2 Ω
𝑅𝐶 = 350 Ω
𝑋𝑀 = 98 Ω

 Secondly, referring the circuit to secondary side:

1
𝑎= (𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦)
5
1 2
𝑅𝑒𝑞 ̀ 2
= 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 𝑎 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 0.5 ( ) + 0.021 = 0.041 Ω
5
1 2
𝑋𝑒𝑞 = 𝑋̀1 + 𝑋2 = 𝑎2 𝑋1 + 𝑋2 = 3.2 ( ) + 0.12 = 0.248 Ω
5
1 2
𝑅̀𝐶 = 350 ( ) = 14 Ω
5
1 2
𝑋̀𝑀 = 98 ( ) = 3.92 Ω
5
 Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Electric Drives ENME 503
Dr. Eng. Noha Shouman
Eng. Ahmed AlKhatib, Kareem Noureldin, M.Sc.

Problem 5
The equivalent parameters of a 150 kVA, 2400V/240V transformer, are R1=0.2 Ω, R2=2 mΩ, X1=0.45 Ω,
X2=4.5 mΩ, Rc=10 kΩ, and Xm=1.55 kΩ. The transformer is operating at rated load and rated voltage with
0.8 lagging power factor. Use the approximate equivalent circuit referred to the primary side to find:
a) The voltage regulation
b) The transformer power loss
c) Efficiency
Answer
𝑁1 𝑉1 2400
𝑎= = = = 10
𝑁2 𝑉2 240
|𝑉̀2 | = 𝑎𝑉2 = 10 × 240 = 2400
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅̀2 = 𝑅1 + 𝑎2 𝑅2 = 0.2 + (10)2 (2 × 10−3 ) = 0.4 𝛺
𝑋𝑒𝑞 = 𝑋1 + 𝑋̀2 = 𝑋1 + 𝑎2 𝑋2 = 0.45 + (4.5 × 10−3 ) = 0.9 𝛺
 The angle for the voltage of the secondary side is taken as the reference.
∴ 𝜃𝑣2 = 0°
∴ 𝑉̀2 = 2400∠0° = 2400 𝑉
|𝑆2 | 150 × 103
|𝐼̀2 | = = = 62.5 𝐴
|𝑉̀2 | 2400
𝜑2 = 𝜃𝑣2 − 𝜃𝑖2 = cos−1(𝑃𝐹2 ) = cos−1(0.8) = 36.87°
 Note that the power factor angle is positive because the load has a lagging power factor.
∴ 𝜃𝑖2 = −36.87°
∴ 𝐼̀2 = |𝐼̀2 |∠𝜃𝑖2 = 62.5∠ − 36.87° 𝐴
𝑉1 = 𝑉̀2 + 𝐼̀2 (𝑅𝑒𝑞 + 𝑗𝑋𝑒𝑞 ) = 2400 + (62.5∠ − 36.87°)(0.4 + 𝑗0.9) = 2453. 9∠0.7° 𝑉
|𝑉1 | − |𝑉̀2 | 2453.9 − 2400
𝜖= × 100 = × 100 = 2.245%
̀
|𝑉2 | 2400
 To calculate the copper (windings) and iron (core) losses in the transformer.
2
𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 𝐼̀2 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = (62.5)2 (0.4) = 1562.5 𝑊
𝑉1 2 (2453.9)2
𝑃𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 = = = 602.2 𝑊
𝑅𝐶 10 × 103
𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 + 𝑃𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 = 1562.5 + 602.2 = 2164.7 𝑊 = 2.1647 𝑘𝑊
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 150 × 0.8
𝜂= × 100 = × 100 = × 100 = 98.23%
𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 2.1647 + 150 × 0.8
 Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Electric Drives ENME 503
Dr. Eng. Noha Shouman
Eng. Ahmed AlKhatib, Kareem Noureldin, M.Sc.

Problem 6
A 15-kVA, 2400:240 V, 60 Hz transformer has the following equivalent circuit parameters:

R1 R2 X1 X2 Rc Xm
2.5 Ω 0.025 Ω 7Ω 0.07 Ω 32 kΩ 11.5 kΩ

The given transformer is supplying 10-kW load at the rated voltage and the load power factor is 0.8 lagging.
Draw the transformer’s exact equivalent circuit referred to the primary (H.V) side and use it to calculate:
a) The input current.
b) The input voltage.
c) The input power factor.
Answer
𝑁1 𝑉1 2400
𝑎= = = = 10
𝑁2 𝑉2 240
|𝑉̀2 | = 𝑎𝑉2 = 10 × 240 = 2400
𝑅̀2 = 𝑎2 𝑅2 = (10)2 (0.025) = 2.5 𝛺
𝑋̀2 = 𝑎2 𝑋2 = (10)2 (0.07) = 7 𝛺
 The angle for the voltage of the secondary side is taken as the reference.
∴ 𝜃𝑣2 = 0°
∴ 𝑉̀2 = 2400∠0° = 2400 𝑉
|𝑃2 | 10 × 103
|𝐼̀2 | = = = 5.208 𝐴
|𝑉̀2 | × 𝑃𝐹2 2400 × 0.8
𝜑2 = 𝜃𝑣2 − 𝜃𝑖2 = cos−1(𝑃𝐹2 ) = cos−1(0.8) = 36.87°
 Note that the power factor angle is positive because the load has a lagging power factor.
∴ 𝜃𝑖2 = −36.87°
∴ 𝐼̀2 = |𝐼̀2 |∠𝜃𝑖2 = 5.208∠ − 36.87° 𝐴
𝐸1 = 𝑉̀2 + 𝐼̀2 (𝑅̀2 + 𝑗𝑋̀2 ) = 2400 + (5.208∠ − 36.87°)(2.5 + 𝑗7) = 2432.38∠0.503° 𝑉
 To get the equivalent impedance of the parallel branch RC//jXM.
𝑅𝐶 × 𝑗𝑋𝑀 (32 × 103 ) × 𝑗(11.5 × 103 )
(𝑅𝐶 ∖ 𝑗𝑋𝑀 ) = = = 10822.36∠70.23° 𝛺
𝑅𝐶 + 𝑗𝑋𝑀 (32 × 103 ) + 𝑗(11.5 × 103 )
𝐸1 2432.38∠0.503°
𝐼0 = = = 0.225∠ − 69.73° 𝐴
(𝑅𝐶 ∖ 𝑗𝑋𝑀 ) 10822.36∠70.23°
𝐼1 = 𝐼̀2 + 𝐼0 = (5.208∠ − 36.87°) + (0.225∠ − 69.73°) = 5.398∠ − 38.164° 𝐴
𝑉1 = 𝐸1 + 𝐼1 (𝑅1 + 𝑗𝑋1 ) = (2432.38∠0.503°) + (5.398∠ − 38.164°)(2.5 + 𝑗7) = 2466.62∠0.992° 𝑉
𝑃𝐹1 = cos(𝜃𝑣1 − 𝜃𝑖1 ) = cos(0.992° − (−38.164°)) = cos(39.156°) = 0.775 (𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔)
 Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Electric Drives ENME 503
Dr. Eng. Noha Shouman
Eng. Ahmed AlKhatib, Kareem Noureldin, M.Sc.

Problem 7
A 120 KVA, 2400/240 V transformer has the following parameters: R1=0.75 Ω, X1=0.8 Ω, R2=0.0045 Ω,
X2=0.02 Ω. This transformer is loaded by 80% of its rated load at 0.8 lagging power factor. The transformer
has iron losses of 1kW and full load copper losses of 3 kW. Calculate:
a) The equivalent impedance referred to the primary.
b) The transformer efficiency at the mentioned loading conditions.
c) The transformer voltage regulation at the mentioned loading conditions.
Answer
𝑁1 𝑉1 2400
𝑎= = = = 10
𝑁2 𝑉2 240
|𝑉̀2 | = 𝑎𝑉2 = 10 × 240 = 2400
 To get the equivalent impedance referred to primary side
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅̀2 = 𝑅1 + 𝑎2 𝑅2 = 0.75 + (10)2 (0.0045) = 1.2 𝛺
𝑋𝑒𝑞 = 𝑋1 + 𝑋̀2 = 𝑋1 + 𝑎2 𝑋2 = 0.8 + (10)2 (0.02) = 2.8 𝛺
𝑍𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅𝑒𝑞 + 𝑗𝑋𝑒𝑞 = (1.2 + 𝑗2.8 ) 𝛺
 To get the efficiency at loading percentage of 80% (Let a loading factor xloading = 0.8)
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝜂=
𝑃𝑖𝑛
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑆𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 × 𝑃𝐹 × 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 × 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 120 × 0.8 × 0.8 = 76.8 𝑘𝑊
𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 + 𝑃𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛
 Note that the current drawn is directly proportional to the power at constant voltage and PF
2
𝑃𝑐𝑢 𝑥=0.8 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 ) = 3(0.8)2 = 1.92 𝑘𝑊

𝑃𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 = 1 𝑘𝑊
𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 + 𝑃𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 = 1 + 1.92 = 2.92 𝑘𝑊
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 76.8
∴𝜂= × 100 = × 100 = × 100 = 96.34%
𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 76.8 + 2.92
 To get the voltage regulation
|𝑆2 | |𝑆𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 | × 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐼̀2 = |𝐼̀2 |∠𝜃𝑖2 = ∠ − cos −1(𝑃𝐹) = ∠ − cos −1 (𝑃𝐹)
|𝑉̀2 | |𝑉̀2 |
120 × 103 × 0.8
= ∠ − cos−1(0.8) = 40∠ − 36.87° 𝐴
2400
𝑉1 = 𝑉̀2 + 𝐼̀2 𝑍𝑒𝑞 = 2400 + (40∠ − 36.87°)(1.2 + 𝑗2.8 ) = 2506.34∠1.39° 𝑉
|𝑉1 | − |𝑉̀2 | 2506.34 − 2400
𝜖= × 100 = × 100 = 4.43%
̀
|𝑉2 | 2400