0% found this document useful (0 votes)
17 views15 pagesTelecommunication Management - 241016 - 235245
Descriptive analysis Telecommunications mangement.
Uploaded by
Chukwu ChineduCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
17 views15 pagesTelecommunication Management - 241016 - 235245
Descriptive analysis Telecommunications mangement.
Uploaded by
Chukwu ChineduCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 15
‘TELECOMMUNICATION MANAGEMENT
Exchange of information through the use of speech, signs or symbols is called communication. When
early humans started speaking, some 5,00,000 years ago, that was the first mode of communication.
Before we dive into modern technologies that drive communication in contemporary world, we need to
know how humans developed better communication techniques to share knowledge with each other.
History of Communication
Communicating with people over a distance is known as telecommunication. The first forms of,
telecommunication were smoke signals, drums or fire torches. The major disadvantage with these
communication systems was that only 2 set of pre-determined messages could be transmitted. This was
overcome in the 18th and 19th century through development of telegraphy and Morse code.
Invention of telephone and establishment of commercial telephony in 1878 marked a turnaround in
communication systems and real telecommunication was born. International Telecommunication Union
(TU) defines telecommunication as transmission, emission and reception of any signs, signals or
‘messages by electromagnetic systems. Now we had the communication technology to connect with
people physically located thousands of kilometers away.
Telephones slowly gave way to television, videophone, satellite and finally computer networks.
Computer networks have revolutionized modern day communication and communication technologies.
‘That will be the subject of our in-depth study in subsequent chapters.
History Of Networking
ARPANET- the First Network
ARPANET - Advanced Research Projects Agency Network - the granddad of Internet was a network
established by the US Department of Defense (DOD). The work for establishing the network started in
the early 1960s and DOD sponsored major research work, which resulted in development on initial
protocols, languages and frameworks for network communication.
Ithad four nodes at University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Stanford Research Institute (SRI),
University of California at Santa Barbara (UCSB) and University of Utah. On October 29, 1969, the first
message was exchanged between UCLA and SRI. E-mail was created by Roy Tomlinson in 1972 at Bolt
Beranek and Newman, Inc, (BBN) after UCLA was connected to BBN.
Internet ARPANET expanded to connect DOD with those universities of the US that were carrying out defense-
related research. It covered most of the major universities across the country. The concept of
networking got a boost when University College of London (UK) and Royal Radar Network (Norway)
connected to the ARPANET and a network of networks was formed.
‘The term internet was coined by Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal and Carl Sunshine of Stanford University to
describe this network of networks. Together they also developed protocols to facilitate information
exchange over the Internet. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) still forms the backbone of networking.
Telenet
Telenet was the first commercial adaptation of ARPANET introduced in 1974, With this the concept of
Internet Service Provider (ISP) was also introduced. The main function of an ISP is to provide
Uninterrupted Internet connection to its customers at affordable rates. Telnet is an application protocol
used on the Internet or local area network to provide a bidirectional interactive text-oriented
communication facility using a virtual terminal connection.
World Wide Web
With commercialization of internet, more and more networks were developed in different part of the
world. Each network used different protocols for communicating over the network. This prevented
different networks from connecting together seamlessly. In the 1980s, Tim Berners-Lee led a group of
Computer scientists at CERN, Switzerland, to create a seamless network of varied networks, called the
World Wide Web (WWW).
World Wide Web is 2 complex web of websites and web pages connected together through hypertexts.
Hypertext is a word or group of words linking to another web page of the same or different website,
When the hypertext is clicked, another web page opens.
‘The evolution from ARPANET to WWW was possible due to many new achievements by researchers and
computer scientists all over the world. Here are some of those developments -
Year Milestone
1957 Advanced Research Project Agency formed by US 1969
1970
1972
1973
1974
1982
1983
1986
1990
ARPANET became functional
ARPANET connected to BBNs
Roy Tomlinson develops network messaging or E-mail. Symbol @ comes to mean “at”
APRANET connected to Royal Radar Network of Norway
‘Term Internet coined First commercial use of ARPANET, Telenet, is approved
‘TCP/IP introduced as standard protocol on ARPANET
Domain Name System introduced
National Science Foundation brings connectivity to more people with its NSFNET program
ARPANET decommissioned First web browser Nexus developed
HTML developed
2002-2004 Web 2.0isborn
Before we dive into details of networking, let us discuss some common terms associated with data
communication.
Channel
Physical medium like cables over which information is exchanged is called channel, Transmission
channel may be analog or digital. As the name suggests, analog channels transmit data using analog
signals while digital channels transmit data using digital signals. In popular network terminology, path over which data is sent or received is called data channel. This
data channel may be a tangible medium like copper wire cables or broadcast medium lke radio waves.
Data Transfer Rate
‘The speed of data transferred or received over transmission channel, measured per unit time, is called
data transfer rate, The smallest unit of measurement i bits per second (bps). 1 bps means 1 bit (O or 1)
of data is transferred in 1 second.
Here are some commonly used data transfer rates ~
11 Bps = 1 Byte per second = 8 bits per second
1 kbps = 1 kilobit per second = 1024 bits per second
1 Mbps = 1 Megabit per second = 1024 Kbps
1 Gbps = 1 Gigabit per second = 1024 Mbps
Bandwidth
Data transfer rates that can be supported by a network is called its bandwidth. It is measured in bits per
second (bps). Modern day networks provide bandwidth in Kbps, Mbps and Gbps. Some of the factors
affecting a network's bandwidth include -
Network devices used
Protocols used
Number of users connected
Network overheads like collision, errors, etc
‘Throughput
‘Throughput is the actual speed with which data gets transferred over the network. Besides transmitting
the actual data, network bandwidth is used for transmitting error messages, acknowledgement frames,
etc.
‘Throughput isa better measurement of network speed, efficiency and capacity utilization rather than,
bandwidth. Protocol
Protocol is a set of rules and regulations used by devices to communicate over the network. Just like
humans, computers also need rules to ensure successful communication. if two people start speaking at
the same time or in different languages when no interpreter is present, no meaningful exchange of
information can occur.
Similarly, devices connected on the network need to follow rules defining situations like when and how
to transmit data, when to receive data, how to give error-free message, etc.
Some common protocols used over the Internet are ~
‘Transmission Control Protocol
Internet Protocol
Point to Point Protocol
File Transfer Protocol
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Internet Message Access Protocol
Switching Techniques
In large networks, there may be more than one paths for transmitting data from sender to receiver.
Selecting path that data must take out of the available options is called switching. There are two
popular switching techniques ~ circuit switching and packet switching.
Circuit Switching
When a dedicated path is established for data transmission between sender and receiver, itis called