Computer Hardware (iii).

OS stored in main memory, loaded into CPU

Personal Computers: desktop, laptop & as required.
notebook machines, web-surf, chat, write (iv).Program loaded from secondary storage
letters/papers. into main memory (CPU running, OS code).
Embedded Systems: games consoles, cell (v).Program commands loaded into CPU as
phones, car. required
Servers: web servers, file servers, cloud (changes to variables (in main memory)
computing. ,input/output requires OS code).
Computer: a machine that stores information & File Servers: remembers files.
instructions for its own operation.  Internet connected networks to each
Operating Systems: e.g. Windows 10, macOS 10 other.
(runs the computer) IP = Internet Packet (piece of a message)
Applications: e.g. PowerPoint, Chrome, TikTok  IP address indicates
(what people are using the computer for) source/destination of
Programming Languages: to make more message.
software.  message pieces pass
Input devices (data into the computer) thru multiple
mouse, keyboard, microphone, touch screen. computers.
Output devices (data out of the computer)  different packets may
screen, speakers, printer. go thru different
CPU (Central Processing Unit) computers.
process the data (add, multiply, move, ...) Modulator-Demodulator  MODEM ( sound
understands the instructions. conversion for early internet that only allowed
may have extra CPUs (GPU, for example) text messges).
Main Memory: remember what the computer’s HTTP – Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol
working on (volatile = lost when power goes out  language for laying out document
small(ish) capacity (megabytes/gigabytes)). content.
Secondary storage: hold files when the power’s  allows links in documents to other
off. use the open and save commands in a documents.
program. Large capacity  click and go!
Web pages  documents using HTTP.
(gigabytes/terabytes/...)
Internet ≈ Hardware; Web ≈ Software.
Internal: hard disk, solid state storage
Client-Server:
External: USB drive, CD, DVD, ...
§ Client is computer asking for
floppy disk, punch cards, tape, ...
information.
Running a Program:
§ Server provides the information.
(i). User requests program to start
§ Web browser (or similar software)
[types of command on keyboard
renders the information on the client
uses mouse to double-click icon on screen
computer.
uses finger to tap icon on screen
§ Some computing may be required in
speaks command to computer
client.
looks pointedly at the screen
s client-side computing
thinks at the computer]
§ Some computing may be done on
Input devices: keyboard, mouse, touch-screen,
server.
microphone, eye-tracking device, EEG probes
s server-side computing
(ii). Operating system provides continuous
The Cloud:
feedback on output device(s). (visual
§ More services moving to server side.
(screen),audio (speaker)
s storing files on the Web
tactile (vibrator))
 » Dropbox, OneDrive, … Java Runtime Environment
s voice recognition done on s a program that runs JVM
server. machine code
» Siri, Alexa, Google » an emulator
Home, … Source code in a .java file
s storing programs on Web s GradeCalculatorApp.java
» Office 365, GSuite, Compiled code in a .class file
AppsAnywhere. s GradeCalculatorApp.class
§ Human can access using any device GUI program in a .jar file
switch between desktop, laptop, phone. s GradeCalculatorApp.jar
Speed of Memory: » can just click and run
data in main memory is accessed FAST. this file
data on secondary storage is slow. » if your computer
data on LAN is slower. has .jar default set
need to wait for other computers properly!
data on internet is slower still Artificial Intelligence:
many more computers involved; The quest to build a machine with human-level
transmission time. intelligence (artificial = not natural)
Memory: Where information is stored s Turing again – the imitation
s your user data (photos, papers, game / tournament
messages, ...) Symbolic methods: computers and logic
s your programs (browsers, word s expert systems – clever but
processors, ...) brittle (failure)
Parts of memory Neural simulation: artificial brains
bits: each either a 0 or a 1 (“binary digit”) s very limited power – using old-
bytes: 8 bits (each byte has an address) time computers.
everything is represented with bits and byte. s modern computers bring lots of
Software: power.
Data & instructions Artificial Neural Networks:
s programs (instructions) Simulate neurons in animal brains:
manipulate data s neuron “fires”
s all represented with bits/bytes s sends energy on
Data hierarchy s connections get
s 8 bits  byte stronger/weaker
1 or more bytes  data value (field) as learning occurs
1 or more data values/objects  object (record) s system learns to classify inputs
data may be stored on secondary memory (file) into groups
Java Compiler: Need lots of neurons to do useful work.
Java designed to be “run anywhere” Deep Learning Applications:
s some source code on every § Speech recognition
computer s input = sounds; output = words
s compiled code runs on every § Language translation
computer s input = sentence in L1; output =
Java Virtual Machine (JVM) sentence in L2
s a make-believe computer § Image recognition
» Java source code input = image; output = object labels
compiled to JVM e.g. tagging faces in photographs
language ARRAYS 1:
Int n= new int [600]; equals – checks if two arrays have same
Reading arrays: elements
for (int i = 0; i < 600; i++) { fill – fills an array with a given value
n[i] = kbd.nextInt();} sort – sorts an array
printing arrays: toString – makes a String representing the array
for (int i = 599; i >= 0; i--) { Needs to be imported
System.out.print(n[i] + " ");} import java.util.Arrays;
Arrays can be of any type: Scanner [], thingy[]; sorting arrays: Arrays.sort(a);
Int [][] matrix = new int [10] [20]; Arrays.sort(words,
Question from user: String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER);
System.out.print("How many students? "); (ALPHABETICAL ORDER)
int numStu = kbd.nextInt(); Arrays has a method to make it nicer: (int weird)
kbd.nextLine(); System.out.println(Arrays.toString(arr));
String[] names = new String[numStu]; Possible Program Crashes:
System.out.println("What are their names?"); • ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
for (int i = 0; i < numStu; i++) { • NullPointerException
System.out.print(" Student #" + (i+1) + ": "); Methods 1
names[i] = kbd.nextLine();} target.name(arguments)
new array: Methods 2:
private int[] asgnGrades; String:
asgnGrades = new int[NUM_ASGN]; equals("yes")
When specific number not index is asked: equalsIgnoreCase("yes")
public static boolean inAsgnRange(int asgnNo) { startsWith("y")
return 1 <= asgnNo && asgnNo <= toUpperCase()
NUM_ASGN; toLowerCase()
} length()
ALWAYS RETURN IN IF STATEMENT IN RETURN Math.pow(x, y) – returns xy
METHOD. Math.max(a, b) – returns maximum of a and b
TYPE CASTING: int sum = 0; Math.min(a, b) – returns minimum of a and b
return (int)Math.round((double)sum / Math.sqrt(x) – returns square root of x
NUM_ASGN); Math.log(x) – returns natural log of x
ARRAY 2: Math.log10(x) – returns log10 of x
Array getter : Math.sin(theta) – returns sin of theta
Copy of Array: also cos, tan, asin, acos, atan
public int[] getAsgnGrades() { theta is in radians (not degrees)
int[] copy = new int[asgnGrades.length]; (int)Math.round(x) – x rounded to nearest int
for (int i = 0; i < copy.length; ++i) { (int)Math.rint(x) – same(!)
copy[i] = asgnGrades[i];} NOTE the (int): Math.round returns a long value
return copy;} Math.rint returns a double (!)
public int[] getAsgnGrades() { Math.random() – returns a random number in
// THIS is the way to return an array [0,1)
instance variable Object 1:
return Arrays.copyOf(asgnGrades, WIMP (Windows, Icons, Menus, Pointers)
NUM_ASGN);} interface
Arrays class provides many useful methods Private data; public methods
copyOf – copies an array Constructor:
copyOfRange – copies part of an array public class Rectangle {
private double height;
 private double width; s process control
public Rectangle(double reqHgt, double § Graphical
use pictures
reqWid) { • Names of programs start with Capitals
height = reqHgt; • Names of variables start with little letters
weight = reqWid;}} import java.util.Scanner;
Getters: Scanner is what we want to use
java.util is “where it is” (it’s a package)
public double getHeight() { Comparing Strings:
return height;} oneString.equals(anotherString)
Setters: !oneString.equals(anotherString)
public void setHeight(double reqHgt) { "First String".equalsIgnoreCase("First String") [bool o/p]
if (reqHgt >= 0.0) { // if requested value is
OK…
height = reqHgt; // …use requested
value
} else {
Sopln("Illegal height for Rectangle: " +
reqHgt);}}
Introduction:
Programming Languages:
§ FORTRAN
§ LISP
§ ALGOL
§ COBOL
§ SNOBOL
§ PL/I
§ BASIC
§ APL
§ Pascal
§ Smalltalk
§ c
§ Prolog
§ Scheme
§ Modula
§ SQL
§ Ada
§ C++
§ Prograph
§ Perl
§ Python
§ Java
§ Javascript
§ C#
§ Ruby
Kinds of Languages:
§ Imperative (*)
s tell it what to do
§ Functional
s specify processes
§ Logical
s specify meanings
s say what you want
§ Object Oriented (*)
s data & process abstraction
§ Parallel