ANALOG AND DIGITAL

IC APPLICATIONS
(19EC11D7)
IV SEM SECTION-1
UNIT-1
 UNIT-1 CONTENTS
• Block diagram of Op-Amp
• Equivalent circuit
• Op-Amp Characteristics (ideal and
practical) – DC and AC Characteristics
• Open and closed loop configurations-
Inverting, Non-Inverting, Differential
Amplifier.
INTRODUCTION TO IC’s
 INTRODUCTION TO IC’s
Disadvantages of Integrated Circuits:
• IC Cost is more if it is produced in less number.
• If there is any damage, we have to replace with
a new IC as repairing is difficult.
• Only smaller value of capacitance can be kept
in IC. If large value of capacitance is required
we have to connect them externally.
• Only smaller value of Inductance can be kept in
IC. If large value of Inductance is required we
have to connect them externally.
• It cannot bear large amount of heat.
INTRODUCTION TO IC’s
 INTRODUCTION TO IC’s
Classification of Integrated Circuits:
Based on Applications:

•Analog Ics, such as sensors, power management

circuits, and operational amplifiers, work by
processing continuous signals.
•They perform functions like amplification, active
filtering, demodulation and mixing.
•External components like resistor and capacitor have
to be connected for improving the performance.
 INTRODUCTION TO IC’s
Classification of Integrated Circuits:
Based on Applications:

• No External Components like resistor and capacitor have to be connected for

Digital ICs.
 INTRODUCTION TO IC’s
Classification of Integrated Circuits:
Based on Fabrication Techniques:
Monolithic IC:
• All active and passive components of a circuit are fabricated on a
tiny single chip of Silicon.
• It is a Greek word, mono means ‘single’ and lithic means ‘stone’.
Hybrid IC:
• Separate Components are attached to a ceramic substrate and
interconnected by means of metallization or wire bonds.
Based on Technology:
BJT:
• It is a bipolar device with less input impedance and it is used for
the design of IC.
MOSFET:
• It is a unipolar device with large input impedance and it is used for
the design of IC and packing density is high when compare with
bipolar device.
 INTRODUCTION TO IC’s
Classification of Integrated Circuits:
Based on Device Count:
 INTRODUCTION TO IC’s
Classification of Integrated Circuits:
INTRODUCTION TO IC’s
INTRODUCTION TO IC’s
INTRODUCTION TO IC’s
INTRODUCTION TO IC’s
INTRODUCTION TO IC’s
INTRODUCTION TO IC’s
 INTRODUCTION TO IC’s
Temperature Ranges of Integrated Circuits:
 INTRODUCTION TO IC’s
Temperature Ranges of Integrated Circuits:
 INTRODUCTION TO IC’s
Manfacturers designation of Integrated Circuits:

Other Versions of IC741:

741 IC’s
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF IC 741
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF IC 741
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF IC 741
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF IC 741
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF IC 741
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF IC 741
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF IC 741
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF IC 741
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF IC 741
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF IC 741
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF IC 741
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF IC 741
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF IC 741
SYMBOL OF IC741
PIN DIAGRAM OF IC741
 POWER SUPPLIES OF IC741

Here V+=VCC and V-=VEE and third circuit is the best.

 SPECIFICATIONS OF OP-AMP

DC Characteristics: • PSRR or SVRR

• Input Offset Voltage • Large Signal Voltage Gain

• Input Offset Current • Output Voltage Swing

• Input Bias Current • Output Resistance

• Differential Input Resistance • Output Short Circuit current

• Input Capacitance • Supply Current

• Offset Voltage Adjustment • Power Consumption

Range
AC Characteristics:
• Input Voltage Range
• Transient Response
• CMRR
• Slew Rate
• Gain-Bandwidth Product
SPECIFICATIONS OF OP-AMP
SPECIFICATIONS OF OP-AMP
SPECIFICATIONS OF OP-AMP
SPECIFICATIONS OF OP-AMP
SPECIFICATIONS OF OP-AMP
 SPECIFICATIONS OF OP-AMP
Offset Voltage Adjustment Range:
The range for which input offset voltage can be adjusted using the potentiometer so as to
reduce output to zero For op-amp 741 C it is + 15 mV.

Input voltage range:

It is the range of common mode voltages which can be applied for which op-amp
functions properly and given offset specifications apply for the op-amp For + 15 V
supply voltages, the input voltage range is + 13 V.
SPECIFICATIONS OF OP-AMP
SPECIFICATIONS OF OP-AMP
SPECIFICATIONS OF OP-AMP
SPECIFICATIONS OF OP-AMP
SPECIFICATIONS OF OP-AMP
SPECIFICATIONS OF OP-AMP
 SPECIFICATIONS OF OP-AMP
Transient Response:
 Rise Time:
It is the time taken for the output to change from 10% to 90%
of its value.
 Overshoot:
It is the maximum amount by which output deviates from the
steady state value.
Slew Rate:

Gain-Bandwidth Product:
It is the bandwidth of op-amp when voltage gain is unity (1). It is
denoted as GB. It is also called as closed loop bandwidth It is
about 1 MHz for op-amp 741 C.
OP-AMP CHARACTERISTICS
OP-AMP CHARACTERISTICS
OP-AMP EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS
TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS
TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS
OP-AMP IN OPEN LOOP
OP-AMP IN OPEN LOOP
OP-AMP IN OPEN LOOP
OP-AMP IN OPEN LOOP
 OP-AMP IN OPEN LOOP
Determine the output voltage of a open loop differential amplifier using Op-Amp
When a. Vin1=5 Vin2= - 7
. Vin1=10 Vin2= 20

Vin1-Vin2)
a. Vin1=5 Vin2= - 7
Vin1-Vin2)=2,00,000(5 -7

. Vin1=10 Vin2= 20
Vin1-Vin2)=2,00,000(10m
 OP-AMP IN OPEN LOOP
Why op-amp is generally not used in open loop mode?

• As open loop gain of op-amp is very large, very small input

voltage drives the op-amp voltage to the saturation level.
• Thus in open loop configuration, the output is at its positive
saturation voltage (+Vsat ) or negative saturation voltage
(-Vsat ) depending on which Vin1 or Vin2 is more than the
other.
• For a. c. input voltages, output may switch between positive
and negative saturation voltages

• To avoid this feedback is connected for Op-Amp

 OP-AMP IN OPEN LOOP
Why op-amp is generally not used in open loop mode?

• As open loop gain of op-amp is very large, very small input

voltage drives the op-amp voltage to the saturation level.
• Thus in open loop configuration, the output is at its positive
saturation voltage (+Vsat ) or negative saturation voltage
(-Vsat ) depending on which Vin1 or Vin2 is more than the
other.
• For a. c. input voltages, output may switch between positive
and negative saturation voltages

• To avoid this feedback is connected for Op-Amp.

 OP-AMP IN CLOSED LOOP

• If feedback is connected for Op-Amp it becomes Closed

Loop.
• They are 4 types of configurations
 Inverting Amplifier
Non-Inverting Amplifier
Differential Amplifier
Buffer or Voltage Follower
OP-AMP IN CLOSED LOOP
 OP-AMP IN CLOSED LOOP
Inverting Amplifier:

Ideal Case:
As the voltage at Non-Inverting
Terminal is 0and voltage at Inverting
Terminal is also 0

Node Equation at Inverting Terminal

0 − 𝑣0 0 − 𝑣𝑖
+ =0
𝑅𝑓 𝑅1
𝑣 𝑣
- 𝑅𝑖 = 𝑅0
1 𝑓
𝑅𝐹
𝑣0 = −𝑣𝑖
𝑅1
𝑅𝐹
A= 𝑅1
 OP-AMP IN CLOSED LOOP
Practical Case:
Inverting Amplifier:

equivalent Circuit

Thevenin’s equivalent
 OP-AMP IN CLOSED LOOP
Gain of Inverting Amplifier:

(By putting the value of Vd)

On Solving,
 OP-AMP IN CLOSED LOOP
Input Resistance of an Inverting Amplifier:
 OP-AMP IN CLOSED LOOP
Output Resistance of an Inverting Amplifier:

As AOL is large ROF=0

OP-AMP IN CLOSED LOOP
OP-AMP IN CLOSED LOOP
Find i1 , v0 , iL and total current i0 when Vi=1V
 OP-AMP IN CLOSED LOOP
Non-Inverting Amplifier:
Ideal Case:
As the voltage at Non-Inverting Terminal is Vi
and voltage at Inverting Terminal is also Vi
Node Equation at Inverting Terminal
𝑣𝑖 − 𝑣0 𝑣𝑖
+ =0
𝑅𝑓 𝑅1
1 1 𝑣0
𝑣𝑖 + =
𝑅1 𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
𝑅𝑖 + 𝑅𝑓 𝑣0
𝑣𝑖 =
𝑅1 𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
𝑅𝐹
𝑣0 = 𝑣𝑖 1 +
𝑅1
𝑅𝐹
A= 1 +
𝑅1
 OP-AMP IN CLOSED LOOP
Non-Inverting Amplifier:
Practical Case:

equivalent Circuit
Node Equation at input Node

Node Equation at output Node

 OP-AMP IN CLOSED LOOP
Non-Inverting Amplifier:
 OP-AMP IN CLOSED LOOP
Design an amplifier with a gain of +5v using Op-Amp.
Choose
 OP-AMP IN CLOSED LOOP
Differential Amplifier:

Node Equation at Inverting Terminal

𝑣3 − 𝑣2 𝑣3 − 𝑣𝑂
+ =0
𝑅1 𝑅3
1 1 𝑣2 𝑣𝑂
𝑣3 + − =
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅3
𝑣1 𝑅1 1 1 𝑣2 𝑣𝑂
+ − =
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅3
𝑣1 𝑅1 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑣2 𝑣𝑂
− =
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅3
Assume that voltage at Non-Inverting 𝑣1 𝑣2 𝑣𝑂
− =
Terminal is V3 and voltage at Inverting 𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅3
Terminal is also V3 If all the resistances are equal
Node Equation at Non-Inverting Terminal then
𝑣3 − 𝑣1 𝑣3 V0=V1-V2
+ =0
𝑅1 𝑅2
1 1 𝑣1
𝑣3 + =
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅2
𝑣1 𝑅1
𝑣3 =
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
 OP-AMP IN CLOSED LOOP
Buffer or Voltage Follower

Vout=Vin
 CMRR CALCULATION
Difference mode and Common Mode Gains:
• Case 1: If V1=100 mV and V2=50 mv
• Case 2: If V1=1000 mV and V2=950 mv
Here the output will not be same even though the difference between input signal
is 50 mV because it is affected by the average voltage of the input signals called
as common-mode signal.
CMRR CALCULATION
 CMRR CALCULATION

Answer:
 CMRR CALCULATION

Answer:

Term corresponding to Vdm is zero

 CMRR CALCULATION

Answer:
 REDUCTION OF INPUT BIAS
CURRENT

Inverting
Amplifier with
Bias Currents

If Vi=0 then Vo=0. KVL Equation,

But output will be offset by V2-V1-V0=0
Vo=(IB -) RF= 500 nA x 1 M Ω=500mV V0=V2-V1
To make this voltage zero Rcomp is connected By selecting proper values of Rcomp ,
V2 can be cancelled with V1
V1=(IB +) Rcomp
IB + = V1 /Rcomp
Voltage at node a is (-V1)
So, I1 = V1 /R1 and I2 = V2 /Rf
For perfect compensation V2 = V1
I2 = V1 /Rf
REDUCTION OF INPUT BIAS
CURRENT
𝑅1 𝑅𝐹
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 = = 𝑅1 ⁄⁄ 𝑅𝐹
𝑅1 + 𝑅𝐹

IB - = I2 + I1
𝑣 𝑣
= 𝑅1 + 𝑅1
𝐹 1
𝑅1 +𝑅𝑓
=𝑣1 𝑅1 𝑅𝑓
Assume IB - = IB +
Then
𝑅1 +𝑅𝑓 𝑣1
𝑣1 =𝑅
𝑅1 𝑅𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝
REDUCTION OF INPUT OFFSET
CURRENT
𝑅 𝑅
Here, 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 = 𝑅 1+𝑅𝐹
|IOS| = IB + -IB – 1 𝐹

V1=(IB +)Rcomp
I1 =V1 /R1=(IB +)Rcomp /R1
And IB - = I2 + I1
I2 =IB - - I1
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝
= IB - -(IB + ) Vo= 200 nA x 1 M Ω=200mV
𝑅1
To Minimize this feedback resistance has to be
smaller. If it is reduced Gain reduces and also
input impedance reduces. To avoid this T
Network is connected in feedback part.
REDUCTION OF INPUT OFFSET
CURRENT
REDUCTION OF INPUT OFFSET
VOLTAGE
Inspite of the above compensation techniques the output voltage is not still zero
because due to flow of current a small voltage is created. To make this zero a small
voltage needs to be applied.

Equivalent circuit when Vi=0

Non-Inverting Amplifier
and Inverting Amplifier
REDUCTION OF TOTAL OFFSET
VOLTAGE
Without Rcomp

With Rcomp

To reduce Offset
Voltage connect a
Potentiometer
REDUCTION OF TOTAL OFFSET
VOLTAGE

Answer:
 REDUCTION OF THERMAL
DRIFT
• Due to changes in temperature , Bias Current, offset current,
offset voltage will change. This is known as Thermal Drift.
• To avoid this, Printed PCB boards have to be used and forced
air cooling are required.
 AC CHARACTERISTICS

Here at higher frequencies, gain

reduces because of the
capacitance present in the circuit.
 AC CHARACTERISTICS

Gain at three corner frequency

Frequency response at first corner frequency

At each corner frequency gain

reduces by 20dB/decade. Due to
that stability reduced. So
Feedback has to be connected
FREQUENCY COMPENSATION
• To improve Stability two compensating techniques are used.
 External Frequency Compensation(components have to be
connected externally) which can be done by two methods
 Dominant Pole Compensation
 Pole-Zero Compensation
 Internal Frequency Compensation (components are there
internally where compensation is provided upto certain
frequency)
• External Frequency Compensation is of types
FREQUENCY COMPENSATION
Dominant Pole Compensation:

The value of R and C are choosen in

such a way that gain of the compensated
transfer function passes through 0 db at
first corner corner frequency of the
uncompensated transfer function. So this
leads to improvement in stability
But Bandwidth reduces drastically.
FREQUENCY COMPENSATION
Pole-Zero Compensation:

Zero of the compensated transfer

function will cancel the first pole of the
uncompensated transfer function and it
passes through 0 db at next corner
corner frequency. So this leads to
improvement in stability
 SLEW RATE
• Rise time=0.35/BW
• As Band width is infinity rise time=0 which means that if there is
any change in input the output should respond immediately.
• But this does not happen because of the capacitance present in
the circuit.
• Slew Rate infinity means if there is any change in input the
output should respond immediately.
• Units is
• The capacitor within or outside the op-amp is required to
prevent oscillation and this capacitor restricts the response of
op-amp to a rapidly changing input signal. The rate at which the
voltage across the capacitor Vc increases is given by
ⅆ𝑣𝑐
= 𝐼/𝐶 where I is the current furnished by the internal circuit.
ⅆ𝑡
 SLEW RATE
For example, the IC 741 can provide 15 mA of maximum current
to its internal 30 pF capacitor.
ⅆ𝑣
SR= 𝑐 |max = 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥/𝐶= 15
ⅆ𝑡
Calculation of Slew Rate for Voltage Follower:
 SLEW RATE

Here Square wave is given at different frequencies to Op-Amp with SR=1

SLEW RATE
SLEW RATE
 REFERNCES
• D. Roy Chowdhury ,Shail B. Jain “Linear Integrated Circuits”, New Age International
(P) Ltd, 4th Edition
• Ramakanth A. Gayakwad, “Op-Amps & Linear ICs”, 4th Edition, PHI, 2002.

• S. Salivahanan, “Linear Integrated Circuits”, New Age International (P) Ltd, 2nd
Edition, 2003.
• https://slidetodoc.com/ldic-course-contents-n-unit-1-operational-amplifier/
• http://aa.binbd.com/EDC/opamp.ppt
• https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/semiconductors/chpt-8/op-amp-practical-
considerations/
• https://circuitdigest.com/tutorial/frequency-compensation-of-op-amp
THANK YOU