JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Quality Control of Raw Materials for Poultry Feed

Md. Saiful Islam*1and Md. Moinul Haque2
*1
Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh.
2,
Department of Chemistry, Dhaka City College, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh.

Abstract
Quality management is very much important in any feed industry.
*Corresponding Author: Only quality raw materials can deliver the quality output product. Different
types of raw materials are received every day in feed mill, such as corn,
Md. Saiful Islam soybean meal, meat and bone meal, rice bran, lime stone etc. To sort out the
quality one, some rapid tests and inspection methods are applied
E-Mail: saiful005@gmail.com
commonly, such as moisture, insect, smell, fungus, hull test, urease activity
test, particle size test etc. All raw material samples are sent to the feed mill
Received: 10/03/2016
Accepted: 19/05/2016
laboratory to inspect by the quality control unit for sorting out quality raw
materials. If the raw materials satisfy the necessary quality standard, would
be entered to the production cycle.

Keywords: Quality control, Inspection, Rapid test, Raw material, Poultry

feed.

1. Introduction related to the proper nutrition and high performance of

The purpose of quality control is mainly animals, which is more critical than feed quality
concerned with determining and applying a feasible control and ration consistency. Quality has been
method with regular professional plan, which would defined as "any of the features that make something
certainly provide the acceptability of raw and finished what it is" and "the degree of excellence which a thing
products as per prescribed essential standards. Quality possesses". The degree of quality is the consistency in
control (Early, 1995; Islam et al., 2015a) is an which feed is formulated, processed, mixed and
important part in almost all industries, especially delivered as compared to what is expected.
animal feed and human food industries. The Obviously, a finished feed should match label
importance of quality control is related with the claims - protein, fat, fiber, vitamins and other micro-
beginning of procurement of raw materials in the ingredient levels, active drug level in medicated feeds
farms/factory to export of the product Without a strong and other ingredients if claimed (Andrews, 1991;
quality control, the production of high quality products Anonymous, 1974). Animals thrive on a routine and
are practically impossible. Our stringent quality control respond better if the feed is low in nutrient variation as
programme leads to increase in the quality and also to offered to them; and are similar in moisture content,
reduce deleterious principles from animal feed and texture and rate of energy availability.
consequently caused to increase the quality of our Quality control department is the major and
human food. most important sector in any feed producing industry.
Feed ingredients should be routinely evaluated Without this Department a feed mill cannot proceed or
to ensure they are safe, they contain the correct amount cannot maintain the quality of the product. Some
of the specified nutrient, and to ensure the finished feed routine jobs are performed during receiving raw
quality will optimize animal performance. Permitted materials in all feed producing industry (Blankenship et
analytical variation (PAV) guidelines help to identify al., 1984; Jones, 1989; MaEllhiney, 1981). Everyday
deficiencies or excesses of an ingredient in a product morning quality control department starts their
(Bao et al., 2011). If the assay indicates the ingredient activities with some routine sequence. General
is outside the PAV, the feed does not conform to label activities of quality control department are as follows:
requirements. Collection of truck list (Raw material) from raw
Quality Control in feed production is of utmost material department; Sample collection from every
importance in the success and profitability of animal truck of each raw material according to the serial
enterprises (Islam et al., 2015b; Website 1, 2008; (30%); Sample preparation for analysis or rapid test;
Frank, 2008). There is no other directly or indirectly Analysis and rapid test; Result note down and pass to
the raw material department; Sending of rejected raw

Journal of Poultry Science and Technology | April-June, 2016 | Volume 04 | Issue 02 | Pages 19-27
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 Islam and Haque… Quality Control of Raw Materials for Poultry Feed

material truck outside from the feed mill; Selected raw observed. Finally, all tasted parameters are compared
material trucks are received by checking the quality of with the standard and also grading according to
each raw material (100%); Raw materials are stored standard. Final decision is made according to the
according to the standard for further production plan. comparing result.
Normally raw materials are used in feed depending on
the nutrient source and values. Different raw materials 2.2 Standard Feed Testing Protocol
according to the nutrient values are represented in the Some common raw materials testing protocols
Table 1-2. are described according to the standard of feed
producing industry.
2. Materials and Method
The laboratory of feed mill factory is equipped 2.2.1 Corn
with advanced equipment for laboratory analysis of The sample is mixed at airtight condition by
feed and raw materials include Kjeldahl apparatus, hand shaking. Weight is taken about 100 g. The sample
Soxhlet extractor, digital spectrophotometer, digital is slowly poured into moisture meter. The reading is
hydrometer, electric stoves and ovens which can help taken out from the moisture meter monitor. Finally find
to analyze the test chemical, biological, Aflatoxin and out the moisture by comparing it with the
heavy metals by experts and professional staffs correspondence chart. Another parameter is measured
(NGFA, 2002; Rydell, 2005). Chemical tests are one by one (DG, BG, MG, ADM etc.)
including measurement of moisture, crude protein,
crude fat, crude fiber, ash, calcium, phosphorus, salt 2.2.2 Measurement of BGYF (Bright Green Yellow
and Aflatoxin (Richardson, 2011; Richardson, 1995). Fluorescence)
When raw material trucks are entered in feed At first the sample is mixed well. The sample
mill, then sample is taken from each truck for weight is taken about 800 g. Total 800 g sample is
individual checking of raw materials. Some common ground by grinding machine. The ground sample is
checking as well as different types of individual placed on a big tray. Then the tray is put inside the UV-
experiment is done for different types of raw materials. Lamp box. The Fluorescence light spots are counted
Some sequential work is done while checking the raw and compared with standard. All parameters are noted
materials (Blankenship et al., 1984; Jones, 1989). down and finally compared with the standard. Standard
specification of corn is given in the Table 3.
2.1 Common Procedure
Sample is collected from the truck (From 2.2.3 Urease Activity of Soybean Meal
maximum layer of the bag as per as possible). The Some amount of S.B.M sample is grounded by a
sample is mixed well by hand shaking to get blender/grinder. The grind S.B.M sample is taken in a
homogeneity. First sieving is performed (3 mm and 5 dry petridish. The sample is made label with a glass
mm) for find out insects and add-mixer. 100 g of rod. Phenol red solution is sprayed on the sample and
sample is taken for further experiment. Moisture is on a filter paper. The filter paper is kept on the sample
measured by moisture meter. In case of corn sample, and covered with another petridish. After 3 minutes
MG, DG, BG, ADM etc. as well as the BGYF label are observation, carefully the number of red color spot on
measured (800g grounded sample is taken and kept it the filter paper are observed and compared with the
to a box and pass UV-light and find out the glazing standard (Fig 5).
particle and finally measured BGYF label). In case of
soybean meal, smell, fungus, over toast and urease 2.2.4 Urea Test of Soybean Meal
activity is measured. In case of meat and bone meal, 10 g grounded sample is taken in 100 ml beaker.
feather meal, urea test and particle size is measured. In 50 ml distilled water is added to the beaker. Then it is
case of rice bran fine (RBF) and rice bran coarse filtered. 3 drops of this filtrate are taken in a dry
(RBC), smell and percentage of hull is observed. In porcelain basin. 3 drops of urease active meal solution
case of paddy, broken rice and wheat, percentage of are added to the porcelain basin. Then 3 drops of cresol
damage grain is measured. In case of wheat bran, smell red solution are added, then allowed to stand for 5
and percentage of fine is observed. In case of mustard minutes. If red color appears the test is positive. Along
meal, smell, fungus and particle size is observed. For with a blank test is performed with distilled water (Fig
oil sample, smell, color, pH, density and free fatty acid 6).
level is observed. For lime stone, coarse and fine, add-
mixer and particle size is measured. In case of fish 2.2.5 Determination of % hull of RBF and RBC
meal, smell, fungus and percentage of bone is R.B.F or R.B.C sample is taken in a dry
petridish. The sample is made label with a glass rod.

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 Islam and Haque… Quality Control of Raw Materials for Poultry Feed

Table 1: Name of raw material according to the nutrient source

Carbohydrate Protein Fat Calcium

Corn Soybean meal Rice bran fine Lime stone coarse
Broken rice Meat and bone meal Rice bran coarse Lime stone fine
Wheat Rape seed meal Soya boiled Mono calcium phosphate
Rice bran fine De-oiled rice bran Palm fatty acid oil Di-calcium phosphate
Rice bran coarse Coconut meal Rice bran oil
Wheat bran coarse Wheat Wheat
Paddy Wheat bran coarse Wheat bran coarse
Mushuri bran Fish meal Coconut meal
Mustard meal De-oiled and dried grain solvent Mustard meal

Table 2: Density of different types of raw materials

Density (Kg/Cubic meter)

SL NO. Raw Material Name Grinding net size
Before Grinding After Grinding
1 Corn 761 780 (8.0 X 8.0) mm
2 Paddy 641 607 (8.0 X 4.0) mm
3 SBM 708 671 (8.0 X 8.0) mm
4 Broken Rice 943 989 (3.0 X 3.0) mm
5 Mustard Meal 791 757 (3.0 X 3.0) mm
6 Coconut Meal 791 722 (3.0 X 3.0) mm
7 Wheat 790 673 (3.0 X 3.0) mm
8 MBM 818 -
9 WBC 313 -
10 DORB 534 -
11 RBF 509 -
12 RBC 404 -
13 LSC 1591 -
14 LSF 1508 -
15 Mushuri Bran 533 -
16 PFAO 902 -

Table 3: Standard specification of corn according to different grade

Item Corn grade

2S 2 3 4 5
Moisture for dried corn % Max 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0
Aflatoxin Ppb. Max 20 50 100 100 100
Total damaged grain (Mold grain+ % Max 2 4 8 12 16
Other damage)
Mold grain % Max 1 4 8 8 8
Broken grain % Max 8 8 16 16 16
Foreign material on 2mm+2mm. % Max 1 1 1 1 1
sieve
Foreign material on 5mm. sieve % Max 1 1 1 1 1
Severe mold grain Number of 0 12 12 12 12
grain/800gm.

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 Islam and Haque… Quality Control of Raw Materials for Poultry Feed

Phloroglucinol solution is sprayed on the sample Sample is collected from the truck maximum
smoothly. After 10 minutes (R.B.F), 7 minutes (R.B.C) layer of the bag as per as possible. The sample is mixed
the petridish is observed properly. The red colorations are well. The color is compared with the standard. The
observed and compared with standard (Table 4, Fig 7) particle size is measured by sieving and compared with
with standard (Table 4, Fig 7). standard. Table 6-7. The reaction is also observed by
adding conc. HCl acid (CO2 will be produced).
2.2.6 Rancidity Test of RBF and RBC
5 g of sample is taken in a 250-mlconical flask 2.2.12 Measurement of Add Mixer of LSC and LSF
and 40 ml of the acetic acid-chloroform mixture is 0.5 g sample is dissolved in appropriate amount
added. Then 1 ml of the saturated potassium iodide of conc. HCl acid. The content is stirred properly and
solution is added. The content is agitated thoroughly. allowed to cool at room temperature. Then the solution
Then 50 ml distilled water and starch indicator is is filtered. The filtrate is discarded. The filter paper is
added. The development of a blue color indicates the dried and the residue is collected from filter paper. The
rancidity. weight of that residue is taken and the % of impurities
Note: 1. Combine 60 ml of concentrated glacial acetic present is calculated.
acid and 40 ml of chloroform. 2. Saturated potassium
iodide solution. 3. Starch indicator (1% Solution). 2.2.13 Test of Di-calcium Phosphate (DCP)
At first 2.5 g silver nitrate is dissolved in 50 ml
2.2.7 Analysis of Free Fatty Acid (PFAO and RBO) distilled water. Around 1 gm. DCP is taken in a dry
Sample must be well mixed and entirely liquid porcelain basin. 3-5 drops of Silver Nitrate Solution is
before weighing. 0.5 to 1.0 g sample is taken in 250 ml added slowly, and then allowed to stand for 10
conical flask. 75 ml hot ethanol (95 %) is added to the seconds. If yellow color appears then the DCP quality
conical flask. Titration is done against 0.1 N NaOH is normal. If gray or black color appears then the DCP
solution using phenolphthalein as indicator. Titration is quality is abnormal. A blank test is performed with
done till appearance of first permanent pink color. distilled water.

2.2.14 Test of Turmeric Powder

0.5 g turmeric powder and 50 ml distilled water
are taken in a 250-ml conical flask and boiled for 5
2.2.8 Wheat minutes and then cooled. 10 ml filtrate is taken in a
Wheat inspection system is same as corn. petri dish and added 5-7 drops of 0.025 N Iodine
Sieving is done to find out the add-mixer and insect. solutions. If light pinkish blue color appears then the
Other damage grain, BGYF is checked by the same powder is normal. If bluish black color appears then the
procedure. powder is abnormal.

2.2.9 Measurement of Black (mold) Grain of Wheat 3. Results and Discussion

100 g sample is immerged in 20% NaCl Everyday huge amount of raw material trucks
solution. The content is stirred and waited for 5 do come in feed mill from different suppliers. After
minutes. The grains are taken out from the solution and inspection, it is very important to decide quickly
kept on a filter paper. The black grains are separated whether a raw material is accepted or rejected. So,
(black spot on the edge of the grain) using magnifying these rapid inspection methods are very important,
glass. The black grains are dried in the oven and weight active as well as reliable to make a decision for a raw
is taken. Then % of black grain is calculated.Maximum material. Because supplier raw material cannot stay in
0.3% can allow for the quality control. the feed mill for a long time. It is very necessary to
deliver the inspection result quickly to the raw material
2.2.10 Meat and Bone Meal (MBM) department, because according to the result, raw
Sample is collected from the truck maximum material can be received or rejected (Table 8). Table 9
layer of the bag as per as possible. The sample is mixed represents the particle size inspection results of lime
well. First insect, color, smell and feather meal are stone fine and coarse and also meat and bone meal.
observed (Fig 8). The particle size is measured by Other raw materials inspection result has been
sieving and compare with standard (Table 5). Presence presented in Table 10.
of urea is checked by the same way as SBM.
4. Conclusion
2.2.11 LSC and LSF Rapid test is essential for the inspection of raw
materials in any feed mill. All raw materials used in –

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 Islam and Haque… Quality Control of Raw Materials for Poultry Feed

Table 4: %Crude protein of RBF and RBC correspondence to % hull

Rice Bran Fine Rice Bran Coarse

% HULL % CP % HULL % CP
10 12.2 40 7.50
15 11.7 50 7.45
*20 11.2 55 7.40
25 10.5 *60 7.35
30 9.84 65 7.30
35 9.48 70 6.5
40 9.20 75 6.0

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 Islam and Haque… Quality Control of Raw Materials for Poultry Feed

Table 5: Standard particle size of MBM

Measurement 4 mm 3 mm 2 mm 1 mm 0.7 mm 0.5 mm 0.5 mm PASS
MAX % Value Nil 25-30 (BONE) 20 30 25

Table 6: Standard particle size of LSC

Measurement 4 mm 3 mm 2 mm 1 mm 0.7 mm 0.5 mm 0.5 mm PASS
MAX % Value 2 35 50 5 3

Table7: Standard particle size of LSF

Measurement 4 mm 3 mm 2 mm 1 mm 0.7 mm 0.5 mm 0.5 mm PASS
MAX % Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 100

Table 8: Corn inspection result

Inspection Item Corn
Result Cause of Reject
%M BGYF %DG Mold %BG ADM grade
13.6 80 3.80 2.60 2.80 1.20 3 Normal
13.7 90 4.80 10.00 2.50 2.80 5 Abnormal Fungus & Damage
13.9 65 0.70 1.40 2.70 1.70 2 Normal
13.4 70 3.30 1.60 2.10 1.00 3 Normal
16.4 65 3.00 5.30 2.60 0.80 4 Abnormal Fungus, damage and Moisture
17.8 75 4.40 2.60 3.10 2.00 3 Reject High Moisture
13.2 70 8.24 5.60 4.00 2.40 5 Abnormal Fungus & Damage
12.7 70 2.50 3.40 2.80 0.70 3 Normal
16.6 60 1.90 2.80 3.10 1.70 3 Reject High Moisture

Table 9: Particle size inspection result

RM On 4 mm On 3 mm On 2 mm On 1 mm On 0.7 mm On 0.5 mm Pass 0.5 mm Remarks
Name % % % % % % %
LSC 1.22 39.56 49.00 7.28 2.03 0.66 0.25 Normal
LSC 5.46 45.55 40.02 7.28 0.78 0.66 0.25 Abnormal
LSF 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.88 4.78 33.24 59.10 Normal
LSF 0.00 0.14 3.14 9.87 7.89 3.32 75.64 Abnormal
MBM 0.00 0.00 2.88 12.46 15.28 3.32 66.06 Normal
MBM 0.00 0.11 4.40 8.66 7.87 56.24 22.72 Normal
MBM 2.15 3.26 9.88 15.33 18.65 46.43 4.30 Abnormal

Table 10: Raw materials inspection result

RM Urea
%M Insect Smell %Hull %UA Damage/Fungus %ADM
Name Test
RBF 8.80 X X Bad 20 X X 0.25
RBC 7.50 X X Good 35 X X 0.18
SBM 11.20 X X Good X 0.25 X 0.02
Wheat 10.50 X √ Good X X X 0.32
MBM 6.50 X X Bad X X X 0.15
BR 11.5 X X Good X X 0.22 0.18
Paddy 10.20 X √ Good X X 0.20 0.35
Mustard 9.80 X X Good X X X 0.18
WBC 9.25 X √ Bad X X X 0.04
FFS 11.10 X X Good X X 0.19 0.11
Mushuri 7.50 X X Good X X X 0.05

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 Islam and Haque… Quality Control of Raw Materials for Poultry Feed

poultry feed manufacturing are provided by different Acknowledgement

supplier and then transferred to the factory to inspect The authors are very much grateful to the
by the quality control unit and samples sent to the polymer and pharmaceutical research laboratory of the
laboratory for quality control. If the raw materials have Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical
seen the necessary quality, would be entered to Engineering, Rajshahi University, Central Science
production cycle. Rapid test is very effective and time Laboratory of Rajshahi University and Research
saving method for sorting out the quality raw materials. Laboratory of Poultry Feed Factory, Rajshahi,
Inspection and rapid test method is one of the strong Bangladesh for assisting to achieve the goal of this
parts of quality control department. To make a quick study.
decision for a raw material, all rapid test and updated
inspection protocols should be included in the quality
control department to make the quality commitment.

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