CHAPTER

6 LINES AND PLANES IN 'PACE

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RELATING LINES TO PLANES

Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to
• Understand basic concepts relating to planes
• Identify four methods of determining a plane
• Apply two postulates concerning lines and planes

Part One: Introduction

Preliminary Concepts
Recall the definition of plane from Section 4.5: A plane is a surface
such that if any two points on the surface are connected by a line, all
points of the line are also on the surface. Because a surface has no
thickness, a plane must be "flat" if it is to contain the straight lines
determined by all pairs of points on it. It must also be infinitely long
and wide. Thus, a plane has only two dimensions, length and width.

A surface that is not a plane Plane surface

A plane is frequently drawn as shown in the right-hand diagram

above. In this case, the diagram represents part of a horizontal plane,
with the edges nearest to you darkened. A plane can be named by
placing a single lowercase letter in one of the corners.
It is important to understand that although our picture of a plane
has edges and corners, an actual plane has neither and should be
thought of as infinite in length and width.
You may recall the following definitions from Section 4.5: If
points, lines, segments, and so forth, lie in the same plane, we call
them coplanar. Points, lines, segments, and so forth, that do not lie in
the same plane are called noncoplanar. In the diagram on the next
page, AB and ST lie in plane m. RP does not lie in the plane but
intersects m at V.
 А,
<—^В, S, <—
T,^ and V are coplaпат points.
AB and ST are coplanar lines.
AB and ST are coplanar segments.
A,
^—^B,<—
S,^ T, and
<—>R are noncoplanar points.
AB, ST, and RP are noncoplanar lines.
AB, ST, and RP are noncoplanar segments.

Definition The point of intersection of a line and a plane is

called the foot of the line.

In the preceding diagram, V is the foot of RP in plane m.

Four Ways to Determine a Plane

In Chapter 3, you learned that two points determine a line. We
would now like to find conditions under which a plane is deter-
mined.
One point obviously does not determine a plane, since infinitely
many planes pass through a single point.
The diagram at the right shows that two
points also do not determine a unique plane.
It shows two different planes, m and n, each
of which contains both point A and point B,
The same diagram shows that three
points—A, B, and С—do not determine a
plane if the three points are collinear.

If the three points are noncollinear, however, they do determine

a plane.
There is one and only one plane that
contains the three noncollinear points A, B,
and C. This plane can be called either plane
ABC or plane k.

The preceding observations suggest an important postulate.

Postulate Three noncollinear points determine a plane.

There are other ways of determining a plane. The following three

are stated as theorems.
Theorem 45 A line and a point not on the line
determine a plane.

Theorem 46 Two intersecting lines determine a plane.

The proofs of Theorems 45 and 46 are asked for in Problem Set В

Theorem 47 Two parallel lines determine a plane.

\ 7 V 7
Proof: If AB and CD are parallel, then according to the definition of
parallel lines, they lie in a plane. We need to show that they
lie in only one plane. If P is any point on AB, then according
to Theorem 45, there is only one plane containing P^and CD.
Thus, there is only one plane that ^contains AB and CD,
because every plane containing AB contains P.

Two Postulates Concerning Lines and Planes

We shall assume the following two statements.

Postulate If a line intersects a plane not containing it, then

the intersection is exactly one point.

Postulate If two planes intersect, their intersection is exactly

one line.
Part Two: Sample Problems
Problem 1 m Пn =
A, B, and V determine plane .
с Name the foot of RS in m.
AB and RS determine plane —I
AB and point —1— determine plane n.
f Does W lie in plane n?
g Line AB and line —1— determine plane m.
h А, В, V, and —1— are coplanar points,
i А, В, V, and —1— are noncoplanar points,
j If R and S lie in plane n, what can be said about RS?

Answers a AB dn g VW j RS lies in
bm e R or s h W or P plane n.
с P f No i RorS
Note In this problem, other planes are determined besides the two
shown in the diagram. For example, the noncollinear points R, P,
and V determine a plane.

Problem 2 Given: A, B, and С lie in plane m.

PB 1 AB,
PB 1 ВС,
AB = ВС
Prove: ZAPB s ZCPB

Proof
1 PB 1 AB, PB 1 ВС 1 Given i
2 Z.PBA and ZPBC are right Zs. 2 1 lines form right Z.s.
3 ZРВА a ZPBC 3 Right As are s .
4 AB s ВС 4 Given
5 PBsPB 5 Reflexive Property
6 ЛРВА = APBC 6 SAS (4, 3, 5)
7 ZAPB s zCPB 7 CPCTC

Part Three: Problem Sets

Problem Set A
1 Consider a spherical object, such as an orange or a globe. If two
points are marked on it and a straight line is drawn through the
two points, does the line lie on the surface? Is it possible to draw
a straight line that will lie entirely on the surface?
2 а г Пs = _
b AB П s =
с Name three collinear points.
d Name four noncoplanar points.
e What plane do <points
—> A, B, and E determine?
f What plane do AB and ED determine?
g Name the foot of TC in plane s.
h Name
<?—>the foot
<—> of TC in plane r.
i Do CD and ED determine a plane?
j If CD 1 AB, name the right angles formed.

3 Consider two points on a cylindrical surface, such as the curved

surface of a tin can. Does the line connecting two such points
always lie on the surface? Does it ever lie on the surface?

4 Make freehand sketches of a horizontal plane, a vertical plane,

and two intersecting planes.

5 A three-legged stool will not rock, even if the legs are of differ-
ent lengths. Many four-legged stools wobble. Explain.

6 What theorem or assumption in this chapter provides the best

explanation for the fact that when you saw a board, the edge of
the cut is a straight line?

Problem Set В
7 Given: A, P, and В lie in plane m
CP 1 AP, CP 1 PB,
PA = PB
Prove: CA s CB

8 Given: OO lies in plane p.

VO ± OS,
VOiOT
Prove: ZVSO = ZVTO

9 Prove Theorem 45: A line and a point not on the line determine
a plane. (Write a paragraph proof.)
Problem Set В, continued
10 Prove Theorem 46: Two intersecting lines determine a plane.
(Write a paragraph proof.)

11 Can you hold two pencils so that they do not intersect and are
not parallel? Are they coplanar? (Lines that do not intersect and
that are not coplanar are called skew lines.)

12 Cut a quadrilateral out of paper and fold

it along a diagonal as shown in the fig-
ure. Is every four-sided figure a plane
figure?

13 If two points in space are equidistant from the endpoints of a

segment, will the line joining them be the perpendicular bisector
of the segment? Explain.

14 Given: Planes m and n

intersect in RS.
m contains R, S, and V.
n contains R, S, and T.
TS s VR,
TR 1 RS,
VS 1 RS
Prove: TR = VS

Problem Set С
15 The figure at the right is a square pyra-
mid. How many planes are determined
by its vertices? (There are more than
five.) Name them.

16 Given: А, В, C, and D lie in plane m.

ST intersects m at B.
D is any point on AC.
ST _L AB, ST -L ВС,
SB = ТВ
Prove: ST ± BD
17 Given: А, В, and X lie in plane m.
X is on AB. P and Q are above m.
В is equidistant from P and Q.
A is equidistant from P and Q.
Prove: X is equidistant from P and Q.

18 Given: AABC = ADBC

Prove: AAXD is isosceles.

С A R E E R PROFILE

THE GEOMETRY OF ARCHITECTURE

Thalia and Steve Lubin organize space

The geometry of a building can express itself Then there is the geometry of scale. Accord-
in a multitude of ways. On a technical level ing to architect Thalia Lubin: "When you enter a
there are the angles and dimensions of the hall- space you relate it to yourself. That's why a
ways and rooms that compose the building. At house cannot be restful and orderly unless
the creative level the architect who designs the everything in it relates to people and their sense
building must be able to See it in abstract geo- of proportion and scale."
metrical terms. Explains architect Steve Lubin: In designing a building, an architect must
"When we look at an empty lot we envision take into consideration the client's wishes, le-
volumes of space where there are none now. It's gal requirements, and environmental constraints
all geometry, imagining a progression of inter- dictated by the building site. The purest expres-
locking spaces that will ultimately become a sion of geometry in a building is one of logic.
building." "The final design is a bundle of compromises,"
says Thalia Lubin. "The architect's job is to im-
pose a sense of logic on all of the competing
forces, to find the natural order of things."
Both members of this unusual husband-and-
wife team of architects took five-year degrees in
architecture from the University of Oregon at
Eugene. After working briefly for others, they
decided to go into business together in Wood-
side, California. In designing a building, Thalia
works with the client, while Steve oversees the
technical aspects of the project. The system
works, though Thalia admits, "We take a lot of
chaos wherever we go." Steve says, "Every job
is completely different. You need incredible pa-
tience to be an architect, but you dream of
achieving poetry in the end."
Computer-generated renderings courtesy of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill.
PERPENDICULARITY OF A
LINE AND A PLANE

Objectives
After studying this section, you will be able to
• Recognize when a line is perpendicular to a plane
• Apply the basic theorem concerning the perpendicularity of a line
and a plane

Part One: Introduction

A Line Perpendicular to a Plane
What does it mean to say that a line is perpendicular to a plane?
Think about that for a moment and then read the following formal
definition.

Definition A line is perpendicular to a plane if it is perpendicu-

lar to every one of the lines in the plane that pass
through its foot.

Observe that we now have two kinds of perpendicularity:

1 Between two lines (AB 1 BD] /К ,
2 Between a line and a plane (AB ± m) ^

The definition above is a very powerful statement because of the

words every one. If we are given that AB J. m (in the diagram
above), we can draw three conclusions:
AB 1 ВС AB 1 BD AB 1 BE

The Basic Theorem Concerning the Perpendicularity of a

Line and a Plane
You have just seen that a number of conclusions can be drawn from
the information that a line is perpendicular to a plane. What about
the reverse situation? How can we prove that a given line is perpen-
dicular to a plane? To apply the preceding definition in reverse, we
would have to show that the line is perpendicular to every line that
passes through its foot. Considering the infinite number of lines one
by one would be an endless process.
If a line is perpendicular to only one line that lies in the plane
and passes through its foot, is it perpendicular to the plane? Or must
it be perpendicular to two, three, or four lines in order to be perpen-
dicular to the plane? The following theorem answers that question.

Theorem 48 If a line is perpendicular to two distinct lines that

lie in a plane and that pass through its foot, then it
is perpendicular to the plane.

л
<-> <—> A
Given: BF and CF lie in plane m
AF 1 FB,
AF 1 FC
Prove: AF 1 m
The proof is left as a challenge. (You may already have written part
of the proof in Section 6.1, problem 18.)

Part Two: Sample Problems

Problem 1 If ZSTR is a right angle, can we
conclude that ST 1 m? Why or why
not?

Solution No. To be perpendicular to plane m, ST must be perpendicular to at

least two lines that lie in m and pass through T, the foot of ST.

Problem 2 Given: PF 1 k,
PG = PH
Prove: AG = AH

Proof
1 PF 1 к 1 Given
2 PF 1 FG, 2 If a line is ± to a plane, it is 1 to every
PF 1 FH line in the plane that passes through its
foot.
3 Z.PFG is a right A. 3 1 lines form right As.
zLPFH is a right Z..
4 PG a PH 4 Given
5 PF з PF 5 Reflexive Property
6 APFG s APFH 6 HL (3, 4, 5)
7 AG ss AH 7 CPCTC
Problem 3 Given: В, C, D, and E lie in plane n.
ABln,
BE 1 bis. CD
Prove: AADC is isosceles.

Proof
1 AB 1 n 1 Given
2 AB 1 BD, 2 If a line is 1 to a plane, it is 1 to
AB 1 ВС every line in the plane that passes
through its foot. i
3 ZABC is a right Z. 3 1 lines form right Zs.
ZABD is a right Z. .

4 Z A B C з zABD 4 All right Zs are з .

5 BE 1 bis. CD 5 Given
6 ВС з BD 6 If a point is on the 1 bis:, of a
segment, it is equidistant from the
segment's endpoints.
7 AB = AB 7 Reflexive Property
8 AABC з AABD 8 SAS (6, 4, 7)
9 AD s AC 9 CPCTC
10 AADC is isosceles. 10 A A with two з sides is isosceles.

Part Three: Problem Sets

Problem Set A
1 If ABCD
< -> is a square that lies in plane t
and PF 1 t, how many right angles can
be found in the figure?

2 Given: P B l m ,
ZAPB з zCPB
Prove: AB з CB

3 Given: OO lies in plane n.

ROln
Prove: RS = RT
4 Given: TS 1 m;
PV bisects TS.
Prove: PV bisects ZTPS.

5 Given: AB and CD lie in plane s.

PTis^
PC ss PD,
PA a PB
Prove: T is the midpt. of AB and CD.

6 A chord of a circle is a segment joining

two points on the circle. In the figure
shown, AB and AC are chords of OO. A 4)-

a Find the slope of AB.

b Find the slope of AC.

Problem Set В
7 Given: Q, R, S, and T lie in plane m.
ZPQR and ZPQT are right Zs
Prove: ZPQS is a right Z.

8 If AB ± BD, mZABD = f x + 56, and

mZABC = 2x - 10, is AB 1 m?

9 Given: PA _L s;
P is equidistant from В and C.
Prove: A is equidistant from В and C.

10 Given: AB 1 n,
CD 1 n;
AC bisects BD.
<—>

Prove: BD bisects AC.

Problem Set В, continued
11 Given: AB 1 m;
equilateral A DBC lies in plane m.
Prove: AACD is isosceles.

12 Given: PB _L m;
D is the midpt. of AC.
APAC is isosceles, with base AC.
Prove: BD 1 bis. AC

13 From any point on a line perpendicular to a plane, two lines are

drawn oblique to the plane. If the foot of the perpendicular is
equidistant from the feet of the oblique lines, prove that the
oblique segments are congruent.

Problem Set С
14 Given: EF 1 CF,
CE s DE,
Z.FCD = Z.FDC
Prove: E F i m

15 Given: AD and ВС intersect at E.

AC 1 m, AC 1 n,
BD 1 m, BD 1 n
Prove: AD = ВС

16 Given: А, В, C, and D lie in m.

ED 1 ВС,
AD 1 bis. ВС
a Which segment is 1 to which plane?
b How many planes are determined in
this figure?

17. Prove that if a line is perpendicular to the plane of a circle and

passes through the circle's center, any point on the line is equi-
distant from any two points of the circle.
18 Given: ABCD is an isosceles trapezoid in
plane t.
ВС || AD,
PF 1 t;
PF bisects AD. Ж
Prove: ДРАВ s APDC

19 Given: SX 1 m,
s x u
TP 3 TR
Prove: ASZW is isosceles.

HISTORICAL SNAPSHOT

PROBABILITY AND PI
The ubiquity of a geometric constant

Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon cle's circumference and its diameter.

(1707-1788), one of the most celebrated But is has a habit of popping up in
naturalists of all time and a pioneer in unlikely places, even ones entirely
such fields as ecology and paleontology, unconnected with geometry, as in
was also extremely interested in mathe- these amazing infinite sums:
matics. Besides translating Isaac
7Г
Newton's work on the calculus into 1 3 5 7 9 11 + 4
French, he was among the first to deal
1 , 1 , Л . ± , ± j.
with probability in a geometrical fashion; j2 + 22 32 4a 52 6
Imagine a tabletop ruled with equally spaced
parallel lines. If you toss a needle at random
1 - / \
onto the table, what is the probability that it
will land across one of the ruled lines? Buffon / -- \ \
found that if the length of the needle is less
than or equal to the distance between the lines, \\ / / - ' ^
X
this probability can be expressed as ^ , where I
is the needle's length and d is the distance
between the lines. - \ 1 \ ^
It is somewhat surprising that the answer to / ' I /" — ^

a probability problem that does not involve cir-

cles should involve яу the ratio between a cir- » /
BASIC FACTS ABOUT
PARALLEL PLANES

Objectives
After studying this section, you will be able to
• Recognize lines parallel to planes, parallel planes, and skew lines
• Use properties relating parallel lines and planes

Part One: Introduction

Lines Parallel to Planes, Parallel Planes, Skew Liines
Since we examined the concept of parallel lines in Chapter 4, it
seems logical now to investigate the possibilities of a line being
parallel to a plane and of two planes being parallel to each other.

Definition A line and a plane are parallel if they do not

intersect.

В
<r-

Definition Two planes are parallel if they do not intersect.

The diagram at the right shows two lines

located in two parallel planes. Although the
planes are parallel, the lines are not parallel,
because А, В, C, and D do not determine a
plane. Such lines are said to be skew.
Definition Two lines are skew if they are not coplanar.

You will see that parallelism in space is very similar to parallel-

ism in a plane. There are, however, a few notable differences. For
example, there are no skew planes. Planes are either intersecting or
parallel.
The following theorem is basic to the understanding of parallel-
ism in space.

Theorem 49 If a plane intersects two parallel planes, the lines

of intersection are parallel.

Given: m || n;
s intersects
m and n in lines
AB and CD.
Prove: AB II CD

Proof: We know that AB and CD are coplanar, since they both lie in
plane s. Also, they cannot intersect each other, because one
lies in plane m and the other lies in plane n—twoplanes that,
being parallel, have no intersection. Thus, AB || CD by the
definition of parallel lines.

Properties Relating Parallel Lines and Planes

There are numerous properties relating lines and planes in space,
many of which are similar to the theorems about parallel lines you
have already seen. We will present some of these properties without
their proofs.

Parallelism of Lines and Planes

1 If two planes are perpendicular to the same line, they are

parallel to each other.
2 If a line is perpendicular to one of two parallel planes, it is
perpendicular to the other plane as well.
3 If two planes are parallel to the same plane, they are parallel
to each other.
4 If two lines are perpendicular to the same plane, they are
parallel to each other.
5 If a plane is perpendicular to one of two parallel lines, it is
perpendicular to the otheir line as well.
Part Two: Sample Problem
Problem Given: m || n;
AB
<—>lies in m.
CD lies in n.
AC || BD
Prove: AD bisects ВС.
Proof
1 m n 1 Given
2 AB lies in m. 2 Given
CD lies in n.
3 AC || BD 3 Given
4 AC and BD determine 4 Two || lines determine a plane.
aj)lane^ACDB.
5 If a plane intersects twoj || planes,
5 AB || CD
the lines of intersection are ||.
6 If both pairs of opposite sides of a
6 ACDB is a o .
quadrilateral are ||, it is а П.
7 The diagonals of а о bisect each
7 AD bisects ВС.
other.
Note Before making statement 6, we had to show that ABDC is a
plane figure. See Section 6.1, problem 12, for an example of a
four-sided figure that is not a plane figure.

Part Three: Problem Sets

Problem Set A
1 Indicate whether each statement is True (T) or False (F).
a If a plane contains one of two skew lines, it contains the other.
b If a line and a plane never meet, they are parallel.
с If two parallel lines lie in different planes, the planes are
parallel.
d If a line is perpendicular to two planes, the planes are parallel,
e If a plane and a line not in the plane are each perpendicular
to the same line, then they are parallel to each other.

By substituting 3 for x and 4 for y, verify

that point D is on the circle that is the
graph of the equation x 2 + y2 = 25.
 Given: г s,
s
AE II BF
Prove: a r || t
b ABFE is a plane figure.
с AB || EF_
d ABsEF

4 Given: GJ and KH bisect each other at P.

a Is GHJK a plane figure?
b Are GH and KJ parallel?
с Are GH and KJ congruent?
d Are plane e and plane f parallel?
e What is the most descriptive name for
GHJK?

5 In the figure shown, find the slope of

chord EF. Then find the slope of chord
FG. What type of triangle is AEFG?
Why?

Problem Set В
6 Given: m || n,
AB || CD
Prove: AB s CD

7 Given: e || f,
RT П VS = P,
RS s VT
Prove: RV = ST
Problem Set В, continued

8 If a slide projector is set up so that the slide is parallel to the

screen,
a Prove that a segment on the slide is parallel to its image on the
screen
b Prove that the angles marked 1 and 2 in the diagram are
congruent

Light Slide

9 Given: f || g;
RTW is an isosceles Д,
with base TW.
Prove: ARSV is isosceles.

Problem Set С
10 Given: m |] n, A,
BDsCE

7
Prove: ДАБЕ is isosceles. В1 \C
i \
/ \

11 Given
ivemgj^q,^^ ^
AD || BE, CF || BE
Prove: ABAC = ZEDF
CHAPTER SUMMARY

CONCEPTS AND PROCEDURES

After studying this chapter, you should be able to
• Understand basic concepts relating to planes (6.1)
• Identify four methods of determining a plane (6.1)
• Apply two postulates concerning lines and planes (6.1)
• Recognize when a line is perpendicular to a plane (6.2)
• Apply the basic theorem concerning the perpendicularity of a
and a plane (6.2)
• Recognize lines parallel to planes, parallel planes, and skew
. lines (6.3) .
• Use properties relating parallel lines and planes (6.3)

VOCABULARY
foot (6.1)
skew (6.3)
REVIEW PROBLEMS

Problem Set A
1 Indicate whether each statement is True or False. Be prepared to
defend your choice.
a Two lines must either intersect or be parallel.
b In a plane, two lines perpendicular to the same line are
parallel.
с In space, two lines perpendicular to the same line are parallel.
d If a line is perpendicular to a plane, it is perpendicular to
every line in the plane.
e It is possible for two planes to intersect at one point,
f If a line is perpendicular to a line in a plane, it is perpendicu-
lar to the plane.
g Two lines perpendicular to the same line are parallel,
h A triangle is a plane figure.
i A line that is perpendicular to a horizontal line is vertical,
j Three parallel lines must be coplanar.
к Every four-sided figure is a plane figure.

2 Given: P B i m ,
PA s PC
Prove: Л ABC is isosceles.

3 Given: AB з AC,
ZDAB з ZDAC
Prove: DB з DC

Problem Set В
4 How many planes are determined by a set of four noncoplanar
points if no three of the points are collinear?
5 From the top of a flagpole 48 ft in height, two 60-ft ropes reach
two points on the ground, each of which is 36 ft from the pole. If
the ground is level, is the pole perpendicular to the ground?

7 Given: ZADC = (x + 88)°,

ZADE = (74 - 8x)°,
ZBDE = (2x + 94)°
a Are AD and m perpendicular?
b Are AD and CD perpendicular?
с Are AD and DE perpendicular?

8 OP lies in plane m. If A and В are points on OP and if QP 1 m,

which of the following must be true?
a Z.APQ s ZBPQ
b A P s PB
с QP 1 AB

9 AB is parallel to plane m and perpendicular to plane r. CD lies

in r. Which of the following must be true? ^^ ^ ^
a r l m cCD-Lm e AB and CD are skew,
b r || m d AB || CD

10 Given: ABDC is isosceles, with BD s r n гл

Z.ADB з ZADC
Prove: ABAC is isosceles.

11 Given: BP _L PQ,
AP 1 PQ;
A and В are equidistant from
Prove: ZABQ з Z.BAQ

12 A line is drawn perpendicular to the plane of a square at the

point of intersection of the square's diagonals. Prove that any
point on the perpendicular is equidistant from the vertices of
the square.
 Problem Set С
13 Given: P R i m ,
ZPAB = ZPBA
Prove: Z.PAR = Z.PBR

14 Given: AABCJies in n.
PA з PC,
AB = ВС;
T and S are midpoints.
Prove: RT = RS

15 Given: PC = QC;
A is the midpoint of PQ.
ZPCB s ZQCB
Prove: BA 1 PQ

16 Given: m || n,
P II n;
AD bisects ВС.
Prove: ВС bisects AD.
CUMULATIVE REVIEW
CHAPTERS 1-6

Problem Set A
1 Write the most descriptive name for each figure.
a A four-sided figure in which the diagonals are perpendicular
bisectors of each other
b A four-sided figure in which the diagonals bisect each other
. с A triangle in which there is a hypotenuse
d A four-sided figure in which the diagonals are congruent and
all sides are congruent

2 Find the angle formed by the hands of a clock at 9:30.

3 If one of two supplementary angles is 16° smaller than three

times the other, find the measure of the larger.

4 Given: ZOMP s zOPM,

Z.PMR s ZMPR
Prove: OR ± bis. PM

5 Given: TV AX is a rectangle.
Conclusion: ZTXV s zVAT

6 Two consecutive angles of a parallelogram are in a ratio of 7 to 5.

Find the measure of the larger.

7 Given: NPRS is a u , with diagonals SP

and NR intersecting at O.
TO is perpendicular to the plane
of ONPRS.
Prove: ASTP is isosceles.
Cumulative Review Problem Set A, continued

8 Find mZ.1.
140°

9 Given: OP; В
M is the midpoint of AB.
Prove: PQ 1 AB

10 Indicate whether each statement is true Always, Sometimes, or

Never (A, S, or N).
a If a triangle is obtuse, it is isosceles.
b The bisector of the vertex angle of a scalene triangle is perpen-
dicular to the base.
с If one of the diagonals of a quadrilateral is the perpendicular
bisector of the other, the quadrilateral is a kite.
d If А, ВД], and D are noncoplanar, AB 1 ВС, and AB 1 BD,
then AB is perpendicular to the plane determined by В, C, and
D.
e Two parallel lines determine a plane,
f Planes that contain two skew lines are parallel,
g Supplements of complementary angles are congruent.

11 Given: FGHJ is a a . F
FG = x + 5, GH = 2x + 3,
AG = 40°, L] = (4x + 12)°
Find: a mZF
b The perimeter of FGHJ
G H

12 In the figure shown, find the slope of A y-axis

chord AC. Then find the slope of chord
AT. What type of triangle is ДСАТ?
Why?
С ( - Ю , 0),
Problem Set В
13 Given: AB s AC,
BD s DC
Conclusion: ZВ s z С

14 Given: GH s GK^
HM = KM
Conclusion: HMKJ is a

15 Given: ABCD is a a .
ZA = (3x + y)°,
ZD = (5x + 10)°,
ZC = (5y + 20)°
Find: mZB

16 Given: А, В, C, and D lie in m.

FBCE is a o .
FE || AD,
AD s ВС
Prove: ABCD is a o .

17 Prove: If segments drawn from the midpoint of one side of a

triangle perpendicular to the other two sides are congruent, then
the triangle is isosceles.

18 The measure of the supplement of an angle exceeds three times

the measure of the complement of the angle by 12. Find the
measure of half of the supplement.

Problem Set С
19 Given: AC = BP,
AB ss CD
Prove: ZB s ZC

20 Given: OA lies in m.
PA 1 m,
PD a PE
Prove: BE s CD

Cumulative Review