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CPCCBC 4010B Workshop 7-11 Structures 1 Ver2

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33 views36 pages

CPCCBC 4010B Workshop 7-11 Structures 1 Ver2

Uploaded by

Albert Liu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Structures

Topics 7-11
CPCCBC-4010B
Apply Structural Principles to Residential
Low Rise Constructions
CPCCBC-4010A
Apply Structural Principles to Residential Low
Rise Constructions

(STRUCTURES Component)

Session topics 7-11

Tafe SA – CPC40118 Certificate IV in Building - CPCCBC-4010A Apply Structural Principles to Residential


Low Rise Constructions - Building Construction Furnishing Tonsley campus- Advanced Building Interior
Decoration & Design © 2016 TAFE SA
Performance of beams

• Definition
– Bending moment on beam is a measure of the
bending effect caused by the force acting upon
it.
– Value of the moment is the sum of the forces
acting to the left or to the right of the nominated
point.
– Nothing to do with how far the beam deflects out
of line, this is considered as deflection.
Bending stress
• Beams under load are subjected to bending
moments due to that load causing also
deflection and bending stress inside the beam.
• If the stresses exceed that which the beam
material can resist then the beam will fail.
• The top fibres will be compressed while the
bottom fibres will be tensioned (cantilevers will
be the opposite).
• The fibres at the neutral axis position (position
of the centroid) will have zero stress.
• Often referred to as Flexural stress.
Bending stress

• Worst stress at the extreme fibres

Compression

N A
Zero stress

Tension

Stress diagram
Bending stress

• Bending stress is at its worst at the extreme


fibres and its value is given by the formula

Fb = M
Z

• M is the maximum moment,


• Z is the section modulus = (bd2)
6
Bending stress
Example
• If a timber beam with a Max Moment of 10kNm and
its size is 300x75, what would the bending stress be.

Fb = M
Z
=10x106 Nmm (10kN converted to N)
((75mm x 3002mm2) /6)

= 10x106Nmm x 6
75x3002 mm3
= 8.9MPa
Bending stress

Example
• If the same beam was a steel beam 150UB 14
the stress could be calculated as;
Fb = M
Z
=10x106 Nmm
88.8x103 mm3
=113MPa

Z = value form Onesteel/bluescope tables


Performance of beams

• A loaded beam experiences internal


stresses, (Nmm2 = Mpa) If overlooked it may
fail in bending or shear or both.
• It is convenient to consider these effects
separately.

Vertical shear;
• Vertical shear is the tendency of a beam to
separate due to upward reactions and
upward forces.
Shear & shear stresses

• Vertical shear

Horizontal shear
• This occurs when the beam bends
• Layers within the beam have to slide past each other, or
upper one must shorten, while lower ones lengthen as the
beam deflects. Timber can fail in this way due to the grain
structure of timber.
• It is able to resist vertical shear but weak at resisting
horizontal shear along the grain.
Shear & shear stresses

Diagonal shear
• A combination of vertical and horizontal shear and
causes eg, concrete to fail in this way. The tension
and compression stresses that cause diagonal
shear can be seen when a square sheet of rubber
is forced out of shape.
• Ligatures are used to resist diagonal shear by
holding the main reinforcing bars in place.
• More ligatures are used at points of maximum
shear.
Shear & shear stresses

• To check that a beam is OK in shear an engineer


will determine vertical shearing forces along the
beam, and that the worst point is not greater that
can be safely allowed.
By definition;
– The vertical shear force at any point in a beam
is equal to the sum of all the forces to the left or
right of that point.
Deflection

Beam deflection
• Beam deflection ‘d’ is the greatest vertical
displacement(of any point along the beam) that
occurs due to its own weight and superimposed
loads.
• It is a serviceability consideration, bending and shear
are stresses within a beam. Deflection is visual.
• Excessive deflection
– Looks unsightly
– Allow concrete cracks to be too wide – corrosion of
steel
– Allow supported materials to crack or perform
unsatisfactorily.
Deflection

• Consider a simply supported beam span 4m from the


code.
Steel beam
dmax = span /250 = 4000mm/250 = 16mm
Timber beams
DL only dmax = span /300 or no more than 8mm max
=4000mm/300
= 13.3mm (use 8mm)

LL only dmax = span /300 or 8mm max


= 4000/300
= 13.3mm (use 8mm)
Deflection

• The timber beam must be stiff enough to


prevent a deflection greater than 8mm under
dead loads.
• Could deflect a further 8mm under LL in total
16mm.
• An important consideration as timber will
creep over years when under long term
load. Steel is less susceptible and returns to
its original shape.
Columns

• Columns and struts are usually subjected to


compression loads
• Loads on column act at one or both ends of
the member.
• Loads carried depend on;
– Material used; (some materials can carry more
stress than others)
– Cross sectional area; (larger size more cross
sectional area – safer)
– Shape; (distribution of areas to best advantage
assists in resisting buckling)
– Height; (higher the section the more slender readily
buckles)
– End fixings; (end that are held straight reduces the
length that can buckle)
– Lateral restraint; reduces the length that is free to
buckle)
– Eccentricity; (off centre loading induces buckling)
• Which of the previous factors has an effect
on slenderness ratio?
SR =l/r
l = length, r = radius of gyration.
R = √I/A

– All except the first, will have an effect on SR


Short columns
• Too short to buckle under load, will crush
and fail.
• A 90x90x600 high timber (hardwood)
stump carries a load of 60kN
• Stress would be;
fc = P
A
=60x103 (N)
90x90
=7.4MPa
Long columns
• Too long to crush tend to buckle laterally.
• If a 20x20x1800 (Hwd) stake is loaded with point
load of 3kN
• Stress would be;
fc = P
A
=3x103(N)
20x20

=7.5MPa

• Would not carry load safely, likely to buckle &


break.
• Columns in the long category, slenderness
ratio becomes important.
• The more slender they are, the more likely they
are to buckle.
• Have a lower permissible stress and a lower
safe load.
Columns

• For steel
SR = L/r
r =√ I/A : I from Onesteel Handbook
Effective length is the length of the column
subjected to buckling.
Columns

• Comparison of column sections


– Tendency to buckle about the weakest axis
(lower r value).
– Where ryy is lower than rxx column will buckle
about the ryy axis.
– Larger ryy value resists buckling and able to
carry large loads safely.
Columns

For timber
• Slenderness = larger of l/b or l/d
• Thinner columns buckle more readily, and
have higher slenderness ratio.
• We can use end fixings & lateral restraints to
reduce buckling.
Columns

• Lateral restraint
– Can be provided in 1 or both directions
– Can cause the column to buckle over a shorter
distance.
– Safer to load the column.
– Eg, common stud and nogging situation in a
stud wall.
– Smaller S value = best performance.
Columns

• All end fixings must be specifically designed.


• Usually considered in design to be pin
jointed
Performance of beams

• We looked at beam strength, shear, bending and


deflection.
• Torsion is a twisting action caused by a load,
greater on one side than the other.
• In the case of the perimeter beam when loaded it
is pulled to one side by the deflecting concrete
floor.
• Twisting stresses need to be considered in the
design of the beam.
• Consider connections at the supports
timber – nails/bolts
concrete – reinforcement.
Performance of beams
• Restraints
– Deep beam will buckle laterally (sideways) along its
length unless restrained.
– Simply supported beam must restrain the upper fibers
due to the tendency to buckle.
– Flooring in a timber floor provides restraint to deep
joisted floors.
– Blocking provides extra intermediate support,
preventing roll over of the joist.
– The slenderness ratio of a beam is an indication of its
resistance to lateral buckling. L(effective length) =
distance between restraints.
Performance of beams

• The larger the slenderness ratio the greater


the tendency to buckle, and the lower the
stress that can be supported.
• Deeper thinner beams are more economical,
have a larger Z & I value but must be
restrained from buckling. - less defection
(stiffer)
• Restraints must be installed, and need to
check with an engineer before removing any
restraint during work.
Cantilever beams
• Beam in compression along the bottom of
the beam, need sufficient restraint
(underside).
• Often a fascia to the balcony is fixed with
triple L grips.
• Intermediate restraints do nothing to support
the beam.
• Intermediate restraints strengthen the beam
from buckling permitting a higher bending
stress.
Trusses
• Allows for small short length members to be used
to carry heavy loads over large spans.
• Joined in triangular shape, and are very stable.
• Loss of triangulation could cause weakening of the
joints and collapse.
• Greater risk of failure in a truss system than in a
conventional roof system. (any mistakes by
tradesmen can be negated).
• Determining forces in truss members is outside
scope of the course.
• We need to understand the forces in truss
members.
Trusses
• The members must form triangles for stability
• Joints are pin jointed( member in T or C through
its length)
• DL & LL act downward, WL 90deg to roof
surface.
• Members are in tension or compression.
• The heel points will spread under load, the
bottom chord is inserted to create a stable
triangle.
• Downward loads mean that the top chords are in
tension & bottom chord in compression.
• Top chords have no bending strength, and can
sag. Need to include web members which are in
compression
Trusses

• Add a tension web members to tie bottom


chord up to the apex.
• Most trusses need more web members to
prevent bending.
• More tension and compression members
are employed.
Trusses

• Top and bottom chords span between panel


points and are subject to bending stress.
• Large point loads can be taken at the panel
points and must be designed to carry such
load.
• Must be restrained sufficiently to resist
lateral loading (function performed by purlins
& tile battens)
Trusses

• Restraint is also required for the bottom


chord to avoid collapse.
• Light weight roofs need to be tied down to
resist uplift forces, which can overcome DL
& LL forces.
• Do not cut members for air conditioning
ducts or hot water systems.
End of session

• Homework 1
Need to complete Qu 1-12
• Homework 2
Need to complete Qu 1,2,3,& 7 only.
• Homework 3
Need to complete Qu 1-7 only

Due date for all tasks in :Week 13/6/16

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