BANGALORE UNIVERSITY

M. Sc. Chemistry (CBCS)

Syllabus
(w. e. f. 2021-2022)

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
Sneha Bhavana, Jnanabharathi, Bengaluru-560 056
 FOREWORD

Given that the Higher Education is poised to witness unprecedented changes; it is anticipated
that every component of Higher Education is deemed to deliver. There is a realistic possibility
that the system would transform from process driven to result oriented in near future. For this
to happen, innovation is the key and a curriculum for a Master program is no exception. A
strong, yet flexible syllabus is literally the backbone of every model curriculum.

Those who pursue a Master degree are already exposed to a reasonable level of competency in
the subject. Apart from providing understanding for the advanced learning, the postgraduate
syllabus has to ensure that the theory and practicals is sufficiently bridged, skills are imparted
for autonomous learning and enable industry opportunities. A post graduate should go on to
build a professional career based on technical know-how.

Chemistry education at a post graduate level is packed with unique challenges stemming from
the vastness of the subject, interdisciplinary nature of topics, rapid evolution of new fields
into independent bodies of knowledge, and increasing usage of technology in practice. These
elements have to be introduced without compromising the necessary level of exposure
required to take national level examinations including NET/SLET/K-SET/GATE and other
campetitive entrances to pursue research programs. Addressing the employability aspects is
one more facet. Therefore, to undertake the exercise of framing/revising a syllabus is to walk
a tightrope.

The syllabus (CBCS, four semesters) for M. Sc., in Chemistry of BUB was introduced in
2014-2015 and this is the first major revision of the syllabus. The seemingly complex exercise
of revision was successfully completed, thanks to the efforts of the committed faculty of the
Department of Chemistry, BUB. Despite the overcast backdrop of the pandemic related
restrictions, our teachers came together to bring an invaluable revision of the syllabus. As
chemistry continues to be largely an experimental science, the practicals component has been
extensively revamped to include advanced level experiments. Theory component has
witnessed a proportional revitalization. I hope the revised syllabus has everything in it to keep
the stakeholders interested and facilitate the growth of the postgraduate students for further
endeavors.

V. V. Sureshbabu, Ph.D
CHAIRMAN
Department of Chemistry
Bangalore University
Bengaluru

2
Proceedings of the meeting of the Board of Studies in Chemistry - PG held
on Friday, 15th January 2021 at 11.00 am in the Department of Chemistry,
Bangalore University, Sneha Bhavana, Jnana Bharathi, Bengaluru-560 056

A meeting of the Board of Studies (PG) in Chemistry was held on Friday the 15th January
2021 at 11.00 am in the Department of Chemistry, Bangalore University, Jnanabharathi,
Bengaluru-56. The Chairman welcomed the members and placed before them the following
agenda for deliberations.
1. Approval of the M.Sc Chemistry (CBSC) Syllabus-2021-2022: The M.Sc in Chemistry
(CBSC) Syllabus -2021-2022 of all the three branches (Organic / Inorganic / Physical) was
considered and discussed in detail. All the suggestions are incorporated and unanimously
approved by the members.
2. Panels for adjudication of Ph. D. thesis: The panels of examiners for adjudication of
Ph. D. theses of the following candidates were placed before the members of the BOS
and the following decisions have been taken:
Approved Panels:
1. Mr. Manjunatha K 7. Ms. Kavitha V
2. Mr. Veeresha G 8. Ms. Navya D R
3. Mr. Harish N 9. Ms. Madhura M J
4. Ms. Manasa G 10. Ms. Sowmiya Carmel
5. Ms. Bhavna Maurya 11. Ms. Nishma Ojha
6. Ms. Madhushree M R 12. Ms. Sajitha Nair

3. Approval of Ph.D course work Paper-III Syllabus.

The BOS approved the Ph.D course work Paper-III submitted by Prof. G. Krishnamurthy.
The External Member, Prof. G. K. Nagaraj suggested that there is a need to eliminate choice
in the question paper. A limited choice can be provided within one part of each question. The
meeting was ended with vote of thanks by the Chairman, Department of Chemistry,
Bangalore University, Jnanabharathi, Bengaluru- 560 056.

3
 SYLLABUS 2021 - 2022
1. Name of the Course : M.Sc. Chemistry
2. Duration of the Course : Two Years (FOUR SEMESTERS, CBCS)
3. Eligibility : A candidate must have secured 40% marks the aggregate and
studied Chemistry (cognate subject) securing 50 % marks in this
subject at the B.Sc., level and studied Mathematics at 10 + 2
or Pre-university level.
4. Intake : 36 + Supernumerary seats + Payment seats
5. Admission : As per University regulations

Scheme of Study and Examination M. Sc., CHEMISTRY

(2021 Scheme)

I SEMESTER

Duration of
(Hrs/Week)

Exam. Hrs.

Cont. Eval.
Hrs/Semester

Max. Marks
Total No. of
Practical

Credits
Theory/

Marks
Total
(Exam)
Code Title of the paper (Syllabus hours
No. for each theory paper: 52)

C-101 Inorganic Chemistry-I 4 52 3 70 30 100 4

C-102 Organic Chemistry-I 4 52 3 70 30 100 4

C-103 Physical Chemistry-I 4 52 3 70 30 100 4

C-104 Organic Chemistry-II 4 52 3 70 30 100 4

Mathematics for Chemists
C-105 3 36 3 70 30 100 2
(Soft Core)
C-106 Practicals-I : IC/OC/PC 4 60 4 35 15 50 2

C-107 Practicals-II : IC/OC/PC 4 60 4 35 15 50 2

C-108 Practicals-III : IC/OC/PC 4 60 4 35 15 50 2

C-109 Practicals-IV : IC/OC/PC 4 60 4 35 15 50 2

Total marks / credits for the semester 700 26

4
 II SEMESTER

Hrs/Semester
Total No. of
(Hrs/ Week)

Exam. Hrs.
Duration of

Cont. Eval.
Practical

Credits
Max. arks
Title of the paper

(Exam.)
Theory/
Code

Marks
Total
(Syllabus hours for each theory
No.
paper: 52)

C-201 Inorganic Chemistry-II 4 52 3 70 30 100 4

C-202 Organic Chemistry-III 4 52 3 70 30 100 4

C-203 Physical Chemistry-II 4 52 3 70 30 100 4

C-204 Spectroscopy-I 4 52 3 70 30 100 4

Biophysical and Photochemistry
C-205 3 36 3 70 30 100 2
(Soft Core)
Photoinorganic Chemistry
C-205 3 36 3 70 30 100 2
(Soft Core)
Chemistry of Selected
C-205 3 36 3 70 30 100 2
Elements (Soft Core)
C-206 Practicals-I : IC/OC/PC 4 60 4 35 15 50 2

C-207 Practicals-II ; IC/OC/PC 4 60 4 35 15 50 2

C-208 Practicals-III ; IC/OC/PC 4 60 4 35 15 50 2

C-209 Practicals-IV : IC/OC/PC 4 60 4 35 15 50 2

Total marks / credits for the semester 700 26

Scheme for continuous evaluation

Theory (each paper)
Attendance : 05 marks
Tests* : 25 marks
Total : 30 Marks
* Two tests will be conducted and the average marks of the two tests will be taken for
continuous assessment.
Practical: (each practical)
Attendance : 03 marks
Record : 02 marks
Tests (two internals) : 10 marks
Total : 15 marks

5
 III & IV SEMESTERS
(After 2nd semester, study tour-cum-industrial visits are proposed in and around
Bengaluru / Karnataka for the students of 3rd/4th semester students)

Scheme of continuous evaluation for all pecialization

Theory (each paper)
Attendance : 05 marks
Tests (two internals) : 25 marks
Total : 30 Marks

Practical: (each practical)

Attendance : 02 marks
Record : 03 marks
Tests (two internals) : 10 marks
Total : 15 marks

Open Elective for Non-Chemistry Students**

Hrs / Semester

Duration of
Exam. Hrs.

Max. Marks
Total No. of

(Exam.)
(Hrs/week)

Credits
Title of the Paper
Teaching/

Marks
Cont.

Total
Eval.
Contact

Code (Syllabus hours for each theory

paper: 52)

Material Science and Nano

C-304* 4 52 3 70 30 100 4
materials (Open Elective-I)
C-304* Chemistry of Biomolecules
4 52 3 70 30 100 4
(Open Elective-II)

*One out of the two to be selected.

** A minimum of 10 students / paper must opt, for the Dept. to offer these papers.

6
 Inorganic Chemistry Specialisation
III SEMESTER

Duration of
Exam. Hrs.

Total Marks
Max. Marks
(Hrs/ Week)

Cont. Eval.
Practical

(Exam.)
Theory/
Title of the Paper

Credits
Code (Syllabus hours for each theory
paper: 52)

C-301-
Spectroscopy-II 4 3 70 30 100 4
IC/OC/PC
C-302-
Solid State Chemistry 4 3 70 30 100 4
IC/PC
Inorganic Reaction Mechanisms and
C-303-IC Chemistry of Lanthanides and 4 3 70 30 100 4
Actinides
C-304* Open Elective 4 3 70 30 100 4

C-305-IC Inorganic Chemistry Practicals-I 4 4 35 5 50 2

C-306-IC Inorganic Chemistry Practicals-II 4 4 35 15 50 2

C-307-IC Inorganic Chemistry Practicals-III 4 4 35 15 50 2

C-308-IC Inorganic Chemistry Practicals-IV 4 4 35 15 50 2

Total marks / credits for the semester 600 24
* Non-Chemistry Paper
IV SEMESTER
Duration of
Exam. Hrs.

Max. Marks

Total Marks
(Hrs/ Week)

Cont. Eval.
(Exam.)

Credits
Practical

Title of the paper (Syllabus hours

Theory/

Code
for each theory paper:52)

Organometallic Chemistry
C-401-IC 4 3 70 30 100 4
& Catalysis
C-402-IC Bioinorganic Chemistry 4 3 70 30 100 4
C-403-IC Chemistry of Materials 4 3 70 30 100 4
C-404-
Spectroscopy-III 4 3 70 30 100 4
IC/PC
C-405-IC* Inorganic Chemistry Practicals-V 4 4 30 15 45 2
C-406-IC* Inorganic Chemistry Practicals-VI 4 4 30 15 45 2
C-407-IC* Inorganic Chemistry Practicals-VII 4 4 30 15 45 2
Inorganic Chemistry
C-408-IC* 4 4 30 15 45 2
Practicals-VIII
C-409-IC Comprehensive Viva-Voce 20 - 20 -
Total marks / credits for the semester 600 24
* Project work may be introduced (if required) instead of two practical papers.
7
 Organic Chemistry Specialization
III SEMESTER

Max. Marks
(Hrs/ Week)
Duration of
Exam. Hrs.
Practical

Cont. Eval.
(Exam.)
Theory/

Credits
Title of the Paper

Marks
Total
Code (Syllabus hours for each theory
paper : 52)

C-301-
Spectroscopy-II 4 3 70 30 100 4
IC/OC/PC
C-302-OC Chemistry of Natural Products 4 3 70 30 100 4
C-303-OC Organic Reaction Mechanisms 4 3 70 30 100 4
C-304* Open Elective 4 3 70 30 100 4
C-305-OC Organic Chemistry Practicals-I 4 4 35 15 50 2
C-306-OC Organic Chemistry Practicals-II 4 4 35 15 50 2
C-307-OC Organic Chemistry Practicals-III 4 4 35 15 50 2
C-308-OC Organic Chemistry Practicals-IV 4 4 35 15 50 2
Total marks / credits for the semester 600 24
* Non-Chemistry Paper

IV SEMESTER
Duration of
(Hrs/ Week)

Exam.Hrs.

Max. arks

Cont. Eval.
Practical

Title of the paper

(Exam.)
Theory/

Credits
Code (Syllabus hours for each theory
Marks
Total
paper : 52)

C-401-OC Organic Synthesis 4 3 70 30 100 4

Stereochemistry & Retrosynthetic
C-402-OC 4 3 70 30 100 4
Analysis
Organometallic and Heterocyclic
C-403-OC 4 3 70 30 100 4
Chemistry
C-404-OC Medicinal Organic Chemistry 4 3 70 30 100 4

C-405-OC* Organic Chemistry Practicals-V 4 4 30 15 45 2

C-406-OC* Organic Chemistry Practicals-VI 4 4 30 15 45 2

C-407-OC* Organic Chemistry Practicals-VII 4 4 30 15 45 2

C-408-OC* Organic Chemistry Practicals-VIII 4 4 30 15 45 2
C-409-OC Comprehensive Viva-Voce 20 - 20 -
Total marks / credits for the semester 600 24
* Project work may be introduced (if required) instead of two practical papers.
8
 Physical Chemistry Specialization
III SEMESTER

Total Marks
Duration of
Exam. Hrs.

Max. Marks
(Hrs/ Week)
Practical

Cont. Eval.
(Exam.)
Theory/

Credits
Title of the paper
Code (Syllabus hours for each theory
paper : 52)

C-301-
Spectroscopy-II 4 3 70 30 100 4
IC/OC/PC
C-302-
Solid State Chemistry 4 3 70 30 100 4
IC/PC
Quantum Chemistry and Surface
C-303-PC 4 3 70 30 100 4
Chemistry
C-304* Open Elective 4 3 70 30 100 4
C-305-PC Physical Chemistry Practicals-I 4 4 35 15 50 2
C-306-PC Physical Chemistry Practicals-II 4 4 35 15 50 2
C-307-PC Physical Chemistry Practicals-III 4 4 35 15 50 2
C-308-PC Physical Chemistry Practicals-IV 4 4 35 15 50 2
Total marks / credits for the semester 600 24

* Non-Chemistry Paper
IV SEMESTER
Duration of

Total Marks
Exam. Hrs.
(Hrs/ Week)

Max. Marks

Cont. Eval.
Practical

Credits
Theory/

Title of the paper

Exam.)

Code (Syllabus hours for each theory

paper : 52)

C-401-PC Applied Electrochemistry 4 3 70 30 100 4

Chemistry of Macromolecules &
C-402-PC 4 3 70 30 100 4
Advanced Photochemistry
C-403-PC Reaction Kinetics & Mechanisms 4 3 70 30 100 4
C-404-IC/PC Spectroscopy-III 4 3 70 30 100 4
C-405-PC* Physical Chemistry Practicals-V 4 4 30 15 45 2
C-406-PC* Physical Chemistry Practicals-VI 4 4 30 15 45 2
C-407-PC* Physical Chemistry Practicals-VII 4 4 30 15 45 2
C-408-PC* Physical Chemistry Practicals-VIII 4 4 30 15 45 2
C-409-PC Comprehensive Viva-Voce 20 - 20 -
Total marks / credits for the semester 600 24
* Project work may be introduced (if required) instead of two practical papers.

Note: Comprehensive Viva-voce examination will be conducted for all the M.Sc. students
by the members of the BoE (PG) in Chemistry, including the Chairman of the
Department of Chemistry, Chairman of the BoE and all the internal and external
members of the BoE in Chemistry (PG).
9
 FIRST SEMESTER
C-101: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY – I 52 Hours
UNIT- I
Chemical Bonding : VSEPR model, shapes of molecules-ClF3, ICl4-, TeF5-, I3-, TeCl62-,
XeF6, SbCl63-, IF7, ReF7, XeF82-, TaF83-, and others. Bent rules and energetics of
hybridization; electronegativity and partial ionic character. Bonds- Multicentre, Synergic and
Agostic bonding.
Molecular orbital theory: LCAO and MO diagrams of heteronuclear diatomic (CO, NO, HF,
ICl) and triatomic molecules (CO2 and NO2-).
Lattice energy: Born-Lande equation, Kapustinskii equation; polarizability and partial
covalent character. Structures of simple solids- NaCl, NiAs, CdCl2, spinels and inverse
spinels, radius-ratio rules, isoelectronic relationship in solids. 13h

UNIT- II
Clusters of Main Group Elements and Transition Metal Atoms : Structure and bonding in
boranes, carboranes, metallocarboranes, metal clusters, Wade’s rules, Zintl ions (m-n-o rule).
M-M bond and bonding in [ReCl8]2-, metal halide clusters, metal carbonyl clusters- LNCCs
and HNCCs. Electron counting in carbonyl clusters, Wades-Mingos and Lauher rules.
Compounds of Main Group Elements : Borazines, phosphazenes, S, N- compounds.
Silicates : Classification, structures, isomorphous replacement, pyroxenes, layered and
vitreous silicates, zeolites and molecular sieves. 13h

UNIT-III
HSAB Concept : Basis of HSAB concept, acid-base strength, hardness and softness,
symbiosis, applications of HSAB concept.
Acid–Base Behaviour in Non-Aqueous Solvents : Levelling and differentiating effects,
Acids and bases: a solvent-oriented definition, Self-ionizing and non-ionizing non-aqueous
solvents, Liquid ammonia, Liquid hydrogen fluoride, sulfuric acid, fluorosulfonic acid,
brominetrifluoride dinitrogentetraoxide, superacids.
Isopoly and heteropoly acids of W, Mo and V: Preparation, properties, structure and
applications. 13h
UNIT-IV
Nuclear Chemistry : The atomic nucleus-elementary particles, quarks, classification of
nuclides based on Z and N values, nuclear stability, nuclear potential, binding energy. Nuclear
Models: Shell model-salient features, forms of the nuclear potential, filling of orbitals, nuclear
configuration, Liquid drop model, Fermi gas model, Collective model and Optical model.
Radioactivity, radioactive decay kinetics, Parent-daughter decay-growth relationship-secular
& transient equilibria, theories of α, β-, β+ and γ-decay, internal conversion, Auger effect. 13h

SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, F. A. Cotton and G. Wilkinson, 6th Edition, (1999).
2. Inorganic Chemistry, J.E. Huheey, E.A. Keiter & R.L. Keiter, Addison Wesley, 4th Edn, (1993).
3. Inorganic Chemistry, D.F. Shriver, P.W. Atkins and C. H. Langford, ELBS, Oxford University
Press, 2nd Edition, (1994).
4. Chemistry of Elements, N. N. Greenwood and A. E. Earnshaw, Butterworth Heinemann, (1997).
5. Concise Inorganic Chemistry, J. D. Lee, 5th Edition (1996).
6. Inorganic Chemistry, C. E. Housecroft and A. G. Sharpe, 2nd edition, Pearson, (2005)
7. Essentials of Nuclear Chemistry, H. J. Arniker, 4th Edition, NAIL publishers, (1995).
8. Nuclear and Radioactive Chemistry, Friedlander, Kennedy and Miller, Chapters 8 & 9, (2017).
9. Inorganic Chemistry, G. L. Miessler and D. A. Tarr, 3rd Edition, (2007).

10
 C-102: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY- I 52 Hours

UNIT-I

The Basic Understanding of the Nature of Chemical Bonding

General principles of arrow pushing. Functional groups, nucleophiles and leaving groups.
Acids and bases chemistry. Acidity: The definition of pka. Principles for predicting acidities:
electronegativity and induction, resonance, bond strengths, electrostatic effects, hybridization,
aromaticity and solvation. Acids and bases of biological interest. Basicity: neutral nitrogen
bases, neutral oxygen bases. Effect of structure on the strength of bases. Delocalized chemical
bonding: conjugation, cross conjugation, resonance. Aromaticity. Hückel’s rule of
aromaticity.aromatic systems with electron numbers other than six (including azulene,
tropone, tropolone and annulenes). Antiaromaticity. Aromaticity in benzenoids, aromaticity in
charged rings. Homo-aromaticity. Fused and heterocyclic ring systems. Alternant and
nonalternant hydrocarbons, energy levels in odd and even-alternant hydrocarbons, energy
levels for the benzyl cation, benzyl free-radical and benzyl carbanion. Hyperconjugation.
Tautomerism. 9h

Reaction Mechanisms-I
Generation, structure, stability and reactivity of carbocations, carbanions, carbon free radicals,
carbenes and nitrenes. Classification of reactions and mechanisms. Thermodynamic and
kinetic requirements, kinetic and thermodynamic control, Hammond postulate. Potential
energy diagrams, transition states and intermediates. Curtin-Hammett principle. Methods of
determining mechanisms: based on the structure of products, determination of the presence of
intermediates, isotopic labeling, crossover experiments, isotope effects and from the
stereochemical evidences. 6h
UNIT-II
Reaction Mechanisms-II
Effect of structure on reactivity: Resonance, field effects and steric effects. The Hammett
equation and linear free energy relationship, substituent and reaction constants. Taft equation.
Nucleophilic substitution reaction at a saturated carbon: SN1, SN2, and SET mechanisms.
Effect of substrate structure, attacking nucleophile, leaving group. Ambident nucleophiles and
substrates. 5h

Stereochemistry
Fischer, Newman, Sawhorse and flying wedge projections and their interconversions. Optical
isomerism, elements of symmetry and chirality. D-L conventions. CIP rules. R-S and M-P
conventions. Chirality in compounds with a stereogeniccentre, and in allenes, alkylidene
cycloalkanes and spiranes (with a stereogenic axis). R*, S*-nomenclature. Cram’s and
Prelog’s rules. Conformational analysis of cycloalkanes: cyclobutane, cyclopentane,
cychexanes (monosubstituted e.g., methyl, iso-propyl, tert-butyl and di-substituted
cyclohexanes e.g., dialkyl, dihalo, diols), and cycloheptane. Nomenclature and conformations
of fused rings and bridged ring systems. Prochirality: enantiotopic and diastereotopic atoms,
groups and faces. 9h
UNIT-III
Carbohydrates-I
Introduction to carbohydrates.Classification of monosaccharides: aldoses and ketoses.
Structural formulae of sugars- aldotetroses, aldopentoses and aldohexoses. Mutarotation.
Configuration of aldoses and ketoses: d- and l-sugars. Cyclic structures of monosaccharides.
Cyclization of hydroxyaldehydes, pyranose and furanose forms of monosaccharides.
11
Reactions of monosaccharides: esters and ether formations, formation of cyclic ketals, and
acetals. Glycoside formation, enolisation, tautomerisation, epimerization and reduction.
Reaction of monosaccharides with phenyl hydrazine: formation of osazones. Oxidation of
monosaacharides. reducing and non-reducing sugars. Reaction with bromine water, nitric acid
and periodate. Chain lengthening: homologation of sugars. Chain shortening: Wöhl
degradation and Ruff degradation. Fischer proof of D (+)-glucose configuration. 10h

UNIT-IV
Carbohydrates -II
Disaccharides: basic structure and synthesis of maltose, cellobiose and sucrose. General
methods of structural elucidation of polysaccharides-methylation, partial hydrolysis, periodate
oxidation, smith degradation and alkaline degradation. Polysaccharides: introduction and
basic chemical structure of cellulose, starch, glycogen and chitin. 5h
Heterocyclic Compounds
Nomenclature of heterocyclic compounds. Biologically important heterocyclic compounds.
Synthesis and reactions of five membered and fused heterocycles: Imidazole, oxazole,
thiazole, pyrazole, isoxazole, isothiazole, pyridine, pyrimidine, purine and indole.
5h
Vitamins
Biological importance and synthesis of vitamins A, vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B6
(pyridoxine), folic acid, pantothenic acid, vitamin C and vitamin H (biotin).
3h

SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Advanced Organic Chemistry – Reactions, Mechanism and Structure, Jerry March, John
Wiley, (2008).
2. Advanced Organic Chemistry, F. A. Carey and R. J. Sundberg Plenum, (1990).
3. A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Peter Sykes, Longman, (2000).
4. Structure and mechanism of Organic Chemistry, C. K. Ingold, Cornell University Press,
(1999).
5. Organic Chemistry, R. T. Morrison and R. N. Boyd, Prentice-Hall, (1998).
6. Modern Organic Reactions, H. O. House, Benjamin, (1972).
7. Principles of Organic Synthesis, R. O. C. Norman and J. M. Coxon, Blackie Academic
and Professional, (1996).
8. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, D. Nasipuri, New-Age International, (1999).
9. Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds, E. L. Eliel, S. H. Wilen and L. N .Mander,
John Wiley, (1994).
10. Organic Chemistry, Volumes I and II, I. L. Finar, Longman, (1999).
11. Organic Chemistry, Johnathan Clayden, Stuart Warren, Nick Greeves and Peter
Wothers, 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, (2004).
12. Organic Chemistry, David R Klein, 3rd Edition, Wiley, (2017).
13. The art of writing reasonable organic reaction mechanisms, Robert B Grossman, 2nd
Edition, Springer, (2002).
14. Organic Chemistry, T.W. Graham Solomons, Craig B. Fryhle, 10th Ed. Wiley & Sons
Inc., (2011).

12
 C-103: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY-I 52 Hours
UNIT I

Quantum Mechanics-I
Introduction to quantum mechanics. Concepts of Operators: Laplacian, Hamiltonian, Linear
and Hermition operators. Angular Momentum operators and their properties. Commutation of
operators. Normalization, orthogonality and orthonormality of wave functions. Average
(expectation) values. Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues. Postulates of quantum mechanics.
Time-independent and time-dependent Schrödinger wave equations and the relation between
their solutions. Physical Interpretation of wave function. Solutions of Schrödinger wave
equation for a free particle, particle in a ring, particle in a three dimensional box. Quantum
mechanical degeneracy, tunneling (no derivation).
Application of Schrödinger equation to harmonic oscillator, rigid rotator. Eigenfunctions and
eigenvalues of angular momentum. Ladder operator method for angular momentum.
Schrödinger equation to hydrogen atom in spherical polar coordinates. Solution of , ,
equation and statements of solution of R equation. Total wave functions of hydrogen atom.
13h
UNIT-II
Quantum Mechanics-II
Quantum numbers and their characteristics. List of wave functions for few initial states of
hydrogen like atoms. Diagrams of radial and angular wave functions. Radial and angular
distribution function and their significance. Electron spin (Stern-Gerlach experiment), spin-
orbital, anti-symmetry and Pauli-exclusion principle, Slater determinants. Coupling of
Angular momenta. Russell-Saunders and JJ-coupling, Term symbols. Spin-orbital interaction
and explanation of term multiplicities (Na-D doublet). Zeeman effect.

Approximate methods: Need for approximate methods. Perturbation method. Rayleigh

Schrödinger perturbation theory for time-independent non-degenerate system. Application to
electron in a box under the influence of an electric field. Application to H atom. Variation
theory-statement and proof. Application of variation method to particle in a one-dimensional
box and H atom.
Unifying principles. Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter- time-dependent
perturbation theory, transition moment integral, selection rules- symmetry and spin forbidden
transitions 13h
UNIT-III
Chemcal Dynamics-I
Macroscopic and microscopic kinetics, review of theories of reaction rate-collision theory and
Transition state theory, Comparison of collision and transition state theories. Arrhenious
equation - characteristics, Significance of energy of activation and problems, Temperature
coefficient and its evaluation. Thermodynamical formulation of reaction rates (Wyne-Jones
and Eyring treatment), reaction between ions in solutions – Influence of ionic strength on
reaction rates (primary and secondary salt effects). 5h

Concept and application of steady state approximation in chemical kinetics, Chain reactions –
chain length and chain inhibition, comparison of photochemical and thermal reactions,
Mechanisms of thermal and photochemical reactions between hydrogen-bromine and
hydrogen-chlorine. Comparative study of thermal and photochemical hydrogen-halogen
reactions. Pyrolysis of acetaldehyde. Decomposition of ethane. 4h

13
Kinetics of homogeneous catalysis-kinetics of auto catalytic reactions, kinetics of acid-base
catalysed reactions. Comparison of enzyme catalysed and chemical catalysed reactions,
Mechanism (Lock and Key theory), Kinetics of enzyme catalyzed reactions – Henri-
Michaelis-Menten mechanism, Significance of Michaelis-Menten constant, Lineweaver-Burk
plot. Effects of enzyme concentration, pH, temperature, activators and inhibitors on enzyme
activity. 4h
UNIT-IV
Chemcal Dynamics-II
Kinetics of fast reactions- Introduction. Study of reactions by relaxation method (Temperature
and pressure jump), relaxation time and problems. Flow method (Plug flow method and
Stopped flow method). Flash photolysis and Shock tube method. 5h

Theories of unimoleuclar reactions: Perrin theory, Lindemann theory and Hinshelwood theory
and their advantages and limitations. 3h

Surface chemistry - Review of adsorption isotherms. Effect of temperature on adsorption,

Mechanical adsorption, Estimation of surface area using BET equation, Gibbs adsorption
isotherm and its significance, Surface tension and surface energy, Pressure difference across
curved surface (Laplace equation), Vapour pressure of droplets (Kelvin equation), Surface
film on liquids (electro-kinetic phenomena), Catalytic activity of surfaces. 5h

SUGGGESTED BOOKS
1. Physical Chemistry, P. W. Atkins, Julio de Paula, 7th Edition, ELBS, (2002).
2. Physical Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, McQuarie and Simon, Viva, New Delhi,
(2001).
3. Introduction to Quantum Chemistry, A. K. Chandra, Tata McGraw Hill, (1988).
4. Quantum Chemistry, Ira N. Levine, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, (1991).
5. Quantum Chemistry, R. K. Prasad, 2nd Edition, New Age International, (2000).
6. Quantum Chemistry through problems and solutions, R. K. Prasad, New Age
International, (1997).
7. Chemical Kinetics, K. J. Laidler, McGraw Hill. Inc. New York, (1988).
8. Principles of Chemical Kinetics, House J. E. Wm C Brown Publisher, Boston, (1997).
9. Kinetics and Mechanism, A. A. Frost and R. G. Pearson, John-Wiley, New York,
(1961).
10. Chemical Kinetic Methods, C. Kalidas, New Age International Publisher, New Delhi,
(1995)
11. S.H. Maran & C.F. Pruton, 4th Edition, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.
NewDelhi (1965).
12. Physical Chemistry, P. Atkins and J. D. Paula, 9th Edition, Oxford University Press,
(2010).
13. Biochemistry, Geoffrey Zubay, 2nd Edition, Macmillan Publishing Co. New York,
(1981).
14. Kinetics and Mechanism of Chemical Transformations, J. Rajaraman and J. Kuriakose,
Mc Millan, (1986).
15. Physical Chemistry of Surfaces, A.W. Adamson, Interscience Publisher Inc., New York,
(1967).
16. Surface Chemistry: Theory and Applications, J.J. Bikerman, Academic Press. New York
(1972).

14
 C-104: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY- II 52 Hours
UNIT-I
Aromatic Substitution Reactions
Electrophilic substitution reactions. The arenium ion mechanism. Orientation and reactivity.
Energy profile diagrams. The ortho/para ratio, ipso attack, orientation in other ring systems.
Quantitative treatment of reactivity in substrates and electrophiles. Effect of leaving
group.amination, sulfonylation reactions, diazonium coupling, Vilsmeier-Haack reaction,
Gatterman reaction, Gatterman-Koch reaction and Hoesch reaction. Nucleophilic substitution
reactions: SNAr, SN1, benzyne and SRN1 mechanisms. Reactivity: effect of substrate
structure, leaving group and attacking nucleophile. Goldberg reaction, Bucherer reaction,
Schiemann reaction, von Richter reaction, Sommelet-Hauser and Smiles rearrangements.
13h
UNIT-II
Addition Reactions
Addition to carbon-carbon multiple bonds: mechanistic and stereochemical aspects of
addition reactions involving electrophiles, nucleophiles and free radicals. Regio, stereo- and
chemoselectivities, orientation and reactivity. Addition to cyclopropane ring. Hydrogenation
of double and triple bonds, hydrogenation of aromatic rings. Addition of alkenes and/or
alkynes to alkenes and/or alkynes. Ene-reaction. Michael addition. Addition to carbon-
heteroatom multiple bonds: mechanism of metal hydride reduction (NaH, LiH, LiAlH4, and
NaBH4) of saturated and unsaturated carbonyl compounds, acids, esters and nitriles. Addition
of Grignard reagents and organolithium reagents to carbonyl compounds and unsaturated
carbonyl compounds. Conversion of aldehydes to nitriles. Hydrolysis of nitriles and addition
of amines to isocyanates. Formation of xanthates. Wittig, Mannich and Stobbe reactions. 13h
UNIT-III
Elimination Reactions
E1, E2, and E1cB mechanisms and their spectrum. E2C and E2H mechanisms. Orientation of
the double bond. Reactivity-effects of substrate structure, attacking base, the leaving group
and the medium. Mechanism and orientation in pyrolytic elimination reactions (including
Chugaev reaction). 4h
Free-radical chemistry-I
Generation and characterization of free-radicals: thermal homolysis of peroxides, peresters
and azo compounds, photochemical methods. Free-radical mechanisms in general.
Characteristic of reaction mechanisms involving radical intermediates: Free-radical
substitution reactions; free-radical addition reactions; halogen, sulphur and selenium group
transfer reactions; intramolecular free-radical reactions; rearrangement and fragmentation
reactions of free-radicals; electron-transfer reactions involving transition-metal ions. 10h
UNIT-IV
Rearrangements
Wagner-Meerwein, pinacol-pinacolone, Fries, Wolff, Beckmann, Hoffmann, Curtius, Lossen,
and Schmidt rearrangements. Benzil-benzilic acid rearrangement, Arndt-Eistert reaction,
Tiffeneau-Demjanov reaction, Firtsch-Buttenberg-Wiechell rearrangement. Stevens, Wittig
and Favorskii rearrangements, Dienone-phenol, Baker-Venkatraman rearrangements. Baeyer-
Villiger oxidation. Neber rearrangement. Benzidine rearrangement. Eschenmoser
fragmentation. 12h

15
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Advanced Organic Chemistry, Reactions, Mechanism and Structure, Jerry March, John
Wiley, (2008).
2. Advanced Organic Chemistry, F. A. Carey and R. J. Sundberg, Plenum, (1990).
3. A Guide Book to Mechanism of Organic Chemistry, Peter Sykes, Longman, (2000).
4. Structure and Mechanism of Organic Chemistry, C. K. Ingold, Cornell University Press,
(1953).
5. Modern Organic Reactions, H. O. House, Benjamin, (1972).
6. Principles of Organic Synthesis, ROC Norman and J. M. Coxon, Blackie Academic and
Professional, (1996).
7. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, D. Nasipuri, New-Age International, (1999).
8. Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds, E. L. Eliel, S. H. Wilen and L. N. Mander, John
Wiley, (1994).
9. Organic Chemistry, Volumes I and II, I. L. Finar, Longman, (1999).
10. Organic Chemistry, Johnathan Clayden, Stuart Warren, Nick Greeves and Peter
Wothers, 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, (2004).
11. Reactions, Rearrangement and Reagents, S. N. Sanyal, 4th Edition Bharathi Bhavan
publishers, (2019).
12. Advance Organic Chemistry, Part B: Reaction and Synthesis, 5th Edition, Francis. A.
Carey, Richard J. Sundberg, Springer, (2000).

16
 C-105: MATHEMATICS FOR CHEMISTRY (Soft Core) 36 Hours
UNIT-I

Tensor: Cartesian and Non-cartesian tensors, Tensor Notation and Operation: Summation,
Symmetric and Antisymmetic Tensors, Combining Tensors, Quotient Rule, Inertia Tensor,
Stress Tensor, Kronecker Delta.
Matrics and Determinants: Matrix operation, Linear Combination, Linear Functions, Linear
Operators, Linear Dependence and Independence, Special Matrices and Formulas, Linear
Vector Space, Eigen values and Eigen vectors, Diagonalization of Matrix, Application of
Diagonalization. 9h
UNIT-II

Ordinary Differential Equation: Linear First Order Equation. Second-order Linear equation
with Constant Coefficients with Zero Right-Hand side. Second Order Linear Equation with
Constant Coefficients and Right hand side not zero. Other Second order Equations. The
Laplace Transform. Solution of Differential Equations by Laplace Transforms. Convolution.
The Dirac Delta Function. A Brief introduction of Green Function.
Series Solutions of Differential Equation: Legendre equation, Bessels Equation, The second
solution of Bessels equation, Graphs and zeros of Bessel Functions. 9h

UNIT-III

Calculus of Variations: Introduction, The Euler Equation, Using the Euler Equation, The
Brachistochrone Problem for Cycloids, several dependent variables, Lagrange’s Equations,
Isoperimetric Problem and Variation Notation.
Fourier Series and Transforms: Introduction, periodic function, Application of Fourier
Series, Average Value of a Function, Fourier Coefficients, Dirichlet Condition, Complex
form of Fourier series, Even and Odd functions, Definition of Fourier transforms, Parsevals
Theorem for Fourier Integrals. 9h

UNIT-IV

Error, Probability and Statistics: Errors, Precision, Accuracy and Averages. Probability
and distributions. Sample space, Probability theorems, Random Variable, The normal or
Gaussian and Lorentzian Distribution. The Poisson Distribution for Statistics and
Experimental measurements. 9h

SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Mathematical methods in the physical sciences, 3rd edition. Mary I. Boss, Wiley India
Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, (2005).
2. Mathematical Preparation for physical chemistry, F. Daniells, M.Graw Hill Inc., US,
(1959).
3. Mathematics for chemists, D. M. Hirst, Chemical Publishing Company Incorporated,
New York, 1979.
4. Mathematics for chemists, P. G. Francis, Springer, (2011).
5. Basic Mathematics for chemists, P. Tebutt, Wiley-Blackwell, (1994).
6. Calculus and analytic geometry, 9th edition, G. B. Thomas, R.L. Finney, Addison-
Wesley Publishing Company, Inc, (1996).
7. Short Course in differential equations, Rainvilles and Bedient, IBH publishers, (1968).
8. Mathematics for chemistry, G. Doggett & B.T. Sutcliffe Longmann Publishers, (1995).

17
 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS
(4 days a week, 4 hours a day)
C-106: Practicals-I
Semimicro qualitative analysis of mixtures containing two anions, two common cations and
one less common cation of the elements: W, Mo, Ce, Th, Zr, V, U and Li (A minimum of 10
different mixtures, some containing anions such as borate and fluoride).
C-107: Practicals-II
Preparation and recrystallization / purity of inorganic complexes
1. Ferrous oxalate FeC2O4
2. Potassium trisoxalatoferrate K3[Fe(C2O4)3]
3. Hexamminenickel(II) chloride [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2
4. Hexammincecobalt(III) chloride [Co(NH3)6]Cl3
5. Pentamminechlorocobalt(III) chloride [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2
6. Copper salicylaldoximate Cu(C7H6O2N)2
7. Cis and trans potassium dioxalatodiaquachromium(III) K[Cr(C2O4)2(H2O)2]
8. Bis[TrisCu(I)thiourea]
C-108: Practicals-III
Gravimetric Analysis
1. Gravimetric determination of Fe in iron ore as Fe2O3
2. Gravimetric determination of Ni in a solution of Cu and Ni
3. Gravimetric determination of Cu in a solution of Cu and Fe
4. Gravimetric determination of Cu in a solution of Cu and Zn
5. Total gravimetric determination of Al and Fe
C-109: Practicals-IV
Volumetric Analysis
1. Volumetric determination of Fe in iron ore
2. Volumetric determination of Cu in a solution of Cu and Ni
3. Volumetric determination of Fe in a solution of Cu and Fe
4. Volumetric determination of Zn in a solution of Cu and Zn
5. Volumetric determination of Ca and Mg in a solution of dolomite

SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Vogel’s Text book of Qualitative Chemical Analysis, J. Bassett, G. H. Jeffery and
J. Mendham, ELBS, (1986).
2. Vogel’s text book of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, J. Bassett, G. H. Jeffery and
J. Mendham and R. C. Denny, 5th Edition, Longman Scientific and Technical, (1999).
3. Inorganic Semimicro Qualitative Analysis, V.V. Ramanujam; The National Pub.Co.,
(1974)
4. Practical Inorganic Chemistry, G. Marr and B. W. Rockett, Von Nostrand Reinhold Co.,
London, (1972).
5. Experiments in Chemistry, D. V. Jahagirdar, Himalaya Publishing House, (2004).
6. Practical Inorganic Chemistry, P. Geoffrey and H. Sutcliffe, 2nd Edition, Springer, (1968)
7. General Chemistry Experiments, Anil. J Elias, University Press, (2002).
8. Advanced Practical Inorganic Chemistry, Gurudeep Raj, (2013).

18
 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS
(4 days a week, 4 hours a day)
C-106: Practicals-I
Preparation (one stage)
1. Cannizarro reaction employing benzaldehyde
2. Oxidation of cyclohexanol
3. Synthesis of 2,4,6-tribromoaniline
4. Pechmann reaction using resorcinol and ethylacetoacetate
5. Schotten-Baumann reaction of α-amino acid
6. Synthesis of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole
7. Preparation of S- benzylisothiuronium chloride
8. Synthesis of p-iodonitrobenzene
9. Synthesis of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.
10. Synthesis N,N-diethylbenzamide (insect repellent)
C-107: Practicals-II
Qualitative analysis
Systematic analysis and identification of organic bifunctional compounds

C-108: Practicals-III
Preparation (Two stages)
1. p-Nitroaniline from acetanilide
2. 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine from chloronitrobenzene
3. Anthranilic acid from phthalic acid
4. Benzilic acid from benzoin
5. Synthesis of Hydantoin.
6. Sandmeyer reaction: 4-chlorotoluene from 4-toluidine

C-109: Practicals-IV
Quantitative analysis
1. Estimation of amino acid
2. Estimation of glucose by Fehling’s method
3. Estimation of an acid
4. Estimation of nitro group by reduction using SnCl2
5. Estimation of phenol
6. Estimation of methyl ketone by haloform reaction

SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Laboratory manual of Organic Chemistry - B. B. Dey, M. V. Sitaraman and
T. R. Govindachari, Allied Publishers, New Delhi, (1996).
2. Practical Organic Chemistry – Mann and Saunders, (1980).
3. Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry- A. I. Vogel, (1996).
4. Test Book of Quantitative Organic Analysis- A. I. Vogel, (1996).
5. A Handbook of Organic Analysis – Clarke and Hayes, (1964).
6. Practical Organic Chemistry (Quantitative analysis), B. B. Dey, M. V. Sitaraman and
T. R. Govindachari, Allied Publishers, New Delhi, (1992).
7. Comprehensive Organic Chemistry Experiments for the Laboratory Classroom RSC,
ISBN:978-1-84973-963-4, (2016).

19
 1. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS
(4 days a week, 4 hours a day)
C-106: Practicals-I
1. Study of the acid catalyzed hydrolysis of methyl acetate at lab temperature and
reporting the calculated and graphical rate constant
2. Determination of velocity constant for the saponification of ethyl acetate at lab
temperature and comparing it with graphical value
3. Evaluation of Arrhenius parameter (A) for the reaction between K2S2O8 and KI (First
order)
4. Verification of Beer’s law: Colorimetric estimation of Cu2+ ions to report the
concentration in the given unknown solutions and calculation of molar extinction
coefficient
5. Estimation of Fe2+ ion concentration in the given solution by the titration of FAS versus
KMnO4 colorimetrically
6. Estimation of Fe2+ ion concentration in the given solution using EDTA by colorimetric
method
7. Determination of partial molar volume of solute-water system by apparent molar
volume method
8. Determination of partial molar volume of ethanol-water system by intercept method.
9. Verification of Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms for adsorption of acetic acid on
activated charcoal
10. Study of the variation of viscosity of a given liquid with temperature and determination
of the constants A and B
C-107: Practicals-II
1. Precipitation titration of Li2SO4 versus BaCl2 by conductometric method for the
determination of concentration of Li2SO4
2. Determination of concentration of a weak acid by titrating against weak base
conductometrically
3. Determination of dissociation constant of a weak acid by conductometric method
4. Determination of solubility of sparingly soluble salt (BaSO4) by conductometric method
5. Determination of the single electrode potential of Cu2+/Cu system potentiometrically
and estimation of the given unknown concentration of copper ions
6. Determination of single electrode potential of Zn2+/Zn system potentiometrically and
estimation of the given unknown concentration of Zinc ions
7. Potentiometric titration of weak acid versus strong base using quinhydrone electrode
and calculation of Concentration of the given weak acid, Ka and pKa
8. Determination of the concentration and the amount of K2Cr2O7 by titrating it against
FAS potentiometrically and calculation of the redox potential
9. Determination of pH values of the solutions of a buffer using quinhydrone electrode
potentiometrically and comparing them with the pH values measured using glass
electrode
10. Construction of phase diagram of two component system and determination of Eutectic
composition, Eutectic temperature and composition of given unknown mixture
C-108: Practicals-III
1. Study of the acid hydrolysis of methyl acetate for two different concentrations of HCl
and calculation of the rate constants and the relative strength
2. Study of the acid hydrolysis of methyl acetate in the presence of HCl at two different
temperatures and calculation of the rate constants and the energy of activation (Ea)
3. Study of the kinetics of the reaction between KI and K2S2O8 colorimetrically and
calculation of the rate constant
4. Determination of the dissociation constant of a given indicator by colorimetric method
20
5. Verification of Beer’s law: Estimation of MnO42- ions colorimetrically and
determination of the concentration of the given unknown solutions and calculation of
molar extinction coefficient
6. Construction of the phase diagram of Urea-KCl-H2O, a three component systems
7. Analysis of a binary mixture by measuring viscosity using a viscometer
8. Study of the influence of chain length on the surface activity of an aliphatic alcohol by
surface tension measurement using differential capillary rise method
9. Determination of the heat of solution of a sparingly soluble salt
10. Determination of molecular weight of a polymer using Schrodinger equation by
viscosity method
C-109: Practicals-IV
1. Determination of the concentration of strong acid and weak acid in a given mixture by
titrating against strong base conductometrically
2. Determination of concentration of strong acid and salt in a given mixture by titrating
against strong base conductometrically
3. Determination of the concentration of weak acid and salt in a given mixture by titrating
against strong base conductometrically
4. Determination of the concentration of strong acid, weak acid and a salt in a given
mixture by titrating against strong base conductometrically
5. Determination of equivalent conductance of given strong electrolyte
6. Precipitation Titration of AgNO3 versus KCl: Estimation of concentration of AgNO3
potentiometrically
7. Potentiometric estimation of concentration and the amount of KMnO4 by titrating
against FAS and calculation of the redox potential
8. Determination of the concentration of strong acid and weak acid in a given mixture by
titrating against strong base potentiometrically
9. pH metric determination of the acidic and basic dissociation constants of an amino acid
and calculation of isoelectric point
10. Determination of the mean activity coefficient (γ±) of 0.01 M hydrochloric acid solution
by potentiometric method

SUGGETED BOOKS
1. Findlays Practical Physical Chemistry by P. B. Levitt, Longman’s London, (1966).
2. Experiments in Physical Chemistry by Shoemaker and Garland, McGraw Hill International
Edition, (1966).
3. Advanced Practical Physical Chemistry by J. B. Yadav, Goel Publishers Meerut, (1988).
4. Senior Practical Physical Chemistry by B. C. Kosla, Simla Printers New Delhi, (1987).
5. Experimental Physical Chemistry by Daniel et al., McGraw Hill, New York, (1962).
6. Practical Physical Chemistry by A.M James & P. E. Pritchard, Longman’s Group Ltd, (1968).
7. Experimental Physical Chemistry by Wilson, Newcombe & others, Pergamon Press, New York,
(1962).
8. Experimental Physical Chemistry by R.C. Behra & B Behra, Tata McGraw, ND (1983)
9. Experimental Physical Chemistry by V. D. Atavale and Parul Mathur, New Age International,
New York, (2001).
10. Physical Chemistry Laboratory Principles and Experiments by H. W. Salberg J. I. Morrow, S. R.
Cohen and M. E. Green Macmillan publishing Co., New York, (1978).
11. Practical’s in Physical Chemistry, A. Modern Approach by P.S Sindhu, Mac. Millan Publishers
Delhi, (2006).
12. Practical Physical Chemistry by Renu Gupta, New Age International Publishers, (2017).
13. Physical Chemistry, A Laboratory Manual, Shailendra K Sinha, Narosa Pub, (2014).
14. Advanced Physical Chemistry Experiments by J. N. Gurthu and Amit Gurthu, Pragati
Prakashan, (2011).

21
 SECOND SEMESTER
C-201: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY- II
52 Hours
UNIT-I
Metal-Ligand Equilibria in Solution
Stepwise and overall formation constants and their relationship, trends in stepwise constants,
factors influencing stability of metal complexes: Size and charge, metal class, ligand
preference, nature of transition metal ions, basic strength, chelate effect, ring size, steric strain,
macrocyclic effect, thermodynamic and kinetic stability.
Determination of binary formation constant by pH metry, spectrophotometry, polarography
and ion exchange methods.
Metal Carbonyls: Structure and Bonding, Important reactions of metal carbonyls. Preparation,
bonding, structure and important reactions of transition metal nitrosyl, dinitrogen and
dioxygen complexes, tertiary phosphine as a ligand. 13h

UNIT-II
Metal-Ligand Bonding
Stereoisomerism - coordination numbers 3 to 8. Crystal field theory, salient features,
spectrochemical series, splitting of d-orbitals in tetragonal, square planar, trigonal bipyramidal
and square-pyramidal geometry, applications of CFT-colours of transition metal complexes,
distortion of octahedral complex, CFSE and their uses, factors affecting CFSE, limitations of
CFT, experimental evidence for metal-ligand covalent bonding in complexes, nephelauxetic
effect, Ligand Field Theory, MO theory: tetrahedral and octahedral complexes (including π-
bonding), angular overlap model. 13h
UNIT-III
Electronic Spectra of Coordination Compounds
Spectroscopic ground states, selection rules, term symbols for dn ions, Racah parameters,
Orgel, Correlation and Tanabe-Sugano diagrams, spectra of 3d metal-aqua complexes of
trivalent V, Cr, divalent Mn, Co and Ni, CoCl2-, calculation of Dq, B and β parameters, CT
spectra. 13h
UNIT-IV
Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
Types of magnetic behavior, magnetic susceptibility and its determination- Gouy, Faraday,
VSM method. Diamagnetic correction, orbital contribution, spin-orbital coupling, ferro and
antiferromagnetic coupling, spin- crossover. Magnetic properties of Lanthanide and Actinide
metal complexes.
Photochemical Reactions of Transition Metals Complexes
Basic photochemical processes, Kasha’s rule, quantum yield, Jablonski diagrams, photo
substitution reactions, photo-redox reactions, ligand photoreactions, photoreactions and solar
energy conversion. 13h

SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, F. A. Cotton and G. Wilkinson, 6th Edition, (2007).
2. Inorganic Chemistry, J.E. Huheey, E.A. Keiter and R.L. Keiter, Addison Wesley, 4th Edn, (1993).
3. Inorganic Chemistry, D. F. Shriver, P. W. Atkins and C. H. Langford, ELBS, Oxford University
Press, 2nd Edition (1994).
4. Chemistry of Elements, N.N. Greenwood, A.E. Earnshaw, II Edn, Butterworth Heinemann, (1997)
5. Inorganic Chemistry (2nd edition), C. E. Housecroft and A. G. Sharpe, Pearson, (2005)
6. Magnetochemistry, R. L. Carlin, Springer Verlag, (1996).
7. Inorganic Chemistry, G. L. Miessler and D. A. Tarr, (2007).
8. Inorganic Chemistry- A Unified Approach, W. W. Porterfield, 2nd Edition, Elsevier, (2005).
22
 C-202: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-III
52 Hours
UNIT-I
Reagents In Organic Synthesis
Use of the following in organic synthesis and functional group transformations: NBS, LDA,
DDQ, Corey-Chaykovsky reagent, Raney-Nickel, diazomethane, TMS-chloride, 1,3-Dithiane
(reactivity and umpolung), polyphosphoric acid (PPA), Yamaguchi reagent. Iodine/AgOAc or
AgOCOPh (Woodward and Prevost hydroxylations). 8h
Oxidation-I
Cr (VI) oxidants: K2Cr2O7-H2SO4, Na2Cr2O4-H2SO4, PCC, PDC, CrO3-Acid. MnO2, KMnO4,
OsO4, Ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN), SeO2, Pb(OAc)4, HIO4, Ag2O, Ag2CO3, Oppenaeur
oxidation.. 7h
UNIT-II
Oxidation-II
DMSO: Moffatt Oxidation and Swern Oxidation; Ozone, peroxides (H2O2, t-BuOOH,
dibenzoylperoxide) and peracids (preparation, properties and applications of CF3COOOH, m-
CPBA, monoperphthalic acid) as oxidizing agents. Dess-Martin oxidation. Hydroboration-
isomerization and oxidation. 7h

Reduction
Complex metal hydrides, dissolving metal reductions (including Birch, Benkeser,
Clemmensen reductions), Aluminium-iso-propoxide (MPV-reduction), DIBAL-H, diimide
reduction, catalytic hydrogenation (homogeneous and heterogeneous), organoboranes as
reducing agents. Wolf-Kishner reduction (Huang-Minlon modification), McMurry reaction.
Pummer, Willgerdot, Corey-Bakshi-Shibata and Tishchenko reactions. 10h
UNIT-III
Use of Ultrasound and Microwaves in Organic Synthesis
Uses of ultrasound: Introduction, instrumentation, the phenomenon of cavitation.
Sonochemical esterification, substitution, addition, oxidation, reduction and coupling
reactions.
Use of microwaves: introduction, concept, reaction vessel/medium, atom efficiency (% atom
utilization), advantages and limitations. N-alkylation and alkylation of active methylene
compounds, condensation of active methylene compounds with aldehydes and amines. Diels’-
Alder reaction. Deprotection of esters and silyl ethers. Oxidation of alcohols. 4h

Ionic-liquids
Introduction, structure and applications of ionic liquids (ILs) in organic synthesis. Synthesis
of the following ionic liquids: five membered heterocyclic cations: imidazolium, pyrazolium,
triazolium ILs; six-Membered heterocyclic cations: Pyridinium ILs. Anions: bis
(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide and 2, 2, 2-trifluoro-N-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)acetamide.
3h
UNIT-IV
Amino Acids and Peptides
Synthesis and reactions of amino acids.Classification and nomenclature of peptides.Sanger
and Edman methods of sequencing. Cleavage of peptide bond by chemical methods. Peptide
synthesis: Protection of amino group (Boc-, Z- and Fmoc-) and carboxyl group as alkyl and
aryl esters. Use of DCC, T3P, HOBt and active esters, acid halides, acid azides, anhydrides in
peptide bond formation reactions. Deprotection and racemization in peptide synthesis.
Solution and solid phase techniques. Synthesis of oxytocin. Introduction to peptidomimetics.
13h
23
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Advanced organic chemistry, J. March, 4th Edition, John Wiley, (2008).
2. Understanding organic reaction mechanisms, A. Jacob, Cambridge Univ. Press, (1997).
3. Introduction to organic chemistry, A. Streitweiser, Jr. and & C.H. Heathcock,
Macmillan, (1985).
4. Physical and mechanistic organic chemistry, R. A.Y. Jones, 1st Edition, Cambridge
Univ. Press, (1979).
5. Modern synthetic reactions, H.O. House, W.A. Benjamin, California, 2nd Edn, (1972).
6. Some modern methods of organic synthesis, W. Carruthurs, 2nd Edition, Cambridge
Univ. Press, London, (1978).
7. Comprehensive organic chemistry, D. Barton and W. D. Wallis, Pergamon Press,
Oxford, (1983).
8. Modern methods of Organic Synthesis, Part A, William Carruthers and Lain coldham,
4th Edition, (2004).
9. Peptides Chemistry: A practical text book, M. Bodansky, Springer-Verlag NY, (1988).
10. Solid-phase peptide synthesis: A practical approach-E. Artherton & R.C. Sheppard, I R
L, Oxford University Press, (1989).
11. Peptides: Chemistry and Biology, N Selwad and H.-D. Jakubke, Wiley-VCH, (2002).
12. Ionic Liquids by Barbara Kirchner, Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York,
Vol. 290, (2010).

C-203: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY- II

52 Hours
UNIT-I
Thermodynamics
Concepts of partial molar properties-Partial molar free energy, chemical potential, partial
molar volume and its significance. Gibbs-Duhem equation, Gibbs-Duhem-Margulus equation.
Determination of partial molar volume : Graphical method and Apparent molar volume
method. Concept of fugacity; Determination of fugacity by graphical method and
compressibility factor method. Activity and activity coefficient: Determination of activity
coefficient by EMF and solubility method. Thermodynamics of nonideal system-Excess
thermodynamic function, GE, SE, HE etc., Phase Rule: Derivation of phase rule from the
concept of chemical potential. Application of Phase Rule to three components system:
Principle of triangular diagram: Plots for a mixture of three liquids consisting of one, two and
three pairs of partially miscible liquids. 13h
UNIT-II
Statistical Thermodynamics
Objectives of statistical thermodynamics. Concept of distributions. Types of ensembles.
Thermodynamic probability. Most probable distribution Law–Partition Function: Definition
and significance. Molar and molecular partitions-translational, rotational, vibrational and
electronic partition functions. Relation between thermodynamic functions (E, H, S, G, and
Cv) and the partition functions.
Sackur-Tetrode equation for entropy of translation function. Relation between equilibrium
constant and partition function.
Different Distribution Laws: Types of Statistics: Maxwell-Boltzmann, Bose-Einstein and
Fermi-Dirac statistics. Derivation of the equations for above three distribution Laws.
Comparision of Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac statistics with Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics.
Problems and their Solutions.
24
Non-equillbrium Thermodynamics
Thermodynamic criteria for non-equillibrium states-Phenomenological Laws and Onsager’s
reciprocity relations, Coupled and Non-coupled reactions, Entropy production and entropy
flow. Electro kinetic Phenomenon. Postulates and methodologies: Uncompensated heat and
thermodynamics fuction production. de-Donder’s inequality. Rate of entropy production.
Transformations of the generalized fluxes and forces: eg., Chemical reaction, heat flow,
diffusion or material flow, flow of electric current. 13h
UNIT-III
Electrochemistry-I
Elcetrochemistry of solutions: Ionic atmosphere, Debye-Huckel theory for the problem of
activity coefficient, Debye-Huckel limiting Law, Debye-Huckel equation for appreciable
concentration, Debye-Huckel Onsagar conductance equation and its extension to ion solvent
interations, Debye-Huckel Bjerrum mode, Ion association, triple ions, triple ions and
conductance minima. Thermodynamics of electrified interface, derivation of electro capillary
Lipmann’s equation, surface excess, thermodynamic aspects of surface excess. The method of
determination and measurement of interfacial tension as a function of applied potential
difference across the interface. 13h
UNIT-IV
Electrochemistry-II
Structure of electrified interface: Helmholtz theory, Guoy-Chapman theory, Stern model.
Overpotential: Concentration, activation and ohmic overpotential; Derivation of Butler-
Volmer equation.
Semiconductor-solution interface: Theory of double layers at semiconductor - electrolyte
interface.
Electrocatalysis: Definition and Influence of various parameters. Quantum aspects of charge
transfer at electrode solution interface, quantization of charge transfer, tunneling of electrons
for hydrogen evolution with reference to electrocatalysis.
Advanced Electrodes: Mercury drop electrodes, Rotating disc electrodes, Membrane
electrodes (Definition, examples with diagrams and applications to each) Polarography
technique-Principle, experimental, polarogram, half wave potential, diffusion controlled
current, Ilkovic equation (no derivation), qualitative and quantitative estimation of metal ions.
13h
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Molecular thermodynamics, Donald A. Mc Quarrie, John D. Simon University Science
Books California, (1999).
2. Thermodynamics for Chemists, by S. Glasstone, East-West Press, New Delhi, (1960).
3. Thermodynamics by Rajaraman and Kuriacose, East-West Press, (1986).
4. Statistical Thermodynamics, M. C. Gupta (Wiley Eastern Ltd.), (1993).
5. Elementary Statistical Thermodynamics, N. D. Smith, Plenum Press, NY, (1982).
6. Elements of Classical & Statistical Thermodynamics, L.K. Nash, Addison-Wiley,(1979)
7. Thermodynamics, Statistical Thermodynamics and Kinetics by Thomas Engel & Philip
Reid, Pearson Education inc, (2007).
8. Modern Electrochemistry Vol-1 and 2, J. O. M Bockris and A. K. N. Reddy, Plenum
NewYork, (1978).
9. An introduction to electrochemistry-Samuel Glastone, East-West Edn, NewDelhi(1942)
10. Textbook of physical chemistry Samuel Glasstone, II Edn, Mac Millan India Ltd.(1991)
11. Electrochemistry, Principles and Applications, Edmund, C. Potter, Cleaver-Hume press
London, (1961).
12. Principles and Applications of Electrochemistry- D. R. Crow 3rd edition Chapmanhall
London, (1988).
25
 C-204: SPECTROSCOPY-I 52 Hours
UNIT-I
Symmetry and Group Theory in Chemistry : Definition of groups, subgroups, cyclic
groups, conjugate relationships, classes, simple theorems in group theory. Symmetry elements
and symmetry operations, point groups, Schöenflies notations, representations of groups by
matrices, reducible and irreducible representations, characters of representations, Great
Orthogonality Theorem (without proof) and its applications, character tables and their uses
(representations for the Cn, Cnv, Cnh, Dnh etc groups to be worked out explicitly) Mulliken
symbols for irreducible representations Direct products, Applications of group theory to
quantum mechanics- identifying non-zero matrix elements, derivation of the
orthonormalization conditions. 13h
UNIT-II
Microwave Spectroscopy : Rotations of molecules, rigid diatomic molecule- rotational
energy expression, energy level diagram, rotational wave functions and their symmetry,
selection rules, expression for the energies of spectral lines, computation of intensities, effect
of isotopic substitution, centrifugal distortion and the spectrum of a non-rigid rotor. Rotational
spectra of polyatomic molecules- linear, symmetric top and asymmetric top molecules Stark
effect, techniques and instrumentation

Raman Spectroscopy : Classical theory of the Raman effect, polarizability as a tensor,

polarizability ellipsoids, quantum theory of the Raman effect, Pure rotational Raman spectra
of linear and aymmetric top molecules, vibrational Raman spectra, Raman activity of
vibrations, rule of mutual exclusion, rotational fine structure- O and S branches, Polarization
of Raman scattered photons Structure determination from Raman and IR spectroscopy-AB2
and AB3 molecules. Techniques and instrumentation. 13h

UNIT –III
Infrared Spectroscopy : Vibrations of molecules, harmonic and anharmonic oscillators-
vibrational energy expression, energy level diagram, vibrational wave functions and their
symmetry, selection rules, expression for the energies of spectral lines, computation of
intensities, hot bands effect of isotopic substitution
Diatomic vibrating rotor, Born-Oppenheimer approximation, vibrational-rotational spectra of
diatomic molecules, P, Q and R branches, breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer
approximation.
Vibrations of polyatomic molecules: Normal coordinates, translations, vibrations and
rotations, vibrational energy levels and wave functions, fundamentals, overtones, and
Combinations Vibration-rotation spectra of polyatomic molecules- parallel and perpendicular
vibrations of linear and symmetric top molecules Techniques and instrumentation, FT-IR.
13h
UNIT-IV
Electronic Spectroscopy : Born-Oppenheimer approximation, vibrational coarse structure,
intensities by Franck-Condon principle, Dissociation energy, rotational fine structure, Fortrat
diagram, predissociation. Electronic structure of diatomic molecules- basic results of MO
theory, classification of states by electronic angular momentum- s, p, d and f -molecular
orbitals, selection rules, spectrum of singlet and triplet molecular hydrogen electronic spectra
of polyatomic molecules- localized MOs, spectrum of HCHO, change of shape on excitation.
Decay of excited states- radiative (fluorescence and phosphorescence) and non-radiative
decay, internal conversion.
13h

26
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Chemical Applications of Group Theory, F. A. Cotton, Wiley Eastern, (1976).
2. Molecular Symmetry, D. S. Schonland, Van Nostrand, (1965).
3. Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy, C. N. Banwell, TMH Edition, (1994).
4. Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy, G. M. Barrow, McGraw Hill (Int. Students
Edition), (1988).
5. Molecular Spectroscopy, J. D. Graybeal, McGraw Hill (Int. Students Edition), (1990).
6. Spectroscopy, Vols. 1-3, B. P. Straughan and W. Walker, Chapman Hall, (1976).

C-205: BIOPHYSICAL AND PHOTOCHEMISTRY (Soft Core)

36 Hours
UNIT-I

Energetics and Environmental aspects of the Biological systems

Meaning and examples of Biological systems and surroundings. Change in free energy across
the system and surroundings. The effect of pH on standard Change in free energy, Methods of
determination of free energy changes. Relationship between Keq and ΔGo. Redox reactions in
biological system. The Malate-Fumarate equilibria, Peptide bond synthesis between Benzoyl
–L- Tyrosine and Glycinamide; Standard free energy of the hydrolysis of ATP.
Water and it’s Biological Significance
Biologically important properties of water; H+ and OH- ion concentrations of water,
Solubility, Dielectric constant, Dissociation constants; Heat capacity, Heat of vaporization.
Biological relevance of pH and pKa of functional groups and proteins. Multiple equilibria
concept, pH ranges of common bio fluids biological systems. 9h

UNIT-II
Bio-molecular interactions and movements
Types of bonding forces involved in biological molecules, Secondary Forces involved in
bimolecular interaction. Determination of arrangements of Peptide chains and their linkage
within protein molecules, The number of peptide chains in the molecule and nature of the
terminal groups; Comparison of Vant’s Hoff’s law of osmotic pressure and universal law of
gases. Molecular weight determination from osmotic pressure measurements.
Osmoregularity, Significance of osmosis in biology.
Techniques of Analysis
Biocatalysts in Biosensors-Definition of biosensors, components and functioning,
Applications of biosensors (Mentioning). Electrophoresis: Electrophoretic mobility of ions,
Factors affecting the Electrophoretic mobility. UV-Visible spectrophotometric analysis-
interpretation of absorption spectra of Biological macro molecules (qualitative analysis),
Quantitative Analysis-Enzyme assay. 9h
UNIT-III
Photochemistry-I
Importance of Photochemistry, Laws of Photochemistry: Grothus-Draper Law, Stark-
Einsteins Law, Laws of light absorption, Quantum yield. Laporte’s selection rules.
Physicochemical Properties of electronically excited molecules: Nature of changes on
electronic excitation: Fates of excited species, crossing of potential energy surfaces, Non
crossing rule of Teller for potential energy surface. Emission spectra, fluorescence and
phosphorescence; Classification of photochemical reactions; Experimental techniques to
determine the intermediates in photochemical reactions. 9h
27
 UNIT-IV
Photochemistry-II
Photo-fragmentation, photo-dissociation, Gas phase photolysis, Atmospheric photochemistry,
Rate constants and life times of reactive energy state.
Semiconductors: energy bands in semiconductors, impurity semiconductors. Photo voltaic
effect, Brief account of p-n junction, solar cells, silicon cells, GaAs solar cells and Schottky
barrier solar cells. Photoelectrochemistry: Basic concepts. Photosplitting of water using
colloidal suspensions, Photocatalysis: Photocleavage of environmentally hazardous wastes
(Phenol and a simple organic dye) using TiO2, Photooxidation and photoreduction reactions.
9h

SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Biological Chemistry by J. T. Edsall, Jeffeies Wyman, Chemistry Academic Press Inc,
New York, (1958).
2. Biological Chemistry, Principles and Techniques, Upadyaya and Upadyaya, Nath,
Himalaya Publishing Company, 4th revised Edition, Delhi, (2007).
3. Text Book of Biophysical Chemistry by U. N. Dash, Macmillan, (2006)
4. Biological Chemistry by James P. Allen, Wiley-Blackwell, (2008).
5. Biochemistry: Rawn, J. David, N. Patterson, Publishers, (1989).
6. Introduction to Biophysical chemistry, R. Bruce Martin, McGraw-Hill, NY, (1964).
7. Physical Chemistry with applications to Biological systems, Raymond Chang, Mc
Millan publishing Co.inc, New York, (1977).
8. Environmental Biosensors, Edited by Vernon Somerset, ISBN 978-953-307-486-3, 356
pages, Publisher: InTech, Chapters, published under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license
DOI:10.5772/929, (2011).
9. Fundamentals of Photochemistry, K.K. RohatgiMukhergee, Wiley Eastern Limited,
(1986)
10. Photochemistry, Carol E Wayne and Richard P Wayne, Oxford University Press, (1996)
11. Organic Photochemistry, J. M. Cozen and B. Halton, 1st Edition, Cambridge University
Press, (1974).
12. Introduction to Semiconductor Materials and devices M S Tyagi, John Wiley and sons,
(1991).

28
 C-205: PHOTOINORGANIC CHEMISTRY (Soft Core)
36 Hours
UNIT –I
Electromagnetic radiation, types of excitations, quantum yield, Energy dissipation by radiative
and non-radiative processes, absorption spectra, Franck-Condon principle, photochemical
stages.
Excited States of Metal Complexes: Electronically excited states of metal complexes,
Reactivity, Photochemical kinetics. Excited states acidity constants- pK values, Bimolecular
deactivation- quenching, Geometry of electronically excited molecules, electron relay, metal
colloid systems, charge-transfer spectra, charge-transfer excitations, methods for obtaining
charge-transfer spectra, Stern Volmer equation, comparision with organic compounds. 12h
UNIT –II
Ligand Field Photochemistry of Metal Complexes: Photosubstitution, photooxidation and
photoreduction, lability and selectivity, zero vibrational levels of ground state and excited
state.
Redox Reactions by Excited Metal Complexes: Energy transfer under conditions of weak
interaction and strong interaction, conditions of the excited states to be useful as redox
reactants, excited electron transfer, role of spin-orbit coupling-life time of these complexes.
Application of redox processes of electronically excited states for catalytic purposes,
transformation of low energy reactants into high energy products, chemical energy into light.
Metal complexes as attractive candidates, (2, 2-bipyridine and 1, 10-phenanthroline
complexes), illustration of reducing and oxidising character of Ru2+ (bipyridal complex),
comparision with Fe (bipy)3. 12h
UNIT –III
Photochemical reactions of coordination compounds: Cr (III) and Co (III) complexes,
Ra (III) complex, complexes of transition elements, complexes of lanthanides and actinides.
Applications of photochemical reactions of coordination compounds: Synthesis, catalysis,
photochromism and photocalorimetry.
Metal complex sensitizer, semiconductor supported metal or oxide systems, water photolysis,
nitrogen fixation and carbon dioxide reduction. 12h

SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. D. M. Roundhill, Photochemistry and Photophysics of Metal Complexes, Plenum Press,
New York and London, (1994).
2. V. Balzani and V. Carassiti, Photochemistry of Coordination Compounds, Academic
Press, London, (1970).
3. O. Horvath and K.L. Stevenson, Charge Transfer Photochemistry of Coordination
Complexes, VCH Publishers Inc., (1993)
4. Concepts of Inorganic Photochemistry, A.W. Adamson and P.D. Fleischauer, Wiley,
(1977).
5. Photochemistry of Coordination Compounds, V. Balzari and V. Carassiti, Academic
Press, (1965).
6. Elements of Inorganic Photochemistry, G. J. Ferraudi, John Wiley & Sons, (1988).
7. Inorganic Photochemistry, J. Chem. Educ., Vol. 60, no. 10, (1983).
8. Coordination Chem. Revs., (1981), vol. 39, 121, 131; 1960, 15, 321; 1990, 97, 313.

29
 C-205: CHEMISTRY OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (Soft Core)
36 Hours
UNIT–I
Compounds of hydrogen: The hydrogen atom and hydride ions, dihydrogen and hydrogen
bonding. Classes of binary hydrides. Molecular hydrides, saline hydrides and metallic
hydrides.
The Group 1 elements: Occurrence, extraction and uses. Simple compounds: Hydrides,
halides, oxides, hydroxides, oxoacids, nitrides, solubility and hydration, solutions in liquid
ammonia. Coordination and organometalllic compounds. Applications.
The Group 2 elements: Occurrence, extraction and uses. Halides, hydrides and salts of
oxoacids. Complex ion in aqueous solution and complexes with amino and alkoxy ligands.
The Group 17 elements: Occurrence, recovery and uses. Trends in properties and
pseudohalogens. 12h

UNIT–II
Interhalogens: Physical properties and structures, chemical properties, cationic interhalogens,
halogen complexes and polyhalides.
Compounds with oxygen: Halogen oxides, oxoacids and oxoanions.
Trends in rates of redox reactions and redox properties of individual oxidation states.
The Group 18 elements: Occurrence, recovery and uses. Synthesis and structure of xenon
fluorides, reactions of xenon fluorides, xenon-oxygen compounds, Organoxenon compounds,
other compounds of noble gases. 12h

UNIT–III
Chemistry of Uranium: Isotope separation/enrichment, Chemical properties, hydrides, oxides
and halides. Chemistry of trans-uranium elements.
Chemistry of Silanes: Silicon halides, Silicates with layer structures, Silicates with
framework structures, Organosilicon compounds and silicones.
Chemisry of Boron: Bonding and topology, Metallocarboranes, Boron Halides, Boron-
Oxygen Compounds, Boron-Nitrogen Compounds.
M-M bonds: Multiple metal-metal bonds.
Cluster compounds: Carbonyl and carbide clusters. 12h

SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Basic Inorganic Chemistry, F.A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson and P.L. Gaus, 3rd Edition, John
Wiley and Sons, (2002).
2. Inorganic Chemistry, James E. Huheey, 3rd Edition, Harper and Row Publishers, (1983).
3. Inorganic Chemistry, G.L. Miessler and D.A. Tarr, 3rd Edition, Pearson Education,
(2004).
4. Inorganic Chemistry, C.E. Housecroft and A.G. Sharpe, 2nd Edition, Pearson Education,
(2005).
5. Chemistry of the Elements –N.N. Greenwood and A. Earnshaw, Pergamon Press, (1985).
6. Inorganic Chemistry, D.F. Shriver, P.W. Atkins and C.H. Langford, 2nd Edition, Oxford
University Press, (1994).

30
 C-206, C-207, C-208 and C-209

Practicals

(4 h per day, 4 days per week)

Inorganic Chemistry Practicals - I, II, III and IV

Organic Chemistry Practicals - I, II, III and IV
Physical Chemistry Practicals - I, II, III and IV

Experiments are as in first semester. Every student will carry out experiments in each of the
three branches of chemistry on a rotation basis from 1st Semester.

31
 THIRD SEMESTER
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY SPECIALISATION
C- 301 IC/OC/PC: SPECTROSCOPY-II 52 Hours
(Common to Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry students)
UNIT-I
Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis)
Classification of electronic transitions. terminology. Factors affecting UV-Vis transitions.
Empirical rules for calculating the λmax: Woodward-Fieser rules for dienes, Woodward’s rules
for enones. Visible spectra: colour in compounds (β-carotene, phenolphthalein, malachite
green).
Infrared Spectroscopy (IR)
The infrared absorption process. Factors affecting the IR frequencies (bond order, mass effect,
conjugation, inductive, resonance and steric effects). Application of IR in the determination of
H-bonding, tautomerism and ring size of cyclic ketones. Survey on functional groups:
hydrocarbons, alcohols and phenols, esters, amides, acid chlorides, anhydrides, amines,
nitriles, isocyanates, nitro compounds, alkyl and aryl halides. 9h
UNIT-II

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy-I

Nuclear spin states, nuclear magnetic moments, the mechanism of absorption (resonance), the
chemical shift () and shielding, chemical equivalence-a brief overview, integrals and
integration. Factors affecting chemical shifts: Shielding, electronegativity effects,
hybridization effects, hydrogen bonding, magnetic anisotropy. Spin-spin splitting (n +1) rule,
the origin of spin-spin splitting, the coupling constant. Survey of typical 1HNMR absorptions
by type of compounds: alkanes, alkenes, aromatic compounds, alkynes, alkyl halides,
alcohols, ethers, amines, nitriles, aldehydes, ketones, esters, carboxylic acids, amides,
nitroalkanes. Basic NMR spectroscopy of other nuclei with spin I = ½ (19F and 31P). 13C
spectra: the 13C nucleus, 13C chemical shifts, proton-coupled 13C. Proton-decoupled 13C.
Problems with integration in 13C, molecular relaxation processes, off-resonance decoupling.
12h
UNIT-III

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy-II

Spin–spin coupling: coupling constants: symbols, coupling constants: the mechanism of
coupling, one-bond couplings (1J), two-bond couplings (2J), three-bond couplings (3J),
magnetic equivalence, measuring coupling constants from first-order spectra, simple
multiplets: one value of J (one coupling), second-order spectra: strong coupling, first-order
and second-order spectra, the AX, AX2, AMX, AB spin systems, alkenes, measuring coupling
constants: analysis of an allylic system, aromatic compounds: substituted benzene rings-
monosubstituted rings, para-disubstituted rings. 9h
Applications of one-dimensional NMR
Protons on oxygen: alcohols, exchange in water and D2O, acid/water and alcohol/water
mixtures, deuterium exchange, peak broadening due to exchange. Other types of exchange:
tautomerism, protons on nitrogen: amines; amides: quadrupole broadening and decoupling.
The effect of solvent on chemical shift, chemical shift reagents, Karplus curve, spectra of
diastereotopic systems: Diastereotopic methyl and diastereotopic hydrogens. 4h

32
 UNIT-IV
Mass Spectrometry
The mass spectrometer: an overview. Ionization methods: electron ionization (EI), chemical
ionization (CI), desorption ionization techniques (FAB, and MALDI), electrospray ionization
(ESI). Mass analysis: Quadrupole mass analyzers, time-of-flight mass analyzers. Precise mass
determination (HRMS), the nitrogen rule, isotope ratios, fragmentation patterns, Stevenson’s
rule, radical-site initiated cleavage: α-cleavage, charge-site initiated cleavage: inductive
cleavage, two-bond cleavage, retro Diels’-Alder cleavage, McLafferty and McLafferty + 1
rearrangements, cleavage types with various organic compounds: alkanes, cycloalkanes,
alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols and phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones,
esters, carboxylic acids, amines, selected nitrogen and sulfur compounds, alkyl chlorides and
alkyl bromides. Strategic approach to analyzing mass spectra and solving problems. 12h

Structural Elucidation through Spectroscopy

Combined structure problems: application of UV, IR, NMR and mass methods in the
structural elucidation of minimum of twenty-five organic compounds. 6h

SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Introduction to spectroscopy, G. M. Lapman, D. L. Pavia, and G. S. Kriz, and James
R.Vyvyan, 4th Edition, Mary Finch Publishers, (2001).
2. Organic Chemistry, Johnathan Clayden, Stuart Warren, Nick Greeves and Peter
Wothers, 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, (2004).
3. Applications of absorption spectroscopy to organic compounds, J.R. Dyer, Prentice-
Hall, New Delhi, (1969).
4. Organic spectroscopy, P. Laszlo and P. Stang, Harper & Row, New York, (1971).
5. Organic spectroscopy, W. Kemp, ELBS London, (2000).
6. Spectrometric identification of organic compounds, R. M. Silverstien, and W. P. Weber,
Wiley Edition, (2005).
7. Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds, P. S. Kalsi, 6th Edition, New Age International
Publishers, (2004).
8. Interpretation of Organic Mass Spectra, F. W. McLafferty, W. A. Benjamin, London,
(1973).
9. Practical Organic Mass Spectroscopy, J. R. Chapman, 2nd Edition, John Wiley, NY,
(1993).
10. The IR Spectra of complex molecules, Vols. I and II, L. J. Bellamy, Chapman and Hall,
London, (1975).
11. Spectroscopic techniques for Organic Chemists, J. W. Cooper, John Wiley, N. Y.,
(1980).
12. Modern NMR techniques and their Applications, Ed. A. I. Popov, Marcel Deckker,
(1991).

33
 C 302 IC/PC: SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY
(Common to Inorganic and Physical Chemistry students)
52 Hours
UNIT-I
Electronic Structure of Solids
Free electron theory of solids, results of free electron theory; limitations and success of free
electron theory, Fermi distribution, Fermi sphere, volume of Fermi sphere, expression for
energy levels in a solid, density of states, expression for the number of energy levels in a
Fermi sphere.
Electrical Properties of Solids
Electronic conductivity: Ohm’s law, derivation of Ohm’s law, Hall Effect, Band theory, Zone
theory, Brillion zones, K-space, k-vector, Significance of k-vector, Semiconductors: Energy
bands in a semi conductor, temperature dependence of conductivity in metals and semi
conductors, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, Derivations of Fermi energy for intrinsic
semi conductor and n-type semi conductor; Insulators; properties, Piezo and inverse Piezo
electric effect. Pyroelectricity. 13h
UNIT-II
Crystal Defects
Point defects; Schottky, Frenkel and interstitial, Derivation of equations for Schottky, Frenkel
defects, line defects and plane defects.
Heat Capacity of Solids
Definition, Theories of heat capacity of solids: Dulong-Petit, Einstein’s and Debye, Theory
of heat capacity of solids.
Phase transitions in Solids
Definition, Classification of phase transitions: First and second order phase transitions.
Martensitic transitions, Order-disorder transitions, Spinodal decomposition. 13h

UNIT-III
Superconductivity
Features of Superconductors, BCS theory, Meisner effect, Type I and Type II
superconductors, Frolich diagram, Cooper pairs.
Symmetry and Structure of Solids
Symmetry elements in solids; Screw axis and glide planes, Hermann-Maguin notations,
Crystal systems, Bravais lattices, space lattice, point groups, and space groups, Law of
interfacial angle (Euler’s equation). Number of rotation axes in solids. 13h

UNIT-IV
X-Ray Diffraction
X-rays, Bragg’s law, scattering of X-rays by solids; Scattering factor, structure factor,
intensity of scattering, Electron density. Reciprocal Lattice concept, Bragg’s Law in
Reciprocal Lattice, Fourier Synthesis, Fourier Transform of Structure factor.
Electron Diffraction
Principle and scattering of electron beam, Wierl equation, radial distribution technique.
Neutron Diffraction
Scattering of neutron beam by solids, Scattering factor, advantages of neutron diffraction.13h

34
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Introduction to solids, L.V. Azoroff, McGraw Hill Book Co., New York, (1960).
2. Solids State Physics, N.W. Ashcroft and N. D. Mermin, Holt Saunders International
Ltd., New York (1976).
3. Physical Chemistry, G. M. Barrow, McGraw Hill (2nd ISE) (1966).
4. An Introduction to X-ray Crystallography, M. M. Woolfson, Cambridge University
Press-Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi (1980).
5. Principles of the Solid State, H.V.Keer, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi (1993).
6. X-Ray structure determination: A practical guide, George H. Stout and Lyle H. Jenson,
Macmillan Publishing Co.Inc and Collier Macmillan Publishers (1968).
7. Crystal Structure analysis for Chemists and Biologists, J.P. Glusker, M.Lewis and
M. Ross, Wiley-VCH (1994).
8. Solid State Chemistry and its Applications, Anthony R. West, John Wiley & Sons,
(2001).

C-303 IC: INORGANIC REACTION MECHANISMS AND

CHEMISTRY OF LANTHANIDES AND ACTINIDES
52 Hours
UNIT-I
Inorganic Reaction Mechanisms-I
Labile, inert, stable and unstable complexes, classification of mechanisms- energy profile of
reactions having different mechanisms. Substitution in square planar complexes- factors
affecting substitution, trans-effect, theories of trans-effect, application of trans-effect in the
synthesis of complexes. Mechanism of ligand substitution in octahedral complexes- kinetics,
factors affecting substitution in octahedral complexes: Leaving group, chelate and metal
effects. Acid-Base catalysis: Acid catalysed aquation and anation reactions, base hydrolysis,
conjugate base hydrolysis, stereochemistry of octahedral substitution, application of ligand
substitution reactions for the synthesis of octahedral complexes. 13h

UNIT-II
Inorganic Reaction Mechanisms-II
Electron transfer reactions, complementary and non-complementary, outer sphere electro
transfer- Marcus equation, Inner sphere electron transfer- one and two electron transfer, use of
electron transfer reactions for the synthesis of complexes.
Oxidative addition, reductive elimination, isomerisation, migratory insertion reactions.
Metal ligand interactions with DNA. Metal ion deficiency and treatment (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn);
toxicity of Fe, Cu, Heavy metals- As, Hg, Pb and Cd; detoxification; chelation therapy; metal
complexes as anticancer and antiarthritic drugs. Biological role of Ca: Binding sites of Ca2+ in
proteins, importance of Ca2+ in muscle contraction and in blood clotting process.
13h

35
 UNIT-III

Coordination Chemistry of the Lanthanides

Stability of Complexes, Complexes of β-Diketonates, Crown Ether Complexes, Complexes of
EDTA and Related Ligands, Complexes of O-Donors, Complexes of N-Donors, Complexes of
Porphyrins and Related Systems, Halide Complexes, Complexes of S-Donors. Coordination
Numbers in Lanthanide Complexes: General Principles, Coordination Number 2-12, the
Coordination Chemistry of the +2 and +4 States, Spectral and Magnetic properties of
lanthanide complexes.

Organometallic Chemistry of Lanthanides

Introduction, The +3 Oxidation state, Alkyls, Aryls, Cyclopentadienyls, Compounds of the
Unsubstituted Cyclopentadienyl Ligand, Compounds [LnCp*3] (Cp* =
pentamethylcyclopentadienyl), Bis(cyclopentadienyl) Alkyls and Aryls LnCp2R,
Bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) Alkyls, Cyclooctatetraene Dianion complexes, Hydride
complexes, Cyclooctatetraene Dianion Complexes, the +2 State, Alkyls and Aryls,
Cyclopentadienyls, The +4 State, Metal–Arene Complexes, Carbonyls. 13h

UNIT-IV
Coordination Chemistry of the Actinides
General Patterns in the Coordination Chemistry of the Actinides, Uranyl Complexes, Uranyl
Nitrate and its Complexes; their Role in Processing Nuclear Waste, Thorium Nitrate
Complexes, Uranium (IV) Nitrate Complexes, Complexes of the Actinide (IV) Nitrates and
Halides, Thiocyanates, Amides, Alkoxides and Thiolates, Complexes of Neptunium,
Coordination Chemistry of Plutonium, Spectral and Magnetic properties of actinide
complexes.

Organometallic Chemistry of Actinides

Introduction. Simple σ-Bonded Organometallics Cyclopentadienyls Oxidation state (3, 4, 5,
6). Compounds of the pentamethylcyclopentadienyl Ligand (C5Me5 = Cp*), Oxidation State
(IV), Cationic species and catalysts, Hydrides, Oxidation State (III),
Tris(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) systems, Cyclooctatetraene Dianion Compounds, Arene
Complexes, Carbonyls. 13h

SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Inorganic and organometallic reaction mechanism; J. D. Atwood, Brooks/Cole
publication Co, (1985).
2. Reaction mechanism of Inorganic and Organometallic systems, J. B. Jordon, 2nd Edition,
Oxford University Press, (1998).
3. Inorganic Chemistry, G. L. Miessler, P. J. Fischer and D. A. Tarr, 5th Edition, (2014).
4. Inorganic Chemistry; K. F. Purcell and J. C. Kotz, Saunders Company, (1977).
5. Inorganic Chemistry, Shriver & Atkins, 5th edition (2010).
6. Lanthanides and Actinides by Simon Cotton, 1st Edition, (1991).
7. Organometallic Compounds of the Lanthanides, Actinides and Early Transition Metals,
M. Green and J. A. Labinger, S. A. Cotton, (1985).

36
 C-304: MATERIAL SCIENCE AND NANOMATERIALS
(OPEN ELECTIVE-I)
52 Hours
UNIT-I
Introduction
Introduction and definition of nanoparticles and nanomaterials,emergence of nanotechnology,
Challenges of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology in relation to other branches of science.
Structure of solids: crystalline and non-crystalline. Types of common materials and advanced
materials inorganic, organic, biological. Types of nanomaterials depending upon their
properties: electronic, semiconductors, superconductors, superionic, magnetic, optic, opto-
electronic, spintronics, lasers, photonics, ceramics, bioceramics, biomedical, biosensors,
bioimagers, photocatalysts, quantum dots. 13h
UNIT-II
Preparation Techniques
Principles of solid state synthesis-ceramic methods, solid solution and compound precursors,
solgel, spray, pyrolysis and combustion, hydrothermal, electrosynthesis.
Preparation of nanoscale materials: Precipitation, mechanical milling, colloidal routes,
self assembly, chemical vapour deposition, sputtering, evaporation. 13h

UNIT-III
Characterization
X-rays, Spectroscopic - infrared, UV-Vis, Laser Raman, Photoluminescence, Diffussive
reflectance spectroscopy, Electron Microscopic techniques (SEM, TEM), Thermal
analysis, surface characteristics, light scattering methods, gas adsorption, magnetic
susceptibility, conductivity, band gap calculations. 13h
UNIT-IV
Applications
Nanotechnology in modern technology in relation to electronic, biological, consumer
and domestic applications. Energy related application: Photo-volataic cells. Energy storage
nanomaterials.
Sensors: Agriculture, health and medical, food, security.
Applied nanobiotechnology and nanobiomedical science drug delivery, drug targeting,
biosensors, bioimaging, neutron capture therapy. 13h

SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Encylopedia of nanomaterials and nanotechnologies, H. S. Nalva, (2003).
2. Nanostructures materials: Processing, Properties and applications, C. C. Kouch,
William Andrew publications, New York, (2002).
3. Introduction to nanotechnology, C. P. Poole Jr, F. J. Owens, 2nd Edition, Wiley-
India, Delhi, (2008).
4. Nanostructures and nanomaterials, G. Cao, Imperial College Press, University of
Washington, USA, (2004).
5. Biomaterials, S. V. Bhat, 2nd Edition, Narasa Publishing house, New Delhi, (2005).
6. Nanomaterials: Synthesis, properties and applications, A. S. Edelstein, T. C.
Cammarata, Inst. of. Physics, UK, (1966).
7. Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology, B. Bhusan, 3rd Edition, Springer-Verlag,
(2009).
8. Chemistry of Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications, C. N. R. Rao and
T. Cheetham, Wiley & Sons, (2005).

37
 C-304: CHEMISTRY OF BIOMOLECULES
(OPEN ELECTIVE-II) 52 Hours

UNIT-I
Chemistry of Plant Products
Anthocyanins: Methods of isolation, basic structural features of coumarins, chromones,
flavones and isoflavones. Structural elucidation of quercetin and wedelactone (synthesis not
included).
Carotenoids: Methods of isolation. Structure elucidation of β-carotene; structural relationship
of α, β and γ-carotenes. 6h

Lipids
Introduction. Isolation and properties of lipids. Oils and fats: definitions and significances
of hydrogenation, iodine value, saponification value and auto-oxidation of oils and fats.
Phospholipids: Lecithins, cephalins and phosphatidyl serine. Sphingolipids: Sphingosine,
sphingomyelin and cerebrocides. 7h

UNIT-II
Terpenoids, Steroids and Alkaloids
Terpenoids
Introduction, Biological importance, Nomenclature, Occurance and isolation. Isoprene rule.
Structure and biosynthesis of monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids and
triterpenoids. Structures of camphene, pinenes, camphor, borneols.

Steroids
Sterols and Bile acids; Nomenclature, Basic skeleton, Diels hydrocarbon. Isolation, structure
and structures of sterols and bile acids, stereochemistry at ring junctions. Structure and
biological significance of Estrone, Progesterone, Androsterone, Testosterone; Photoproducts
of Ergosterol- Vitamin D.

Alkaloids
Definition, nomenclature, occurrence, isolation and classification. Study of general methods
of structural elucidation, synthesis and biogenesis of papaverine 10h
Carbohydrates
Types of naturally occurring sugars. Deoxy sugars, amino sugars, branched chain sugars,
methyl ethers and acid derivatives of sugars. General methods of structure elucidation and
ring size determination with particular reference to maltose, lactose and sucrose. Structure,
degradation and biological functions of starch, cellulose and chitin. 6h

UNIT-III
Amino acids, Peptides and Proteins
Classification, general methods of preparation, properties and reactions of amino acids.
Peptide bond; nomenclature and classification of peptides; Proteins: biological importance,
classification based on structure and composition. General idea of the peptide linkage and
primary structure of proteins and its determination; Sanger & Edman methods; Denaturation
and renaturation thermal denaturation- Anfinsen’s experiment with ribonuclease. Biosynthesis
of peptides. 8h
Vitamins
Biological importance and synthesis of Vitamin A1, Vitamin B6, Vitamin C and Vitamin E (α-
tocopherol). 3h

38
 UNIT-IV
Nucleic acids
Purine and pyrimidine bases. Structure of nucleosides and nucleotides. Methods of formation
of internucleotide bonds (DCC and phosphotriester approaches). Structure of DNA (Watson-
Crick model) and RNAs. Biological importances of DNA and RNAs. Protein-nucleic acid
interaction, chromatin and viral nuclear capsid. 8h

Prostaglandins
General study, nomenclature, classification, structure and biological role of PGE1.
PGE2 and PGE3. 4h

SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Biochemistry, J. David Rawn, Neil Pattuson publishers, North Carolina, (USA), (1989).
2. ` Organic Chemistry. Vol I and Vol II, I. L. Finar, 6th Edition, ELBS & Longman
(London), (1975).
3. Inroduction to Lipids, D. Chapman, McGraw-Hill, (1969).
4. Advanced General Organic Chemistry, S. K. Ghosh, D.K. and Allied publishers
(UBS), Calcutta, (1998).
6. Text book of Biochemistry, E. S. West, W. R. Todd, H. S. Mason & J. T. Van Bugen,
4th Edition, Amerind publishing Co. (New Delhi), (1974).
7. Total synthesis of natural products Vol. IV, Apsimon, John Wiley, New York, (1981).

39
 THIRD SEMESTER

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY SPECIALISATION

C- 301 IC/OC/PC: SPECTROSCOPY-II 52 Hours
(Common to Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry students)
UNIT-I
Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis)
Classification of electronic transitions. terminology. Factors affecting UV-Vis transitions.
Empirical rules for calculating the λmax: Woodward–Fieser rules for dienes, Woodward’s rules
for enones. Visible spectra: colour in compounds (β-carotene, phenolphthalein, malachite
green).

Infrared Spectroscopy (IR)

The infrared absorption process.Factors affecting the IR frequencies (bond order, mass effect,
conjugation, inductive, resonance and steric effects). Application of IR in the determination of
H-bonding, tautomerism and ring size of cyclic ketones. Survey on functional groups:
hydrocarbons, alcohols and phenols. esters, amides, acid chlorides, anhydrides, amines,
nitriles, isocyanates, nitro compounds, alkyl and aryl halides. 9h

UNIT-II
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy-I
Nuclear spin states, nuclear magnetic moments, the mechanism of absorption (resonance), the
chemical shift () and shielding, chemical equivalence-a brief overview, integrals and
integration. Factors affecting chemical shifts: shielding, electronegativity effects,
hybridization effects, hydrogen bonding, magnetic anisotropy. Spin-spin splitting (n +1) rule,
the origin of spin–spin splitting, the coupling constant. Survey of typical 1H NMR absorptions
by type of compounds: alkanes, alkenes, aromatic compounds, alkynes, alkyl halides,
alcohols, ethers, amines, nitriles, aldehydes, ketones, esters, carboxylic acids, amides,
nitroalkanes. Basic NMR spectroscopy of other nuclei with spin I = ½ (19F and 31P). 13C
spectra: the 13C nucleus, 13C chemical shifts, proton-coupled 13C. Proton-decoupled 13C.
Problems with integration in 13C, molecular relaxation processes, off-resonance decoupling.
12h
UNIT-III
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy-II
Spin–spin coupling: coupling constants: symbols, coupling constants: the mechanism of
coupling, one-bond couplings (1J), two-bond couplings (2J), three-bond couplings (3J),
magnetic equivalence, measuring coupling constants from first-order spectra, simple
multiplets: one value of J (one coupling), second-order spectra: Strong coupling, first-order
and second-order spectra, the AX, AX2, AMX, AB spin systems, alkenes, measuring coupling
constants: Analysis of an allylic system, aromatic compounds: substituted benzene rings-
monosubstituted rings, para-disubstituted rings. 9h

Applications of one-dimensional NMR

Protons on oxygen: alcohols, exchange in water and D2O, acid/water and alcohol/water
mixtures, deuterium exchange, peak broadening due to exchange. Other types of exchange:
tautomerism, protons on nitrogen: amines; amides: quadrupole broadening and decoupling.
The effect of solvent on chemical shift, chemical shift reagents, Karplus curve, spectra of
diastereotopic systems: Diastereotopic methyl and diastereotopic hydrogens. 4h

40
 UNIT-IV
Mass Spectrometry
The mass spectrometer: an overview. Ionization methods: electron ionization (EI), chemical
ionization (CI), desorption ionization techniques (FAB and MALDI), electrospray ionization
(ESI). Mass analysis: Quadrupole mass analyzers, time-of-flight mass analyzers. Precise mass
determination (HRMS), the nitrogen rule, isotope ratios, fragmentation patterns, Stevenson’s
rule, radical-site initiated cleavage: α-cleavage, charge-site initiated cleavage: inductive
cleavage, two-bond cleavage, retro Diels’-Alder cleavage, McLafferty and McLafferty + 1
rearrangements, cleavage types with various organic compounds: alkanes, cycloalkanes,
alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols and phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones,
esters, carboxylic acids, amines, selected nitrogen and sulfur compounds, alkyl chlorides and
alkyl bromides. Strategic approach to analyzing mass spectra and solving problems. 12h

Structural Elucidation through Spectroscopy

Combined structure problems: Application of UV, IR, NMR and mass methods in the
structural elucidation of minimum of twenty-five organic compounds. 6h

SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Introduction to spectroscopy, G. M. Lapman, D. L. Pavia, and G. S. Kriz, and James
R.Vyvyan, 4th Edition, Mary Finch Publishers, (2001).
2. Organic Chemistry, Johnathan Clayden, Stuart Warren, Nick Greeves and Peter
Wothers, 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, (2004).
3. Applications of absorption spectroscopy to organic compounds, J. R. Dyer, Prentice-
Hall, New Delhi, (1969).
4. Organic spectroscopy, P. Laszlo and P. Stang, Harper & Row, New York, (1971).
5. Organic spectroscopy, W. Kemp, ELBS London, (2000).
6. Spectrometric identification of organic compounds, R. M. Silverstien, and W. P. Weber,
Wiley Edition, (2005).
7. Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds, P. S. Kalsi, 6th Edition, New Age International
Publishers, (2004).
8. Interpretation of Organic Mass Spectra, F. W. McLafferty, W. A. Benjamin, London,
(1973).
9. Practical Organic Mass Spectroscopy, J. R. Chapman, 2nd Edition, John Wiley, New
York, (1993).
10. The IR Spectra of complex molecules, Vols. I and II, L. J. Bellamy, Chapman and Hall,
London, (1975).
11. Spectroscopic techniques for Organic Chemists, J. W. Cooper, John Wiley, New York,
(1980).
12. Modern NMR techniques and their Applications, Ed. A. I. Popov, Marcel Deckker,
(1991).

41
 C-302 OC: CHEMISTRY OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 52 Hours
UNIT-I
Terpenoids, Anthocyanins and Carotenoids
Occurrence, isolation, classification and nomenclature of terpenoids. Isoprene rules.
stereochemistry of citral, farnesol, limonene, 1,8-cineole, menthols and borneols. Correlation
of configuration of terpenoids. Structure elucidation and synthesis of camphene, -pinene, -
caryophyllene and gibberrillic acid (GA3-synthesis not required). Commercial synthesis of
camphor and biosynthesis of terpineol.
Anthocyanins: Introduction, basic structural features of coumarins, chromones, flavones and
isoflavones and depsides. Synthesis of coumarins. Structural elucidation of quercetin and
wedelolactone.
Carotenoids: Methods of isolation. Structural relationship of α, β and γ-carotenes. Structure
elucidation and synthesis of β-carotene. 14h

UNIT-II
Alkaloids
Definition, occurrence, isolation, classification and nomenclature. General methods of
structure elucidation. Synthesis of the following alkaloids: ephedrine, hygrine, coniine.
cinchona alkaloid: Quinine. Opioid alkaloid (phenanthrene group): Morphine. Structural
elucidation and synthesis of opium alklaoids (isoquinoline group): Papaverine, resperine and
ergotamine. Biosynthesis of cocaine, cinchonine and codeine. Photochemical synthesis of
nuciferine. 11h

UNIT-III

Haemoglobin, Chlorophylls and Phthalocyanines

Introduction. Haemoglobin. degradation products of haemoglobin. Structure and synthesis of
porphyrins. Structural elucidation and synthesis of haemin and chlorophylls. Synthesis of
vitamin-B12 (from cobyric acid only) and structure and synthesis of phthalocyanines (any one
method). 10h

Nucleic acids
Introduction, components of nucleic acids, nucleosides, nucleotides and oligonucleotides.
Structure elucidation and synthesis of nucleosides and nucleotides. Chemical synthesis of
oligonucleotides: Protecting groups for hydroxy group in sugar, amino group in the base and
phosphate functions. Methods of formation of internucleotide bonds: DCC, phosphodiester
approach, phosphotriester approach, phosphate triester and phosphoramidite methods. Solid
phase synthesis of oligonucleotides. 6h
UNIT-IV
Prostaglandins
Introduction, nomenclature, classification and biological role of prostaglandins. Structure
elucidation and stereochemistry of PGE1, PGE2 and PGE3. Synthesis of PGE1 and PGE2 by
Corey’s and Stork’s approaches. Interconversion of prostaglandins. Synthesis of prostacyclin
I2 and thromboxane B2. Biosynthesis of prostaglandins. 7h

Insect pheromones
Introduction, classification. Pheromones in pest control. Syntheses of (one synthesis should be
stereoselective synthesis): (+)-Disparlure, grandisol, brevicomin, α-multistriatin, bombykol
and 3, 11-dimethy1-2-nonacosanone. 4h

42
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Natural products: Their chemistry and biological significance- J. Mann, R. S. Davidson, J. B.
Hobbs, D. V. Banthorpe & J. B. Harborne, Longman, UK, (1994).
2. Terpenes, J. Verghese, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, (1982).
3. Chemistry of terpenes and terpenoids, A. Newman, Academic Press, London, (1975).
4. Handbook of naturally occurring compounds Vol. II: Terpenes, T. K. Davon, I. Scott,
Academic Press, New York, (1972).
5. Natural products chemistry Vol. I & II, K. Nakanishi, T. Goso, S. Ito, S. Natori & S. Nozoe,
Academic Press, New York, (1974).
6. Total synthesis of natural products Vol. I & VI, Apsimon, John Wiley, New York, (1973-1981).
7. Organic chemistry Vol. II, I. L. Finar, 6th Edition. Longman, (1992).
8. Total synthesis of natural products: The chiral approach Vol.III, S. Hanessian, Pergamon
Press, (1983).
9. Total synthesis of steroids, Akhaun & Titov, Jerusalem, (1969).
10. Medicinal natural products: A biosynthetic approach, P. M. Dewick. John Wiley,
Chichester, (1997).
11. The colours of life: An introduction to the chemistry of porphyrins and related compounds, L.
R. Milgrom, Wiley Chichester, (1995).
12. Chemistry of natural products: An unified approach, N. R. Krishnaswamy, University Press,
India, (1999).

C-303 OC: ORGANIC REACTION MECHANISMS

52 Hours
UNIT-I
Aliphatic nucleophilic and electrophilic substitution reactions
Nucleophilic substitution reactions: Substitution at allylic carbon (allylic rearrangement), at a
trigonal carbon (hydrolysis of esters and amides, use of DCC in the formation of anhydrides),
substitution at a vinylic carbon. Neighbouring group participation and SNi reactions.
Electrophilic substitution reactions: SE2, SE1 and SEi mechanisms. Hydrogen exchange,
migration of double bonds, α-halogenation of aldehydes, ketones and acids. Aliphatic
diazonium coupling, nitrosation at carbon bearing active hydrogens, diazo transfer reaction,
carbene and nitrene insertion, decarboxylation of aliphatic acids, haloform reaction, Haller-
Bauer reaction. 10h

UNIT-II
Free-radical chemistry-II
Generation of free-radicals: Free-radical substitution mechanisms. Mechanisms at an aromatic
substrate. Neighbouring group assistance in free-radical reactions. Reactivity for aliphatic
substrates, reactivity at a bridgehead, reactivity in aromatic substrates, reactivity in the
attacking radical. Halogenation at an alkyl carbon and an allylic carbon, hydroxylation at an
aliphatic carbon, hydroxylation at an aromatic carbon, oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic
acids, formation of hydroperoxides and peroxides, Gomberg-Bachmann reaction, Meerwein
arylation, Sandmeyer reaction, Kolbe reaction and Hunsdiecker reaction. 10h

UNIT-III
Photochemistry
Physical and chemical processes, Jablonski diagram. Photosensitization, quantum efficiency,
quantum and chemical yields. Photochemistry of functional groups: (i). Olefins: cis-trans
isomerism, [2+2]-cycloaddition, scope and synthetic applications of the Diels’-Alder reaction,
rearrangements. Reaction of conjugated olefins; di-π-methane rearrangements (including oxa-
and aza- di-π-methane rearrangements). (ii). Ketones: Excited state of C=O. Norrish type-I

43
and type-II cleavages. Paterno-Buchi reaction. α,β-Unsaturated ketones. [2+2] addition.
Rearrangement of cyclohexadienones (application in the synthesis of some important natural
products). (iii). Photochemistry of Aromatic compounds: Photorearrangement of benzene and
its derivatives, cycloaddition of benzene, substitution reactions, ring isomerization, addition
reactions, cycloaddition reactions, cyclizations. iv) Photochemical oxidations and reductions:
cycloaddition of singlet molecular oxygen {[2+2] and [4+2]-additions}. Oxidative coupling of
aromatic compounds, photoreduction by hydrogen abstraction. 14h

UNIT-IV
Pericyclic reactions
Molecular orbital symmetry, Woodward-Hoffmann correlation diagrams. FMO and PMO
approaches. Frontier orbitals of ethylene, 1, 3-butadiene, 1,3,5-hexatriene and allyl system.
Electrocyclic reactions: conrotatory and disrotatory motions, 4n, 4n+2 and allyl systems.
Cycloadditions: antarafacial and suprafacial additions, [πms + πna] and [πms + πns]-
cycloadditions. [ω2a + π2s] and [π4s + ω2s]-cheleotropic reactions. Regio-, enantio- and
endo-selectivities in Diels’-Alder reactions. Hetero Diels’-Alder reaction. Sigmatropic
rearrangements: suprafacial and antarafacial shifts of H, sigmatropic shifts involving carbon
moieties. [i, j]-Sigmatropic rearrangements (including walk, Claisen, Cope, oxy and aza-Cope
rearrangements). 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition reactions: Regioselectivity and stereochemistry.
Synthetic applications of dipolar cycloadditions. Catalysis of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition
reactions. 15h

Biochemical mechanisms
Introduction. The mechanistic role of the following in living systems: (i) thiamine
pyrophosphate (TPP) in decarboxylation of α-ketoacids and in the formation of α-ketols; (ii)
Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) in transamination, decarboxylation, dealdolisation and elimination
reactions of amino acids; (iii) Vitamin B12 coenzymes in molecular rearrangement reactions
and in the synthesis of methionine. 3h

SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Advanced Organic Chemistry – Reactions, Mechanism and Structure, Jerry March, John
Wiley (2008).
2. Understanding organic reaction mechanisms, A. Jacob, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1997.
3. Introduction to organic chemistry A. Streitweiser, Jr & C.H. Heathcock, Macmillan1985
4. Physical and mechanistic organic chemistry, R.A.Y. Jones, 1st Edition. Cambridge
Univ. Press, (1979).
5. P. J. Garratt in Comprehensive organic chemistry, D. Barton and W. D. Ollis, 1st Edition
Pergamon Press, Oxford, (1979).
6. Radicals in organic synthesis, B. Giese, Pergamon Press, (1986).
7. Frontier orbitals and organic chemical reactions, Ian Fleming, John Wiley, (1980).
8. Molecular orbital theory for organic chemistry, A. Streitweiser, 1st Edition Wiley &
Sons, NY, (1969).
9. Organic photochemistry, J. M. Coxon and B. Halton, 1st Edition, Cambridge Univ.
Press, London, (1974).
10. Molecular reactions and photochemistry, C. H. Deputy and D. S. Chapman, 1st Edition
Prentice-hall India, New Delhi, (1972).
11. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds: Principles and Applications, D Nasipuri, New-
Age International, (1999).
12. Advance Organic Chemistry, Part B: Reaction and Synthesis (5th Edition), Francis. A.
Carey, Richard J. Sundberg, Springer, (2000).

44
 THIRD SEMESTER

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY SPECIALISATION

C- 301 IC/OC/PC: SPECTROSCOPY-II 52 Hours
(Common to Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry students)
UNIT-I
Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis)
Classification of electronic transitions, terminology. Factors affecting UV-Vis transitions.
Empirical rules for calculating the λmax: Woodward–Fieser rules for dienes, Woodward’s rules
for enones. Visible spectra: colour in compounds (β-carotene, phenolphthalein, malachite
green).

Infrared Spectroscopy (IR)

The infrared absorption process. Factors affecting the IR frequencies (bond order, mass effect,
conjugation, inductive, resonance and steric effects). Application of IR in the determination of
H-bonding, tautomerism and ring size of cyclic ketones. Survey on functional groups:
hydrocarbons, alcohols and phenols, esters, amides, acid chlorides, anhydrides, amines,
nitriles, isocyanates, nitro compounds, alkyl and aryl halides. 9h

UNIT-II
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy-I
Nuclear spin states, nuclear magnetic moments, the mechanism of absorption (resonance), the
chemical shift () and shielding. Chemical equivalence- A brief overview, integrals and
integration. Factors affecting chemical shifts: shielding, electronegativity effects,
hybridization effects, hydrogen bonding, magnetic anisotropy. Spin-spin splitting (n +1) rule,
the origin of spin–spin splitting, the coupling constant. Survey of typical 1H NMR absorptions
by type of compounds: alkanes, alkenes, aromatic compounds, alkynes, alkyl halides,
alcohols, ethers, amines, nitriles, aldehydes, ketones, esters, carboxylic acids, amides,
nitroalkanes. Basic NMR spectroscopy of other nuclei with spin I = ½ (19F and 31P). 13C
spectra: the 13C nucleus, 13C chemical shifts, proton-coupled 13C. Proton-decoupled 13C.
Problems with integration in 13C, molecular relaxation processes, off-resonance decoupling,
DEPT. 12h

UNIT-III
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy-II
Spin–spin coupling: Coupling constants: symbols, coupling constants: the mechanism of
coupling, one-bond couplings (1J), two-bond couplings (2J), three-bond couplings (3J),
magnetic equivalence, measuring coupling constants from first-order spectra, simple
multiplets: one value of J (one coupling), second-order spectra: Strong coupling, first-order
and second-order spectra, the AX, AX2, AMX, AB spin systems, alkenes, measuring coupling
constants: analysis of an allylic system, aromatic compounds: Substituted benzene rings-
monosubstituted rings, para-disubstituted rings. 9h

Applications of one-dimensional NMR

Protons on oxygen: alcohols, exchange in water and D2O, acid/water and alcohol/water
mixtures, deuterium exchange, peak broadening due to exchange. Other types of exchange:
tautomerism, protons on nitrogen: amines; amides: quadrupole broadening and decoupling.
The effect of solvent on chemical shift, chemical shift reagents, Karplus curve, spectra of
diastereotopic systems: Diastereotopic methyl and diastereotopic hydrogens. 4h

45
 UNIT-IV
Mass Spectrometry
The mass spectrometer: an overview. Ionization methods: electron ionization (EI), chemical
ionization (CI), desorption ionization techniques (FAB, and MALDI), electrospray ionization
(ESI). Mass analysis: Quadrupole mass analyzers, time-of-flight mass analyzers. Precise mass
determination (HRMS), the nitrogen rule, isotope ratios, fragmentation patterns, Stevenson’s
rule, radical-site initiated cleavage: α-cleavage, charge-site initiated cleavage: inductive
cleavage, two-bond cleavage, retro Diels’-Alder cleavage, Mclafferty and Mclafferty + 1
rearrangements, cleavage types with various organic compounds: alkanes, cycloalkanes,
alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols and phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones,
esters, carboxylic acids, amines, selected nitrogen and sulfur compounds, alkyl chlorides and
alkyl bromides. Strategic approach to analyzing mass spectra and solving problems. 12h

Structural Elucidation through Spectroscopy

Combined structure problems: Application of UV, IR, NMR and mass methods in the
structural elucidation of minimum of twenty-five organic compounds. 6h

SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Introduction to spectroscopy, G. M. Lapman, D. L. Pavia, and G. S. Kriz, and James
R.Vyvyan, 4th Edition, Mary Finch Publishers, (2001).
2. Organic Chemistry, Johnathan Clayden, Stuart Warren, Nick Greeves and Peter
Wothers, 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, (2004).
3. Applications of absorption spectroscopy to organic compounds, J. R. Dyer, Prentice-
Hall, New Delhi, (1969).
4. Organic spectroscopy, P. Laszlo and P. Stang, Harper & Row, New York, (1971).
5. Organic spectroscopy, W. Kemp, ELBS London, (2000).
6. Spectrometric identification of organic compounds, R. M. Silverstien, and W. P. Weber,
Wiley Edition, (2005).
7. Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds, P. S. Kalsi, 6th Edition, New Age International
Publishers, (2004).
8. Interpretation of Organic Mass Spectra, F. W. McLafferty, W. A. Benjamin, London,
(1973).
9. Practical Organic Mass Spectroscopy, J. R. Chapman, 2nd Edition, John Wiley, NY,
(1993).
10. The IR Spectra of complex molecules, Vol. I and II, L. J. Bellamy, Chapman and Hall,
London, (1975).
11. Spectroscopic techniques for Organic Chemists, J. W. Cooper, John Wiley, N.Y.,
(1980).
12. Modern NMR techniques and their Applications, Ed. A. I. Popov, Marcel Deckker,
(1991).

46
 C 302 IC/PC: SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY 52 Hours
(Common to Inorganic and Physical Chemistry students)

UNIT-I
Electronic Structure of Solids
Free electron theory of solids, results of free electron theory; limitations and success of free
electron theory, Fermi distribution, Fermi sphere, volume of Fermi sphere, expression for
energy levels in a solid, density of states, expression for the number of energy levels in a
Fermi sphere.
Electrical Properties of Solids
Electronic conductivity: Ohm’s law, derivation of Ohm’s law, Hall Effect, Band theory, Zone
theory, Brillion zones, K-space, k-vector, Significance of k-vector, Semiconductors: Energy
bands in a semi conductor, temperature dependence of conductivity in metals and semi
conductors, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, Derivations of Fermi energy for intrinsic
semi conductor and n-type semi conductor; Insulators; properties, Piezo and inverse Piezo
electric effect. Pyroelectricity. 13h
UNIT-II
Crystal Defects
Point defects; Schottky, Frenkel and interstitial, Derivation of equations for Schottky, Frenkel
defects, line defects and plane defects.
Heat Capacity of Solids
Definition, Theories of heat capacity of solids: Dulong-Petit, Einstein’s and Debye, Theory
of heat capacity of solids.
Phase transitions in Solids
Definition, Classification of phase transitions: First and second order phase transitions.
Martensitic transitions, Order-disorder transitions, Spinodal decomposition. 13h

UNIT-III
Superconductivity
Features of Superconductors, BCS theory, Meisner effect, Type I and Type II
superconductors, Frolich diagram, Cooper pairs.
Symmetry and Structure of Solids
Symmetry elements in solids; Screw axis and glide planes, Hermann-Maguin notations,
Crystal systems, Bravais lattices, space lattice, point groups, and space groups, Law of
interfacial angle (Euler’s equation). Number of rotation axes in solids. 13h

UNIT-IV
X-Ray Diffraction
X-rays, Bragg’s law, scattering of X-rays by solids; Scattering factor, structure factor,
intensity of scattering, Electron density. Reciprocal Lattice concept, Bragg’s Law in
Reciprocal Lattice, Fourier Synthesis, Fourier Transform of Structure factor.
Electron Diffraction
Principle and scattering of electron beam, Wierl equation, radial distribution technique.
Neutron Diffraction
Scattering of neutron beam by solids, Scattering factor, advantages of neutron diffraction.13h

47
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Introduction to solids, L.V. Azoroff, McGraw Hill Book Co., New York, (1960).
2. Solids State Physics, N.W. Ashcroft and N. D. Mermin, Holt Saunders International
Ltd., New York (1976).
3. Physical Chemistry, G. M. Barrow, McGraw Hill (2nd ISE) (1966).
4. An Introduction to X-ray Crystallography, M. M. Woolfson, Cambridge University
Press-Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi (1980).
5. Principles of the Solid State, H.V.Keer, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi (1993).
6. X-Ray structure determination: A practical guide, George H. Stout and Lyle H. Jenson,
Macmillan Publishing Co.Inc and Collier Macmillan Publishers (1968).
7. Crystal Structure analysis for Chemists and Biologists, J.P. Glusker, M.Lewis and M .
Ross, Wiley-VCH (1994).
8. Solid State Chemistry and its Applications, Anthony R. West, John Wiley & Sons,
(2001)

C-303 PC: QUANTUM CHEMISTRY AND SURFACE CHEMISTRY

52 Hours
UNIT-I
Quantum Chemistry-I
Theories of valence: Linear and non-linear variation functions-definition, examples, merits
and limitations. Application of Variation methods to molecular systems- steps involved,
setting up of trial wave functions by molecular orbital (MO) approach and valence bond (VB)
approach, example: Li2 and HF. Molecular orbital (MO) theory: LCAO-MO approximation,
Application of variation method (MO treatment) to hydrogen molecular ion (H2+)- Secular
equations and secular determinants, Various integrals- overlap, coulombic, resonance,
exchange and normalization integrals, energies (E+ and E-) of H2+ and potential energy
diagram and comparison of theoretical and experimental values of energy; bonding (ψ+) and
antibonding (ψ-) molecular orbitals, electron density distribution. Valence bond (VB) theory:
Concept, Application of variation (Heitler-London) method or Valence Bond treatment:
energy levels and energy profile diagram, electron density distribution. Various modifications
of the Heitler-London wave function. Comparison of MO and VB theories. Equivalence of
simple MO and VB methods, ion-covalent resonance and configuration interaction. 13h

UNIT-II
Quantum Chemistry-II
LCAO treatment of other homonuclear diatomic molecules (basics); LCAO treatment of other
heteronuclear diatomic molecules (basics): Notations of molecular orbitals: Full notation,
Mulliken notations. MO configuration of homo- and hetero-nuclear diatomic molecules.
Molecular electric terms of few simple molecules like H2, Li2, N2 and O2, HF, CO, NO. Bond
order, stability and magnetic behavior of molecules from MO diagrams, isoelectronic
systems. Correlation diagrams and non-crossing rule.
Polyatomic molecules: SCF method (only concept), HF-SCF-LCAO method, directed
valence, hybridization, expressions for hybrid orbitals in terms of wave functions of s and p
orbitals for sp, sp2, and sp3 systems. Hybridization involving d-orbitals (only types), Huckel
molecular orbital theory (HMOT): Assumptions, application to evaluate π- bond energies,
delocalization energy and HMO functions for ethylene, propylene radical; application of
HMOT to evaluate π- bond energies and delocalization energies of butadiene and
cyclopropenyl anion and benzene (evaluation of energy values), π-electron (charge) density,
π- bond order & free valence index- definitions & calculations (for butadiene molecule). 13h

48
 UNIT-III
Surface Chemistry-I
Review of adsorption curves. Adsorption-desorption. Thermodynamics of adsorption.
Adsorption forces, Adsorption time, Heat of adsorption- Types, Measurements of heat of
adsorption (Calorimetric and Clausius Clapeyron method), Measurement of adsorption
isotherms, (Volumetric and Gravimetric methods), Determination of entropy of adsorption,
Electrostatic adsorption, adsorption indicators and their applications. Volcanic curves.
Applications of adsorption.

Adsorption kinetics: Kinetics of chemisorption (Hertz-Knudsen equation), Chemisorptive

bond, Competitive adsorption, Non-ideal adsorption, Mechanism of some catalyzed surface
reactions, Kinetic effects of surface heterogeneity, Kinetic effects of interactions, Potential
energy curves for adsorption, Transition state theory of surface reactions, Rates of desorption,
Kinetics of bimolecular surface reactions, Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism, Langmuir-
Rideal mechanism, Rideal-Eley mechanism and their comparison. 13h

UNIT-IV
Surface Chemistry-II
Adsorption theories: Polanyi’s potential theory and Polarization theory. Hysteresis of
adsorption.
Surface structure: Surface mobility, Surface heterogeneity, Surface area and its determination
by point-B method, Harkins-Jura method, Radioactive tracer method and Benton and White
method. Importance of surface area. Examination of surfaces by Interferometer method,
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Low energy electron diffraction method (LEED
method), Field Emission spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), STM, and TEM.
13h

SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Molecular Quantum mechanics, P.W. Atkins and R.S. Friedman, Oxford University
press (1997).
2. Introductory Quantum Chemistry by A. K. Chandra, Tata McGraw Hill, (1994).
3. Quantum Chemistry by R. K. Prasad, 3rd Edition, New Age International, (2006).
4. Quantum Chemistry by Ira N. Levine, Prentice Hall, New Jersey (1991).
5. Quantum Chemistry by Donald A. McQuarrie, Viva Books Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, India,
Published in arrangement with Unversity Science books, Sausalito, CA, USA (2003).
6. Physical chemistry of surfaces by A. W. Adamson, Inter science Publishers Inc., New
York (1967).
7. Surface Chemistry: Theory and Applications by J. J. Bikerman, Academic Press, New
York (1972).
8. Chemical Kinetics by K. J. Laidler, 3rd Edition, Harper International, (1987).
9. Text Book of Physical Chemistry by S. Glasstone, McMillan India Ltd., 2nd Edition,
(1986).
10. Physical chemistry, R. J. Silbey, R. A. Alberty and M. G. Bawendi Edition, Wiley,
(2009).
11. Physics at surfaces, A. Zangwill, Cambridge University Press, (1988).
12. Surface crystallography, L. J. Clarke, Wiley-Interscience, (1985).

49
 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS
(4 days a week, 4 hours a day)
C-305: Inorganic Chemistry Practicals-I
Semimicro qualitative analysis of mixtures containing two anions, two common cations and
one less common cation of the elements: W, Mo, Ce, Th, Zr, V, U, and Li (A minimum of 10
different mixtures, some containing anions such as borate and fluoride).
C-306: Inorganic Chemistry Practicals-II
Preparation and recrystallization /purity of inorganic complexes:
1. Ferrous oxalate FeC2O4
2. Potassium trisoxalatoferrate K3[Fe(C2O4)3]
3. Prussian blue and Turnbull’s blue
4. Hexamminenickel(II) chloride [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2
5. Hexammincecobalt(III) chloride [Co(NH3)6]Cl3
6. Pentamminechlorocobalt(III) chloride [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2
7. Copper salicylaldoximate Cu(C7H6O2N)2
8. Cis and trans potassium dioxalatodiaquachromium(III) K[Cr(C2O4)2(H2O)2]
9. [Mn(acac)3]
10. Bis[TrisCu(I)thiourea]
C-307: Inorganic Chemistry Practicals-III
Gravimetric Analysis
1. Gravimetric determination of Fe in iron ore as Fe2O3
2. Gravimetric determination of Ni in a solution of Cu and Ni
3. Gravimetric determination of Cu in a solution of Cu and Fe
4. Gravimetric determination of Cu in a solution of Cu and Zn
5. Total gravimetric determination of Al and Fe
C-308: Inorganic Chemistry Practicals-IV
Volumetric Analysis
1. Volumetric determination of Fe in iron ore
2. Volumetric determination of Cu in a solution of Cu and Ni
3. Volumetric determination of Fe in a solution of Cu and Fe
4. Volumetric determination of Zn in a solution of Cu and Zn
5. Volumetric determination of Ca and Mg in a solution of dolomite
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Vogel’s text book of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 5th Edition, J. Bassett, G. H.
Jeffery and J. Mendham, and R. C. Denny, Longman Scientific and Technical, (1999).
2. Inorganic Semimicro Qualitative Analysis, V. V. Ramanujam; The National Pub. Co.,
(1974).
3. Practical Inorganic Chemistry, G. Marr and B. W. Rockett, Von Nostrand Reinhold
Co., London, (1972).
4. Experiments in Chemistry, D. V. Jahagirdar, Himalaya Publishing House, (2004).
5. General Chemistry Experiments, Anil. J Elias, University Press, (2002).
6. Experimental Inorganic Chemistry by Mounir A. Malati, 1st Edition, Woodhead
Publishing, (1999).

50
 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS

(4 days a week, 4 hours a day)

C-305: Organic Chemistry Practicals-I

Preparation (one stage)
1. Cannizarro reaction employing p-chlorobenzaldehyde
2. Schotten-Baumann reaction of α-amino acids
3. Benzil from benzoin
4. Synthesis of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole
5. Bromination of vanillin
6. Synthesis N,N-diethylbenzamide (insect repellent)
7. Fischer esterification of alcohol and 4-nitrobenzoyl chloride
8. Synthesis of adipic acid from cyclohexanol
9. Friedel-Crafts reaction using toluene and acetyl chloride

C-306: Organic Chemistry Practicals-II

A. Qualitative analysis
1. Systematic analysis and identification of organic bifunctional compounds
2. Liquid-liquid extractions: carboxylic acid, amine, neutral and water soluble compound
B. Separation by Chromatography (Qualitative)
1. Monitoring of organic reaction through TLC analysis: Reduction of a ketone using
sodium borohydride in dry ethanol
2. Separation of a mixture of organic compounds using column chromatography

C-307: Organic Chemistry Practicals-III

Preparation (two / three stages)
1. Benzanilide from benzophenone
2. Anthranilic acid from phthalic acid
3. m-nitrobenzoic acid from methyl benzoate
4. 2, 4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine from 4-chloronitrobenzene or chlorobenzene
5. 4-Chlorobenzoic acid by Sandmeyer reaction (4-chlorotoluene from 4-toluidine)
followed by KMnO4 oxidation
6. Preparation of 2, 4, 5-triphenyloxazole from benzoin
7. Synthesis of methyl orange

C-308: Organic Chemistry Practicals-IV

Quantitative Estimation
1. Estimation of amino acid
2. Estimation of glucose by Fehling’s method
3. Estimation of an acid in presence of an amide
4. Estimation of an ester in the presence of an acid
5. Estimation of nitro group by reduction using SnCl2
6. Estimation of phenol
7. Estimation of methyl ketone by haloform reaction
8. Estimation of nitrogen by Kjeldahl’s method

51
 SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Comprehensive Organic Chemistry Experiments for the Laboratory Classroom, RSC
Publishers, ISBN:978-1-84973-963-4, (2016).
2. Organic Synthesis collective Vol. I to X, (1956-1999) (Freely available online).
3. Semi-micro qualitative organic analysis, Cheronis, Entrikin & Hoanett, (1965).
4. Preparation of organic intermediates, D. A. Hirley, John Wiley.
5. Text book of practical organic chemistry, A. I. Vogel, Pearson, 5th Edition, New Delhi,
(2004)
6. A laboratory manual of qualitative organic analysis, H.T. Openshaw, Univ. Press,
(1999)
7. Natural products, Laboratory manual, Ikan, (2000)
8. Organic experiments, L. F. Fieser, 2nd Edition. D. C. Heath & Co. USA, (1974-2000)
9. Practical organic chemistry F. G. Mann and B. C. Saunders, 4th Edition, Longman,
(2002).
10. Practical organic chemistry (Quantitative analysis), B. B. Dey, M. V. Sitaraman and T.
R. Govindachari, Allied Publishers, New Delhi, (1992)
11. Laboratory Techniques in Organic Chemistry, V. K. Ahluwalia, Pooja Bhagat and Renu
Aggarwal, I. K. international Publishing House, New Delhi, (2005).

52
 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS
(4 days a week, 4 hours a day)
C-305: Physical Chemistry Practicals-I
1. Study of the acid catalyzed hydrolysis of methyl acetate at lab temperature and reporting
the calculated and graphical rate constant.
2. Determination of velocity constant for the saponification of ethyl acetate at lab
temperature and comparing it with graphical value.
3. Evaluation of Arrhenius parameter (A) for the reaction between K2S2O8 and KI (First
order).
4. Verification of Beers law: Colorimetric estimation of Cu2+ ions to report the
concentration in the given unknown solutions and calculation of molar extinction
coefficient.
5. Estimation of Fe2+ ion concentration in the given solution by the titration of FAS versus
KMnO4 colorimetrically.
6. Estimation of Fe2+ ion concentration in the given solution using EDTA by colorimetric
method.
7. Determination of partial molar volume of solute-water system by apparent molar
volume method.
8. Determination of partial molar volume of ethanol-water system by intercept method.
9. Verification of Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms for adsorption of acetic acid on
activated charcoal.
10. Study of the variation of viscosity of a given liquid with temperature and determination
of the constants A and B.
11. Determination of the molar mass of the polystyrene sample by viscometric method
using toluene as the solvent.
12. Determination of the distribution coefficient of I2 between CCl4 and water by using
Nernst distribution law.
C-306: Physical Chemistry Practicals-II
1. Precipitation titration of Li2SO4 versus BaCl2 by conductometric method for the
determination of concentration of Li2SO4.
2. Determination of concentration of a weak acid by titrating against weak base
conductometrically.
3. Determination of dissociation constant of a weak acid by conductometric method.
4. Determination of solubility of sparingly soluble salt(BaSO4) by conductometric method.
5. Determination of the single electrode potential of Cu2+/Cu system potentiometrically
and estimation of the given unknown concentration of copper ions.
6. Determination of single electrode potential of Zn2+/Zn system potentiometrically and
estimation of the given unknown concentration of Zinc ions.
7. Potentiometric titration of weak acid versus strong base using quinhydrone electrode
and calculation of Concentration of the given weak acid, Ka and pKa.
8. Determination of the concentration and the amount of K2Cr2O7 by titrating it against
FAS potentiometrically and calculation of the redox potential.
9. Determination of pH values of the solutions of a buffer using quinhydrone electrode
potentiometrically and comparing them with the pH values measured using glass
electrode.
10. Construction of phase diagram of two component system and determination of Eutectic
composition, Eutectic temperature and composition of given unknown mixture.
11. Determination of the dissociation constant of acetic acid pH-metrically using
Hendersen-Hasselbalch equation.
12. Determine the degree of hydrolysis and hydrolysis constant of sodium acetate
conductometrically.
53
C-307: Physical Chemistry Practicals-III
1. Study of the acid hydrolysis of methyl acetate for two different concentrations of HCl
and calculation of the rate constants and the relative strength.
2. Study of the acid hydrolysis of methyl acetate in the presence of HCl at two different
temperatures and calculation of the rate constants and the energy of activation (Ea).
3. Study of the kinetics of the reaction between KI and K2S2O8 colorimetrically and
calculation of the rate constant.
4. Determination of the dissociation constant of a given indicator by colorimetric method.
5. Verification of Beer’s law: Estimation of MnO42- ions colorimetrically and
determination of the concentration of the given unknown solutions and calculation of
molar extinction coefficient.
6. Construction of the phase diagram of Urea-KCl-H2O, a three component systems.
7. Analysis of a binary mixture by measuring viscosity using a viscometer.
8. Study of the influence of chain length on the surface activity of an aliphatic alcohol by
surface tension measurement using differential capillary rise method.
9. Determination of the heat of solution of a sparingly soluble salt.
10. Determination of molecular weight of a polymer using Schrodinger equation by
viscosity method.
11. Comparison of relative rates of oxidation of Lysine with NBS in acidic and alkaline
media.
12. Determination of the stability constant of ferric ion and salicylic acid complex by
spectrophotometric method.

C-308: Physical Chemistry Practicals-IV

1. Determination of the concentration of strong acid and weak acid in a given mixture by
titrating against strong base conductometrically.
2. Determination of concentration of strong acid and salt in a given mixture by titrating
against strong base conductometrically.
3. Determination of the concentration of weak acid and salt in a given mixture by titrating
against strong base conductometrically.
4. Determination of the concentration of strong acid, weak acid and a salt in a given
mixture by titrating against strong base conductometrically.
5. Determination of equivalent conductance of given strong electrolyte.
6. Precipitation Titration of AgNO3 versus KCl: Estimation of concentration of AgNO3
potentiometrically.
7. Potentiometric estimation of concentration and the amount of KMnO4 by titrating
against FAS and calculation of the redox potential.
8. Determination of the concentration of strong acid and weak acid in a given mixture by
titrating against strong base potentiometrically.
9. pH metric determination of the acidic and basic dissociation constants of an amino acid
and calculation of isoelectric point.
10. Determination of the value of Ka of an unknown acid by titrating with strong base by
pH-metric method.
11. Determination of the mean activity coefficient (γ±) of 0.01 M hydrochloric acid solution
by potentiometric method.
12. Determination of the Hammett constant of a substituted benzoic acid by pH
measurements.

54
SUGGETED BOOKS
1. Findlays Practical Physical Chemistry by P. B. Levitt, Longman’s London, (1966).
2. Experiments in Physical Chemistry by Shoemaker and Garland, McGraw Hill
International Edition, (1966).
3. Advanced Practical Physical Chemistry by J. B. Yadav, Goel Publications Meerut,
(1988).
4. Senior Practical Physical Chemistry by B. C. Kosla, Simla Printers New Delhi (1987).
5. Experimental Physical Chemistry by Daniel et al., McGraw Hill, New York, (1962).
6. Practical Physical Chemistry by A.M James and P. E. Pritchard, Longman’s Group Ltd,
(1968).
7. Experimental Physical Chemistry by Wilson, Newcombe & others, Pergamon Press,
New York, (1962).
8. Experimental Physical Chemistry by R. C. Behra and B. Behra, Tata McGraw, New
Delhi, (1983).
9. Experimental Physical Chemistry by V. D. Atavale and Parul Mathur, New Age
International, New York, (2001).
10. Physical Chemistry Laboratory Principles and Experiments by H. W. Salberg J. I.
Morrow, S. R. Cohen and M. E. Green Macmillan publishing Co., New York, (1978).
11. Practical’s in Physical Chemistry A. Modern Approach by P.S Sindhu, Mac. Millan
Publishers Delhi, (2006).
12. Practical Physical Chemistry by Renu Gupta, New Age International Publishers, (2017).
13. Physical Chemistry, A Laboratory Manual, Shailendra K Sinha, Narosa Publishers,
(2014).
14. Advanced Physical Chemistry Experiments by J. N. Gurthu and Amit Gurthu, Pragati
Prakashan, (2011).

55
 FOURTH SEMESTER

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY SPECIALISATION

C-401 IC: ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY AND CATALYSIS 52 Hours

UNIT-I
Organometallic Complexes:
Stability and decomposition pathways, classification of ligands, nomenclature of
organometallic complexes, 16- and 18-electron rules. Electron counting- covalent and ionic
models.
Synthesis, structure, bonding and reactivity of the following Organotransition Metal
Complexes
Carbenes, carbynes, alkenes, alkynes, allyl moieties, butadiene, cyclobutadiene,
cyclopentadiene, arenes, cycloheptadienyl moieties and cyclooctatetraene moieties. Ring
slippage reactions, cyclometallation reaction. 13h

UNIT-II

Organometallic Compounds of Main Group Elements

General trends, structure and bonding in Li and Al alkyls.
Fluxional Behaviour in Organometallic Complexes
Fluxionality and dynamic equilibria in complexes containing CO, η2-olefin, η3-allyl and dienyl
complexes.
Organometallic Compounds in Organic Synthesis
Green rules, synthesis and use of Zinc dialkyls, Collman’s reagent, organomercuric and
chromium carbonyls in organic synthesis, Heck reaction, hydrozirconation. 13h

UNIT-III
Catalysis-I
Basic principles, industrial requirements of catalysts. Homogeneous catalysis: Hydrogenation,
asymmetric hydrogenation; hydrosilation- Chalk-Harrod mechanism: Hydrocyanation-
synthesis of buta-1,3-diene.
Carbonylation reaction: methanol to acetic acid process and the catalysts employed in BASF
and Monsanto processes. Carbonylation of alkynes and other substrates for making
industrially important chemicals.
Hydroformylation: Cobalt and Rhodium complexes, the role of phosphine ligands in regio
selective formation of linear aldehydes. Markovnikov and anti-Markovnikov addition and
mechanisms. 13h
UNIT-IV
Catalysis-II
Wacker process- acetaldehyde from ethylene; Monsanto acetic acid process, cativa process,
Tennessee Eastmann process- Acetic anhydride from methyl acetate. Olefin metathesis; water
gas shift reaction; Oligomerization-Shell High Olefin process; alkene isomerisation. Fischer
Tropsch Process; Ziegler Natta Polymerization- syndiotactic, isotactic polymers, ammonia
synthesis. Anchored catalysis-merits.
Polymerization: Catalytic cycle for alkene polymerization; Metallocene catalysts, structure,
special features and advantages of metallocene catalysts; mechanism of polymerization and
stereocontrol by metallocene catalysts. 13h

56
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Organometallic Chemistry, R. C. Mehrotra and A. Singh, 2nd Edition, New Age
International, (2000).
2. The Organometallic Chemistry of Transition Metals, R. H. Crabtee, John Wiley, 3rd
Edition, (2001).
3. Organometallic Chemistry, Elschewbroich and Slazer, 2nd Edition, Wiley-VCH, (1992).
4. Organometallics, Vol. 1 & 2, M. Bochmann, Oxford Chemistry Primers, Oxford
University Press, (1994).
5. Catalytic Chemistry, B. C. Gates, John Wiley & Sons, (1992).
6. Applied Organometallic Chemistry and Catalysis, Robin Whyman, Oxford University
Primers, (2001).
7. Basic Organometallic Chemistry, B. D. Gupta and A. J. Elias, University Press, (2010).
8. Heterogeneous Catalysis, D. K. Chakraborty and B. Viswanathan, New Age
International, (2000).

C-402 IC: BIOINORGANIC CHEMISTRY

52 Hours
UNIT-I
Introduction to Bioinorganic Chemistry
The general roles of metal ions in biological systems. Toxic Metals: mercury, cadmium and
lead. Bioligands in Biocoordination chemistry. Biological redox reactions, electron transport
process. Active and passive transport across cell membrane, Na+/K+ transport across cell
membranes, ionophores, crown ethers and cryptands. Naturally occurring ionophores,
mechanism of ion transport valinomycin, nonactin, gramicidin. Na+/K+ pump. Biochemistry of
calcium as hormonal messenger, muscle contraction blood clotting, binding sites of calcium in
proteins, storage of calcium, comparison of biochemistry of Ca2+ and Mg2+. Metal complexes
of polynucleotides, nucleosides and nucleic acids (DNA & RNA). 13h

UNIT-II
Iron storage and transfer- Ferritin, Transferrin and Siderophores
Oxygen transport and oxygen uptake proteins- transport and storage of dioxygen; Heme
proteins and oxygen uptake, structure and functions of haemoglobin and myoglobin, dioxygen
binding, Bohr effect, Hill equation, role of distal and proximal histidine; Model complexes for
dioxygen binding, non- porphyrin systems- hemerythrin and hemocyanin. Photosynthesis and
nitrogen fixation: Dinitrogen complexes and activation of dinitrogen. Nitrogenase: structural
aspects and functions, abiological nitrogen fixation. Photosynthesis: Chlorophyll- structural
features, role of Mg2+, electron transport chain Z scheme of photosynthesis-PSI and PSII.
13h

UNIT-III
Structure and Functions of Metalloproteins in Electron Transfer Process
Cytochromes, ferridoxines- 2Fe-2S, Rieske centers, high potential iron proteins; 4Fe-4S, 3Fe-
4S, 8Fe-8S and rubredoxin. Mitochondrial flow of electrons from NADH to oxygen,
cytochrome C, Cytochrome C oxidase. Metalloenzymes: Structure and reactivity- Zinc
enzymes: carboxypeptidase, carbonic anhydrase, alcoholdehydrogenase. Cu enzyme:
superoxide dismutase. Mo enzyme: Xanthine oxidase, nitrate reductase. Fe enzymes: catalase,
peroxidise and cytochrome P-450. Vitamin B12: Coenzyme: B12r, B12s, biochemical functions
of cobalamins; Biomethylation, mutase activity. 13h
57
 UNIT-IV
Metals in Medicine
Metal deficiency and disease, Essential Metals, Diseases due to metal deficiency and its
treatment: Copper-deficiency, Zinc-deficiency, Iron-deficicency and Manganese-deficiency
and treatment. Toxic effects of metals: Iron, Copper, Zinc, Magnesium, Arsenic, Lead,
Mercury and calcium. Metals as carcinogens. Natural detoxification of metal ions induced
toxicity. Metal-metal detoxification. Metals used for diagnosis and chemotherapy:
Radiodiagnostic agents, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agents, Use of gold for treatment
of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Anticancer drugs: Platinum complexes, toxic effect of Pt-complexes,
nonactivity of trans-platin. Metallocenes and their halides, Gold and other metal phoshines.
Bismuth compounds in medicines, Vanadium compounds as Insulin mimetic agents in the
treatment of diabetes.
13h

SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Bioinorganic Chemistry, I. Bertini, H. B. Gray, S. J. Lippard and J. S. Valentine, Viva
Books Pvt. Ltd, (1998)
2. Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry; S. J. Lippard and J. M. Berg, Panima Pub.
Corporation, (1997)
3. Bioinorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Enzo Alessio, (2011).
4. Bioorganic, Bioinorganic and Supramolecular Chemistry, P.S. Kalsi, 2nd Edition, (2017).
5. Bioinorganic Chemistry; A. K. Das, Allied (p) Ltd., (2007).
6. Organometallic and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Ram Sharan, (2014).
7. Bioinorganic Chemistry: A short course (2nd Edition), Rosette M. Roat-Melone, (2007).

C- 403 IC: CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS

52 Hours
UNIT-I
Preparative Techniques
Principles of solid state synthesis- ceramic methods, solid solution and compound
precursors (nitrates, carbonates, hydroxides, cyanides and organometallics), sol-gel, spray
pyrolysis, combustion, hydrothermal, electrosynthetic new materials

Fullerenes and Fullerides

Structure, synthesis, functionalization approaches, conducting properties of fullerides.
Applications.

NASICON and Alumina

Structure and conducting properties.

High-Tc Oxides
Structure, perovskite A & B, structure and synthesis of La, Sr and Ba cuprates and their
applications.

Conducting Polymers
Polyaacetylene (PA), Polyaniline (PANI), Poly(p-Phenylene) (PPP), Polyphenylene sulfide
(PPS), Polypyrrole (PPY)-mechanism of conduction and applications. 14h

58
 UNIT-II
Nanomaterials
Classification. Types of carbon nano tubes and their synthesis. Functionalization,
charecterization and applications.
Principles of Self-Assembly
Surfactant solutions, importance of non-covalent forces, the hydrophobic effect, co-
operativity, statistical mechanics of one-dimensional self-assembly.
Preparation of nanoscale materials
Precipitation, mechanical milling, colloidal routes, self assembly: chemical vapour deposition,
sputtering, evaporation.
Synthesis, characterization and applications of nanoparticles, nano wires and nanotubes.
Elemental Nanoparticles
gold, silicon, silver. cobalt oxide nanoparticles: Silica, zinc oxide, iron oxide, Alumina. 12h

UNIT-III
Intercalation Compounds
Intercalation reactions-layered structure-graphite interlayer compounds (GILC), staging of
graphite, TaS2, Microporous materials-zeolites and zeolitic materials, AlPO4-GaPO4.
Fibres and Composites
Synthetic inorganic polymers-zirconia and other fibre Classification, microscopic composites,
dispersion strengthned, particle reinforced, Fibre-glass reinforced composites, metal-matrix,
plastic-matrix composites, hybrid composites. 14h

UNIT-IV
Amorphous Materials
Crystalline versus amorphous solids, glass formation, Preparation techniques- meltspinning,
sputtering, ion implantation, Structural models of amorphous materials, Properties of
metglasses-mechanical, electronic and magnetic properties.
Liquid Crystals
Mesomorphic behaviour, classification, examples- thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystals
Calamitic, nematic phase A, B, smectic phase, chiral nematic phase and optical Properties of
liquid crystals. Applications with special reference to display systems. 12h

SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Encyclopedia of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Hari Singh Nalva, (2004).
2. Nanostructured Materials: Processing, Properties and Applications, ed. C.C.Koch, Willaim
Andrew Publishing, New York, (2002).
3. Nanomaterials: Synthesis, properties and applications, Edited by A. S.Edelstein and R. C.
Cammarata, Inst. of Physics, UK, (1966).
4. Science of Engineering Materials, C. M. Srivastava and C. Srinivasan, Wiley-Eastern Ltd.,
(1991).
5. Solid State Chemistry and its Applications, A. R. West, John Wiley & Sons., (1989).
6. Material Science and Engineering. W. D. Callister, John Wiley and Sons Inc., (1985).
7. Nanotubes and Nano wires C. N. R. Rao, & A. Govindaraj, RSC, London, (2005).
8. NANO: The essentials, T. Pradeep, McGraw-Hill, (2008).
9. Liquid Crystals, Nature’s delicate phase of matter, Peter J. Collings, Princeton University
Press, (2002)
10. Nanochemistry, A chemical approach to Nanomaterials, Geoffrey A. Ozin and Andre C.
Arsenault, RSC, (2006).
59
 C- 404 IC/PC: SPECTROSCOPY-III
52 Hours
(Common to Inorganic and Physical Chemistry students)

UNIT-I
Vibrational Spectroscopy
Vibrational spectra of diatomic, linear and bent triatomic, AB3, AB4, AB5 and AB6 molecules,
spectra of metal complexes: Ammine, amido, Nitro, Nitrito, lattice water, aquo and hydroxo,
carbonato, nitrato, sulphato and other acido complexes, cyano and nitrile complexes, cyanato
and thiocyanato complexes, mono and multinuclear carbonyl complexes, nitrosyls,
phosphines and arsines, ambidentate ligands, ethylenediamine and diketonato complexes. 9h

Raman Spectroscopy
Lasers and their use in Raman spectroscopy, Nonlinear Raman effects-Stimulated, hyper and
inverse types, Resonance Raman Spectroscopy. 4h

Photoacoustic Spectroscopy
Principle and applications 2h

UNIT-II
Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Basic principles- photoelectric effect, Koopman’s theorem, XPS and UPS, spin-orbit coupling
in core level spectra, applications of core level spectra- ESCA.

Auger Electron Spectroscopy

Principle and applications. 6h

NMR Spectroscopy of Inorganic Molecules

Proton NMR spectra of metal hydride complexes. NMR spectra of nuclei other than
hydrogen: 19F, 31P, 11B NMR spectra of simple compounds, Proton/hydride interactions with
103
Rh, 183W, 195Pt and 207Pb in metal complexes/organometallic compounds, Solid State NMR.
8h
UNIT-III
Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy
Basic principles, the position of ESR absorption, significance of ‘g’ factor, determination of
‘g’ factor. Electron-nucleus coupling (Hyperfine splitting). ESR spectrometer,
electronelectron coupling, double resonance in ESR, ENDOR, ELDOR. Interpretation of ESR
spectra and structure elucidation of organic radicals using ESR spectroscopy. Spin density
and Mc Connell relationship. Spin polarization for atoms and transition metal ions, spin-orbit
coupling and significance of g-tensors, zero/non-zero field splitting, Kramer’s degeneracy,
application to transition metal complexes (having one to five unpaired electrons) including
biological molecules and inorganic free radicals such as PH4, F2 and BH3. 10h

UNIT-IV
Mossbauer Spectroscopy
Basic principles, Doppler effect, isomer shift, quadrupole splitting and magnetic hyperfine
interactions, Relationship between isomer shift and s-electron density, Application to the
study of bonding and structures of Fe2+ and Fe3+ compounds, Sn2+ and Sn4+ compounds. 5h

60
NQR Spectroscopy
Basic principle of NQR, Fundamental requirements of NQR, NQR isotopes, electric field
gradients, Quadrupole effects, Nuclear Quadrupole coupling constants, Applications of NQR
spectroscopy. 4h

X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy

Absorption of X-rays, mass absorption coefficient, Critical absorption edge and its ccurrence.
XANES; X-ray absorption near edge structure and EXAFS; Extended X-ray absorption fine
structure and its Applications. 4h

SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Physical methods in Inorganic Chemistry, R. S. Drago, Affiliated East West Press Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi (1965).
2. Infrared spectra of Inorganic and Coordination Compounds, K. Nakamoto, Wiley
Interscience, New York, (1970).
3. Vibrational Spectroscopy: Theory and Applications, D. N. Sathyanarayana, New Age
International Publishers, New Delhi (2000).
4. Electronic Absorption Spectroscopy and Related Techniques, D. N. Sathyanarayana,
Universities Press, Bangalore (2001).

61
 FOURTH SEMESTER

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY SPECIALISATION

C-401 OC: ORGANIC SYNTHESIS 52 Hours
UNIT-I
C-C and C-N Bond Forming Reactions
Darzen’s reaction, use of acetylides in C-C bond formation reactions. Acid-catalyzed self
condensation of olefins, Prins reaction, Shapiro reaction, Dieckmann cyclization, Robinson
annulation, Hofmann-Loeffler-Freytag reaction. Hofmann-Martius reaction. Acyloin
condensation. Houben-Hoesch reaction. Stork-enamine synthesis. Meyer synthesis. 6h
Applications of C-C and C-N Bond Forming Reactions
Use of nucleophilic nitrogen and electrophilic carbon (NH3, amines and nitrite as nucleophiles
in substitution, NH3 and amines in addition to ketones and aldehydes) and electrophilic
nitrogen and nucleophilic carbon (nitration, nitrosation) for the bond formation reactions
(including Chichibabin reaction, Skraup synthesis, Mitsunobu reaction, N-Nitroaromatic
amine rearrangement, Fisher-Hepp reaction. Japp-Klingemann reaction). 7h

UNIT-II

Reactions of Carbon Nucleophiles with Carbonyl Compounds

Aldol addition and condensation reactions. The general Mechanism. Control of regio- and
stereoselectivity of aldol reactions of aldehydes and ketones. Stereochemistry of aldol
addition reactions of enolates of esters and other carbonyl derivatives, the mukaiyama aldol
reaction. control of facial selectivity in aldol and Mukaiyama aldol reactions. Addition
reactions of imines and iminium Ions: Additions to N-acyl iminium ions, amine-catalyzed
condensation reactions. Acylation of carbon nucleophiles: Acylation of enolates and other
carbon nucleophiles. Olefination reactions of stabilized carbon nucleophiles: Stereochemistry
of the Wittig and related reactions of phosphorus-stabilized carbon nucleophiles. Reactions of
α-trimethylsilylcarbanions with carbonyl compounds. The Julia olefination reaction.
12h

UNIT-III

Functional Group Interconversion by Substitution (including Protection and

Deprotection)
Conversion of alcohols to alkylating agents: sulfonate esters, halides. Introduction of
functional groups by nucleophilic substitution at a saturated carbon: general solvent effects.
Nitriles, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus nucleophiles, nucleophilic substitution at
saturated carbon. Cleavage of carbon-oxygen bonds in ethers and esters. Inter-conversion of
carboxylic acid derivatives: Acylation of alcohols, Fischer esterification, preparation of
amides. 12h
UNIT-IV
Asymmetric Synthesis
‘ee’ & ‘de’. Methods of determination of ‘ee’ & ‘de’. Stereoselectivity: classification,
terminology and principle. Asymmetric synthesis and asymmetric induction. Double
diastereoselection and double asymmetric induction. Acyclic stereoselection: addition of
nucleophiles to carbonyl compounds (1,2- 1,3- and 1,4-asymmetric induction). Addition of
allylmetal and allylboranes to carbonyl group. Diastereoselection in cyclic systems:
nucleophilic addition to cyclic ketones (formation of axial and equatorial alcohols, catalytic

62
hydrogenation, alkylation, diastereoselective oxidations and stereoselective cyclization of
poylenes). Enantioselective synthesis: Reduction with chiral hydride donors [(S)-PBMgCl,
(-)-iBOAlCl2, alpine-borane, (S)-BINAL-H, (R,R)-DIOP, and (S,S)-CHIRAPHOS)].
Enantioselective alkylation of ketones via hydrazones. Enantioselective alkylation with chiral
PTC. Stereoselective Michael addition. Enantioselective intramolecular aldol condensation.
Use of (+)- and (–)- DET in Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation. Polymer-bound chiral
catalysts in asymmetric induction. Asymmetric amplification.
15h

SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Advanced organic chemistry, J. March, 4th Edition, John Wiley, (2008).
2. Organic synthesis, R.E. Ireland, Prentice-Hall India, New Delhi, (1975).
3. Understanding organic reaction mechanisms, A. Jacob, Cambridge Univ. Press, (1997).
4. Introduction to organic chemistry, A. Streitweiser, Jr and C. H. Heathcock, Macmillan,
(1985).
5. Modern synthetic reactions, H. O. House, W. A. Benjamin, 2nd Edition, California,
(1972).
6. Some modern methods of organic synthesis, W. Carruthers, 2nd Edition, Cambridge
Univ. Press, London, (1978).
7. Mechanisms of molecular migration, Vols I & II, B.S. Thyagarajan, Pergamon Press,
Oxford, (1979).
8. Comprehensive organic chemistry, D. Barton and W. D. Wallis, Pergamon Press,
Oxford, (1983).
9. Organic chemistry Vol. II, I. L. Finar, 6th Edition, Longman, (1992).
10. Organic reaction Mechanisms, V. K. Ahluwalia and R. K. Prashar, 3rd Edition, Narosa,
New Delhi, (2005)
11. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds: Principles and Applications, D Nasipuri, New-
Age International, (1999).
12. Advance Organic Chemistry, Part B: Reaction and Synthesis, Francis. A. Carey,
Richard J. Sundberg, 5th Edition, Springer, (2000).

63
C-402 OC: STEREOCHEMISTRY AND RETROSYNTHETIC ANALYSIS 52 Hours
UNIT-I
Stereochemistry –I
Classification of chiral molecules based on the presence of different chirality elements.
chirality in adamentanes (having a centre of chirality and an axis of chirality), ansa
compounds, para-and meta-cyclophanes, trans-cyclooctene, biphenyls (including ‘buttressing
effect’ and application of ‘inside-out’ rule), fused biphenyls, binaphthyls, terphenyls,
catenanes, rotaxanes, helicenes, twistane, ferrocenes, hexahydrophenalene and vesperines.
Assignment of R,S/M,P-configuration to these compounds (wherever applicable). Optical
activity due to the presence hetero atoms: chirality of organic compounds due to the presence
of nitrogen (including trivalent nitrogen based atropisomers having an axis of chirality),
phosphorous, arsenic and sulphur atoms. Determination of R,S-configuration of these
compounds using CIP rules. 10h
UNIT-II
Stereochemistry-II
Conformation, reactivity and mechanism in cyclic systems: (i). Reactions involving exocyclic
atoms. (ii). Nucleophilic substitution reactions at ring carbon: SN1, SN2, SNi and SN2ʹ
reactions. (iii). Formation and cleavage of epoxide ring. (iv). Electrophilic addition to double
bonds.
Determining absolute and relative configuration: (i). chemical correlation of configuration:
methods without involving the chiral centre. Chemical transformation involving the chiral
centre. (ii). Method based on anomalous X- ray scattering. (iii). Use of optical rotatory
dispersion (ORD) curves: α-Axial haloketone rule and Octant rule. Application of these rules
in the determination of absolute configuration of substituted cyclohexanones, decalones and
cholestanones. (iv). Use of CD curves: Use of CD curves in the study of effect of solvent and
temperature on the stability of configuration of substituted cyclohexanones. (v). The method
of quasi-racemates. (vi). Methods based on optical rotation studies: (a). Distance rule and (b).
Mills rule. Transannular reaction: Conformational analysis of medium rings. Trasnannular
reactions: Hydrolysis of medium ring epoxides and bromination of C8–C10 cyclic dienes.
12h
UNIT-III
Retrosynthetic Analysis
Disconnection approach: introduction to synthons, and synthetic equivalents, disconnection
approach. Basic principles and terminologies used in disconnection approach. One group C-X
and two group C-X disconnections. Chemoselectivity, reversal of polarity, cyclisation
reactions. Principle of protection of alcohols, amines, acids and carbonyl groups. C-C one
group and C-C two group disconnections: Synthesis of alcohols, carbonyl compounds and
alkenes. Use of acetylides and aliphatic nitro compounds in organic synthesis. 14h
UNIT-IV
Two-Group Disconnections
Diels’-Alder reaction, 1,2-difunctionalized compounds; 1,3-difunctionalised compounds; 1,4-
difunctionalised compounds; 1,5-difunctionalised compounds and 1,6-difunctionalised
compounds. α,β-Unsaturated compounds, carbonyl compounds condensations, Micheal
addition and Robinson annelation. Strategy for carbonyl group disconnections. Synthesis of
various amines. 9h

Ring Synthesis
Synthesis of saturated heterocycles and 3-, 4-, 5- and 6-membered rings. Synthesis of some
complex molecules using disconnection approach: Aromadendrene, juvabione, and
fredericamycin-A. 7h
64
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Stereochemistry of carbon compounds, E. L. Eliel, S. H. Wilen and L. N. Mander, John
Wiley & Sons, (1994).
2. Stereochemistry, Potapov, MIR, Moscow, (1984).
3. Stereochemistry, Nasipuri, D, New Age, (1999).
4. Advanced organic chemistry, J. March, 4th Edition, John Wiley, (2008).
5. Organic Chemistry, R. E. Ireland Prentice-Hall India, New Delhi, (1975).
6. Some modern methods of Organic Synthesis, W. Caruthers, 2nd Edition, Cambridge
Uni. Press London, (1998).
7. Stereochemistry of organic compounds- Principle and applications, D. Nasipuri, 2nd
Edition, New Age International Publishers, (2001).
8. Organic synthesis: The synthon approach, S. Warren, 1st Edition, John Wiley & Sons,
New York, (1983).
9. Designing organic synthesis: A disconnection approach, S. Warren, 2nd Edition, John
Wiley & Sons, New York, (1987).
10. Organic synthesis, C. Willis and M. Wills, Oxford University Press, (1995).
11. Organic synthesis: Concepts, methods and starting materials, J. Furhfop and G.
Penzillin, Verlag VCH, (2003).
12. Principles of organic synthesis, R. Norman and J. M. Coxon, Blackie Academic &
Professional, (1993).
13. Advanced organic chemistry Part B: F. A. Carrey and J. Sundberg, Plenum Press,
(1999).
14. Organic chemistry Vol. 2, I. L. Finar, 6th Edition, Longman, (1992).

65
 C-403 OC: ORGANOMETALLIC AND HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY
52 Hours
UNIT-I

Organometallic Compounds in Organic Synthesis-I

General introduction. 16- and 18-electron rules. Green-Davies-Mingos rules. Complexation
and de-complexation reactions: s-bonded systems including η1 ligands. p-Bonded systems
involving dihapto to octahapto ligands such as: olefins, acetylenes, allyl moieties, 1,3-
butadiene, cyclobutadiene, arenes, cyclopenta, cyclohexa and cycloheptadienyl moieties;
cyclohepta, cyclooctatrienes and cyclooctatetraene moieties. 4h

Use of Organotransition Metal Complexes as Protecting and Stabilizing Groups

Protection of olefins, acetylenes and dienes. Stabilization of cyclobutadines and
norbornadienones. Organometallics as electrophiles and nucleophiles: nucleophilic addition to
η2, η5 and η6 complexes. Electrophilic addition to η4, η6 and carbene complexes. 3h

Organometallics in Coupling and Cyclization Reactions

Coupling and cyclization of organic nucleophiles with olefins (including Heck reaction), and
coupling of olefins with acetylenes (including Felkin’s reaction). 3h

Organometallics in Isomerization, Oxidation and Reduction Reactions

Isomerization of olefins, allylic alcohols and allylic ethers. Oxidation of olefins (including
Wacker’s process and epoxidation) and reduction of olefins and α,β-unsaturated compounds
(including Wilkinson’s reaction). 4h

UNIT-II

Organometallic Compounds in Organic Synthesis-II

Carbonylation reactions: use of zirconium complexes in the synthesis of esters, acids,
aldehydes or acyl halides from alkyl halides and in the hydroformylation of olefins and
dienes. Use of iron complexes for the insertion of CO group into organic molecules such as
dienes, alkyl halides and vinyl epoxides. Use of cobalt complexes in the synthesis of ketones
from epoxides, lactones from allylic alcohols and in hydroformylation of olefins. Use of
palladium complexes for the carbonylation of alkyl halides, dienes and allenes. 4h

Organometallic Compounds in Organic Synthesis-III

Organosilicons: Introduction, preparation and general reactions of trialkylsilyl halides.
Peterson olefination. Organotins: Preparation and reactions of tri-n-butyltin hydride, Barton
decarboxylation and Barton- McCombie reaction. Organocerates: preparation and reactions of
organocerates. Organomercurials: preparation. Electrophilic substitution reactions.
Solvomercuration-de-mercuration and cyclopropanation of alkenes. 4h

Application of the following Organometallics in Organic Synthesis-I

Organozincs: Preparation, reaction with compounds containing acidic protons, reaction with
C-C multiple bonds, trans-metallation, addition reactions of zinc reagents with carbonyl
compounds. Simmons-Smith, and Reformatsky reaction. Organolithiums: preparation.
Deprotonation reactions, nucleophilic addition reactions, reactions with imines, nitriles and
isonitriles. 4h

66
 UNIT-III

Application of the following Organometallics in Organic Synthesis-II

Organocopper reagents: (Gilman reagents-lithium dialkylcuprates): Preparation, reactions
with alkyl, allyl, vinyl, benzyl and aryl halides, aldehydes, ketones (including α,β-unsaturated
carbonyl compounds) and epoxides. Organoseleniums: Preparation and use of
organoseleniums in the synthesis of alkenes fromalkyl halides, α,β-unsaturated carbonyl
compounds from carbonyl compounds. Organotelluriums: Debromination of vic-dibromides,
deoxygenation of epoxides, oxidation of hydroquinone and synthesis of biaryls.
Organoaluminiums: preparation, hydroalumination and carboalumination of alkenes.
Nucleophillic addition reactions with carbonyl compounds and hydrocyanation. preparation of
alkenyldialkylalanes and their reactions. Organopaladiumcatalyzed carbon-carbon cross-
coupling reactions. Oxidative addition. Transmetalation. Mechanistic aspects of Suzuki
Coupling, Kumada coupling, Sonogashira cross coupling, Stille-Kelly Coupling and Hiyama
coupling reactions. Palladium-catalyzed carbonylation reactions. Hartig and Buchwald
amination. 13h

UNIT-IV
Heterocyclic Chemistry-I
Small ring heterocycles: Properties and reactions of 3- and 4-membered heterocycles:
Oxiranes, thiranes, aziridines, azetidines. Benzo-fused heterocycles: Synthesis and reactions
of benzofurans, benzothiophenes, benzoxazoles, benzothiazoles and benzimidazoles. Six-
membered heterocycles with two or more heteroatoms: Synthesis of diazines, triazines. 6h

Heterocyclic Chemistry-II
Seven and large membered heterocycles: synthesis and reactions of azepanes, oxepines,
thiepines, diazepines. Cryptands and crown ethers: Introduction, structures, synthesis of
crown ethers and cryptands. Application of crown ethers and cryptands. Mesoionic
compounds: general classification, chemistry of some important meso-ionic heterocycles of
type-A and type-B and their applications (2 examples). 7h

SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Organometallic Chemistry, R. C. Mehrotra and A. Singh, Wiley Eastern, (1991).
2. The Organometallic Chemistry of the transition metals, R. H. Crabtree, (1988).
3. Principles and application of the organotransition metal chemistry, J. P. Collman, L. S.
Hegedus, University Science books, (1980).
4. An introduction to Organometallic Chemistry, A. W. Parkins and R. C. Poller,
Macmillan, (1986).
5. Modern Synthetic Reactions, H.O. House, W.A. Benjamin, California, II Edn.(1972) 95
6. Organotransition metal chemistry, S. G. Davies, Pergamon Press, Oxford, (1982).
7. Heterocyclic Chemistry, Vol. 1-3, R. R. Gupta, M. Kumar and V. Gupta, Springer
Verlag, (2003).
8. Contemporary Heterocyclic Chemistry, G. R. Newkome, and W. W. Paudler, Wiley-
Inter Science, (1982).
9. An introduction to Heterocyclic Compounds, R. M. Acheson, John Wiley, (1960).
10. Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry, A. R. Katritzky and C. W. Rees, Eds.
Pergamon Press, (2008).
11. Palladium in Heterocyclic Chemistry, 2nd Edition, Jie Jack Ali, Gordon W. Gribble,
Elsevier Publication, (2006).
12. Organometallics, Vol. 1 & 2, M. Bochmann, Oxford Chemistry primers, Oxford
University Press, (1994).
67
 C-404 OC: MEDICINAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
52 Hours
UNIT-I
Basic Concepts of Medicinal Chemistry
Important terminology in medicinal chemistry: Pharmacodynamics agents, pharmacophore,
metabolites and anti-metabolites. Natural and synthetic drugs. Case studies: Ephedrine, sulfa
drugs. Importance of chirality and halogenation in drugs. Drug potency such as: LD50, ED50,
IC50 (mathematical derivation excluded). Pharmokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug
metabolism and pharmacology. Phase transformations: Oxidation, hydrolysis, reduction and
phase-II transformations: Conjugation. Concept of prodrugs and soft drugs. Metabolic
absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME). Bioavailability of drugs. 6h

Synthesis of the Following Classes of Drugs with Mechanism of Drug Action

Antipyretics, analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Aspirin, paracetamol,
novalgin, phenylbutazone and ibuprofen.
Antidiabetics: Sequence of A- & B-chains of insulin, glibenclamide, metformin, ciglitazone.
antihistamines: methapyrilene, and chlorpheniramine.
Antivirals: acyclovir, amantidine, and zidovudine.
Antineoplastic agents: Introduction, cancer chemotherapy, role of alkylating agents, and anti-
metabolites in the treatment of cancer. Mention of carcinolytic antibiotics, and mitotic
inhibitors. Synthesis of mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide, melaphan, and uracil mustards.
Cardiovascular drugs: Introduction, Cardiovascular diseases. Synthesis of sorbitrate,
diltiazem, verapamil, and methyldopa. 10h
UNIT-II
Antibiotics
Introduction and classification. Penicillins, Streptomycin, Tetracyclins and Chloramphenicol:
structures and their importance. Antibacterials that inhibit cell wall synthesis. Structural
elucidation and synthesis of Pencillin-G and Cephalosporin-C. Antibacterials that impair
protein synthesis: synthesis of streptomycin; synthesis and structural elucidation of
chloramphenicol. Introduction to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Antibacterials that inhibit
plasma membrane: synthesis of gramicidin, antibiotic resistance. 12h

UNIT-III
Steroids
Introduction, classification and nomenclature. Diels’ hydrocarbon: Importance and synthesis.
Stereochemistry of cholesterol. Structural elucidation of cholesterol- Blanc’s rule, number of
rings, location of double bond and hydroxyl group, positions of angular methyl groups and
side chain in cholesterol, stereochemistry at the ring junctions. Basic reactions of cholesterol:
esterification, hydrogenation, epoxidation and hydroboration reactions. Introduction to sex
hormones and synthesis of estrone, progesterone, androsterone and testosterone. Barton
reaction for the synthesis of aldosterone. Marker’s degradation. Brief discussion of
homosteroids, norsteroids and oral contraceptives. Synthesis of (dl)-norgestrel and ethinyl
estradiol. 14h
UNIT-IV
Local Anti-Infective Agents
Introduction and mode of action. Antibacterials that inhibit cell metabolism: Synthesis of
sulphonamides, nalidixic acid, aminosalicyclic acid, isoniazide, ethionamide, chloroquin.
Agents that act on nucleic acid transcription and replication. Synthesis of quinolones,
fluoroquinolones and aminoacridines.

68
Psychoactive Drugs- Chemotherapy of the Mind
Introduction of neurotransmitters. CNS depressants and general anaesthetics. Mode of action
of hypnotics, sedatives, anti-anxiety drugs, benzodiazepines, buspirone, neurochemistry of
mental diseases. Synthesis of diazepam, oxazepam, chlorazepam, alprazolam, phenytoin,
ethosuximide, barbiturates, phenobarbital, glutethimide. 10h

SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Vols. 1-6, Ed. DJ. Abraham, John
Wiley, (2003).
2. Foye’s Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, T L Lemke and D A Williams Eds.,
Lippincott, 6th Edition, Williams and Wilkins, (2007).
3. An Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry, P. Graham, 3rd Edition, Oxford, (2006)
4. Medicinal Chemistry, N. Weaver, Oxford, (2006).
5. Goodman and Gilman's Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 11th Edition, Tata
McGraw-Hill, (2005).
6. The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action, R. B. Silverman, 2nd Edition,
Academic Press, Amsterdam, (2004).
7. Wilson and Gisvold's Text Book of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
J. H. Block and J. M. Beale, Jr., Eds., Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, (2003).
8. Medicinal Chemistry, A. Kar, Wiley, (2000).
9. Strategies for Organic Drug Synthesis and Design, D. Lednicer, John Wiley,(1998).
10. Natural Products Chemistry, Vol. 1 and 2, G. R. Chatwal, Himalaya, New Delhi,
(1990).
11. Natural products: Their chemistry and biological significance, J. Mann, R. S. Davidson,
J. B. Hobbs, D. V. Banthorpe & J. B. Harborne, Longman, UK, (1994).
12. Natural products chemistry, Vol. I & II, K. Nakanishi, T. Goso, S. Ito, S. Natori & S.
Nozoe, Academic Press, New York, (1974).

69
 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY SPECIALISATION
C-401 PC: APPLIED ELECTROCHEMISTRY 52 Hours
UNIT-I
Electroanalytical Methods
Voltametry: Definition of voltammetry; Normal DC polarography (Principle, procedure and
polarogram); half-wave potential and qualitative analysis; Ilkovic equation (No Derivation)
and quantitative analysis; factors affecting diffusion controlled current.
Current-potential equation (No derivations) for a cathodic wave, anodic wave and composite
wave and their significance;
Advanced Polarographic Techniques: Principle and improvement of Tast polarography,
Normal pulse polarography, Differential pulse polarography and AC polarography.
Stripping Voltametry: Definition, working principle of cathodic and anodic stripping
voltammetry. Uses of stripping voltammetry.
Cyclic Voltammetry: Principle, experimental setup and voltammogram; qualitative and
quantitative analysis
Chronomethods: Principle and applications of Chronoampherometry and
chronopotentiometry
Hydrodynamic Electrodes: Definition, Construction and working principle using Rotating
disc (RD) and rotating ring disc (RRD) electrodes.
Membrane Electrodes: Ion-selective membrane electrodes; solid and liquid state
membranes; Glass membrane; applications of membrane electrodes; Gas (Molecular) sensing
probes. 13h
UNIT-II

Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage

Batteries: History and basics, classification, characteristics with units-voltage, current,
capacity, electricity storage density, energy density, power density, energy efficiency, cycle
life, shelf life. Problems solving.
Classical batteries: Construction, reactions and uses of Leclanche’ dry cell and Zn-Ag2O cell;
Construction, working (charge-discharge reactions) and applications of Pb-acid and Ni-Cd
batteries.
Modern (Hybrid) Batteries: Metal-air (Zn-air primary) batteries; Metal oxide-hydrogen or
hydride batteries. Lithium batteries: Advantages of Li metal in battery technology; Li-MnO2
primary battery; Lithium- ion secondary batteries.
Electrochemical Super Capacitors: Comparative account; meaning of capacitor,
electrolytic (super) capacitor; materials used for construction, applications, advantages and
limitations.
Fuel Cells: Definition of fuel cell; Energy efficiency equations of electrochemical and
thermal conversion; classification based on the type of electrolytes used; Hydrogen economy
(meaning, merits and limitations), H2-O2 fuel cell, proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel
cell, Alcohol fuel cell. A brief account of electrocatalysts.
Photovoltaic Cells: Definition, construction, working principle and applications of PV cells.
13h
UNIT-III

Surface Modification Techniques (Metal Finishing)

Definition of metal finishing; technological importance of metal finishing; Electroplating:
Definition, Equipment, process and mechanism of electroplating; Plating variables (physical
and organic) and their role; advantages of complexing agents in plating; Preparation of
substrate (cathode) surface for electroplating; Electroplating of Cr(decorative and hard

70
chrome). Current efficiency; Electroless plating: Definition, advantages over electroplating,
pre-treatment of substrates, an account of electroless plating of copper; Electroless deposition
of nanoparticles (silver and Ni); Applications of electroless plating.
Testing of coats (one test to each)
Measurement of coating thickness, adhesion, porosity, corrosion resistance and hardness. A
brief account of surface analysis by XPS and AES techniques. Removal of CN, Cr and Pb
from plating industrial effluent. Problems solving.
Electroorganic Synthesis
Special features of electrochemical synthesis; reaction variables: electrode material, electrode
potential, solvent, supporting electrolyte, temperature and agitation; Two examples for
electroorganic synthesis. 13h
UNIT-IV

Corrosion and its Control

Introduction, Definition and examples of dry and wet corrosion; Local cell (heterogeneity)
theory of wet corrosion; Types of wet corrosion; differential metal and differential aeration
corrosion with examples, Factors influencing the rate of corrosion- metal and environmental.
Determination corrosion current by linear polarization, Tafel extrapolation and impedance
spectroscopy techniques.
Methods of Corrosion Control
Cathodic protection (sacrificial and impressed voltage techniques); anodic protection:
passivation, current potential diagram; Use of corrosion inhibitors (anodic and cathodic); use
of organic coatings (painting); Principle and applications of Galvanizing, Anodizing and
Phosphating;
Bio-Electrochemistry
Cellular (bilayer lipid) membrane, transmembrane potential, electroporation, biological
electron transport, electrochemistry of redox enzymes; Electrochemistry of biosensors. 13h

SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Modern Electrochemistry, Vol. 1, 2A and 2B by Bockris and Reddy, Plenum, New
York, (2000).
2. Polarography and Allied Techniques by V. Suryanarayana Rao, Universities Press
(india) Pvt. Ltd., Hyderadad, (2002).
3. Basic concepts of Analytical Chemistry by S. M. Khopkar, New Age Internatonal
Publishers, third edition, New Delhi, (2008).
4. Electrochemical Methods- Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Edition, by A. J.Bard
and L. R. Faulkner, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, (2001).
5. Chemical and Electrochemical Energy systems by Narayan and Visvanathan,
Hyderabad, Universities Press (india) Pvt. Ltd., Hyderadad, (2002).
6. Understanding Batteries, R. M. Dell and D. A. J. Rand, (2001).
7. Fuel cells and their applications, Karl Kordesh, Gunter, Simader, VCH-Weinheim,
Cambridge, (1996).
8. Fundamentals of electrochemical deposition, Milan Paunovic and Mordechay
Schlesinger, Wiley- interscience publications, New York, (1998)
9. Electrodeposition and Corrosion Control, J. M. West, J. Wiley W. Revie (ed.):
Corrosion Handbook, Electrochemical Society Series, John Wiley and Sons, (2000).
10. Electrochemistry and corrosion science, Nestor Perez, Springer (India) Pvt. Ltd., (2004)
11. Synthetic organic Electrochemistry by A. M. Fry, 2nd Editon, Wiley, (1989).
12. Bioelectrochemistry: Fundamentals, experimental techniques and application, P. N.
Bartlett, Wiley& Sons, (2008).

71
 C- 402 PC: CHEMISTRY OF MACROMOLECULES
AND ADVANCED PHOTOCHEMISTRY
52 Hours
UNIT - I
Polymerization Process
Chain polymerization: Free radical polymerization, Ionic (cationic and anionic)
polymerization, coordination polymerization, Ziegler-Natta catalyst. Step polymerization:
polycondensation and polyaddition; ring opening polymerization. Miscellaous
polymerization:Matathetical polymerization, group transfer polymerization,
Electrochemical polymerization.

Characteristics of High Polymers

Tg, Tm and Tf: Tg-Glass Transition temperature: States of aggregation, states of phase
transitions and associated properties, Importance of Tg. Tm–Temperature of melt and Tf–
Temperature of flow: Characteristics and evaluation of Tg, Tm and Tf in accordance with
crystalline and amorphous polymers. Effect of temperature, crystallinity and molecular weight
on mechanical behavior of polymers.

Thermodynamics of Polymer Solution

Chemical potential of macromolecular solution. concepts of second viral coefficient and
excluded volume. Expressions for models postulated for the shapes of macromolecules in
solution: spheres, ellipsoid, long rod and flexible random coil. 13h

UNIT-II
Molecular Weight Determinations
Determination of molecular weight average by using different Methods: (i). Osmotic
pressure; (ii). Light Scattering; (iii). Sedimentation Velocity; (iv). Sedimentation
Equilibrium; (v). Viscosity and (vi). Electrophoresis. Use of these methods in the evaluation
of shapes and conformations of macromolecules. ORD and CD techniques in the study of
macromolecules.

Mechanical Properties
Structure-property relationship of polymers: Strength, plastic deformation (Rheology),
physical state of polymers, chemical resistance, crystallinity, Mechanism of deformation.

Degradation, Stability and Environmental Issues

Thermal degradation, oxidative and UV-stability, Hydrolytic degradation, Mechanical
degradation, Photodegradation. Management of plastics in the environment. Recycling,
Incineration, biodegradation. 13h
UNIT-III
Advanced Photochemistry-I
Excited state dipole moment, excited state acidity constant pk* values (Forster’s cycles),
excited state redox potential, flash photolysis, Wigner’s spin conservation rule.
Photophysical process: quenching and collisional deactivation, Stern-Volmer Plot,
Fluorescence: General principle, energy level diagram, mirror image relationship, Kasha’s
rule, spectrofluorimetry, sensitized delayed fluorescence. Phosphorescenc,
Spectrophosphorimetry, lasers, chemiluminescence, excimers and exciplexes.
Photochemical formation of the molecules: major possible reactions with examples. 13h

72
 UNIT-IV
Advanced Photochemistry-II
Organic and inorganic photochemistry: Directional nature of light absorption, life times of
excited electronic states of atom and molecules, Types of electronic transition of organic
molecules, two photon absorption spectroscopy. Reaction in compounds containing carbonyl
groups, photoreduction and related reactions photocyclo addition reactions, bonding and anti-
bonding molecular orbitals of ethylene, 1,3-butadiene and allyl systems, orbital symmetry and
chemical reaction, elctrocyclic reactions, Woodward-Hoffmann correlation rules applied to
1,3-butadiene and 1,3,5-hexatriene, comparison of thermal and photochemical reaction.
Energy levels of inorganic transition metal complexes, redox properties of [Ru(bpy)3]2+,
excited state outer sphere electron transfer reactions, inner sphere mechanism. Organic solar
cells.
13h

SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Text book of polymer science: F. W. Billmeyer (John.Wiley), London, (1994).
2. Polymer science: V. R. Gowariker, N. V. Viswanathan & T. Sreedhar (Wiley Eastern)
New Delhi, (1990).
3. Introduction to Physical polymer science, L. H. Sperling, Wiley-Interscience, New York
(1986).
4. Fundamentals of Polymer science and Engineering. Anil Kumar and S. K. Gupta, Tata
Mc-Graw Hill-LCUE Series, New Delhi (1978).
5. Principles of polymerization, G. Odian, 3rd Edition, Wiley Interscience, New York,
(1992).
6. A Laboratory Manual of Polymers, S. M. Ashraf, Sharif Ahmad and Ufana Riaz. I. K.
International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, (2009).
7. Polymer Science and Technology, J. R. Fried (Prentice hall) New Delhi, (1999).
8. Fundamentals of Photochemistry, K. K. Rohatgi Mukherjee, Wiley Eastern Limited
(1986).
9. Photochemistry, Carol E. Wayne and Richard P. Wayne, Oxford University Press
(1996).
10. Introduction to Semiconductor Materials and Devices M. S. Tyagi, John Wiley and
sons, (1991).
11. Organic Photochemistry, J. M. Cozen and B. Halton, Cambridge University Press (1st
Edition), (1974)
12. Molecular Reactions and Photochemistry, C. H. Deputy and D. S. Chapman, Prentice
Hall India, New Delhi (1st Edition), (1972).
13. Concepts of Inorganic photochemistry, A. W. Adamson and P. D. Fleischaves Wiley.
14. Physical Chemistry, P. W. Atkins, Julio de Paulo ELBS 7th Edition (2002).

73
 C-403 PC: REACTION KINETICS AND MECHANISMS
52 Hours
UNIT-I
Reactions in Solution
Cage effect, Comparison of reaction rates between gas phase and solution phase. Influence of
solvent on reaction rate (Double sphere model), Primary and secondary isotope effects on
reaction rates, Linear free energy relationships (LFER): Thermodynamic implications of
LFER, Inductive and electromeric effects on reaction rates, Effect of substituents on
activation energies, Hammett and Taft equations, Swain-Scott and Edward equations,
Winstein Grunwald relationship, Isokinetic relationship- Evaluation of Isokinetic temperature
and its significance. Diffusion and activation controlled reactions. Microscopic reversibility.
Volume of activation-entropy of activation, Significance of volume of activation. 13h
UNIT-II
Reaction Mechanisms
General approaches and importance of reaction mechanism. Kinetics and mechanisms of:
Decomposition of N2O5, Thermal para, ortho, hydrogen conversion, Halogenation of acetone,
Dehydrogenation of ethane, Hypohalite-iodide reaction, Pyrolysis of butane and Nucleophilic
and electrophilic substitution reactions.

Chain and Complex Reactions

Introduction, Methods of production and identification of free radicals, Kinetics of branched
chain reactions, explosion limits of H2-O2 reaction. Oscillatory reactions – Introduction,
Oxidation of malic acid by bromate ion catalysed by Ce(III), Kinetics and mechanisms of
polymerization reactions: Addition (Free radical, Anionic and Cationic) and Condensation
polymerization. 13h
UNIT-III
Kinetics of Catalyzed Reactions
Heterogeneous catalysis- Intermediate compound formation theory and adsorption theory.
Activation energies for catalysed reactions. Acidity functions-Relationship between the rate
constant and acidity function and their applications in reaction mechanisms; Hammett-Zucker
hypothesis, Bunnett plot. N-Haloamines-classification and reactive species. Ru(III) chloride
catalysed oxidation reactions of some alcohols and aminoacids by chloramine-T in acid and
alkaline media, Deduction of reaction mechanisms, rate laws, catalytic coefficients,
equilibrium and decomposition constants. Industrial catalysts- catalyst carrier, catalyst
promoter, catalyst inhibitor and catalyst poison. Role of surfaces in heterogeneous catalysis.
13h
UNIT-IV
Pharmacokinetics
Basic considerations, objectives, Kinetic orders of reactions, Plasma drug concentration- time
profile, Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters, Protein binding of drugs, Factors
affecting protein-drug binding, kinetics of protein-drug binding, Drug dissolution rate.
Bioavailability- objectives and enhancement of bioavailability, Physico-chemical factors
affecting bio-availability. Compartment modeling: Introduction, one compartment open
model, Calculation of elimination rate constants.
Molecular Reaction Dynamics
State-to-State kinetics, Potential energy of activation, London-Eyring-Polanyi method,
Reactions in molecular beams, Potential energy surface for H + H2 reaction, Theoretical
calculation of activation energies of potential energy surfaces, Transmission co-efficient,
Quantum mechanical tunneling, Reaction co-ordinate, Symmetry numbers and Statistical
factors, Mean free path, Reaction rates and cross sections. 13h
74
SUGGGESTED BOOKS
1. Chemical Kinetics, K. J. Laidler 3rd Edition (Mc-Graw Hill Inc.) New York, (2007).
2. Kinetics and Mechanism, Frost and R. G. Pearson (John-Wiley) New Yoork, (1962).
3. Physical Chemistry, P. W. Atkins 7th Edition, (Oxford), (2004).
4. Introduction to Molecular Dynamics and Chemical Kinetics, G. D. Billing and
Milkelson. (Wiley Interscience), (1996).
5. Organic Reaction Mechanism, R. K. Bansal (Mc- Graw Hill) New Delhi, (1978).
6. Reaction Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, S. M. Mukheji, S. P.Singh and R. P.
Kapoor (Mc. Millan India Ltd.,) Bangalore, (1978).
7. Catalysis, J. K. Kuriacose (McMillan India Ltd,) (1991).
8. Text book of Polymer Science, F. W. Billmeyer (John-Wiley), (1984).
9. Introductory Polymer Chemistry, G. S. Misra (Wiley Eastern Ltd.,) New Delhi, (1993).
10. Polymer Science, Gowrikar et al (Wiley Eastern Ltd.,) New Delhi, (1990).
11. Introduction to Physical Organic Chemistry, R. D. Gilliom (Additions-Wesley) USA,
(1970).
12. Physical Organic Chemistry, Reaction Rates Equilibrium and Mechanisms, L. P.
Hammett, 2nd Edition, (Mc-Graw Hill Book. Co.), (1970).
13. Biophysical Chemistry- Priciples and Techniques, A. Upadyayay, K. Upadyayay, N.
Nath (Himalaya Publishing House), Mumbai, (1998).
14. Foundation of Chemical Kinetics, S. W. Benson (Mc-Graw Hill), New York, (1960).
15. Comprehensive Chemical Kinetics, Vol-1, Banford and Tipper (Elsevier Publishing
Co.,) New York, (1969).
16. Physical Chemistry, G. M. Barrow, 5th Edition, (Tata Mc-Graw Hill), (1992).
17. Principles of Chemical Kinetics, J. E. House (Wm C Brown Publisher) Boston, (1997).
18. Modern Physical Organic Chemistry-V. A. Eric and A. D. Dennis, University Science
Books, USA, (2006).
19. Physical Chemistry, R.J. Silbey, R.A. Alberty and M.G. Bawendi; 4th Edn. Wiley
(2009).
20. Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Hardy Levin and R. B. Bernstein, Oxford University
Press, New York, (1974).

75
 C-404 IC/PC: SPECTROSCOPY – III
(Common to Inorganic and Physical Chemistry students)
52 Hours
UNIT-I
Vibrational Spectroscopy
Vibrational spectra of diatomic, linear and bent triatomic, AB3, AB4, AB5 and AB6 molecules,
spectra of metal complexes: Amine, amido, Nitro, Nitrito, lattice water, aquo and hydroxo,
carbonato, nitrato, sulphato and other acido complexes, cyano and nitrile complexes, cyanato
and thiocyanato complexes, mono and multinuclear carbonyl complexes, nitrosyls,
phosphines and arsines, ambidentate ligands, ethylenediamine and diketonato complexes. 9h
Raman Spectroscopy
Lasers and their use in Raman spectroscopy, Nonlinear Raman effects-Stimulated, hyper and
inverse types, Resonance Raman Spectroscopy. 4h
Photoacoustic Spectroscopy
Principle and applications. 2h
UNIT-II
Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Basic principles- photoelectric effect, Koopman’s theorem, XPS and UPS, spin-orbit coupling
in core level spectra, applications of core level spectra- ESCA.
Auger electron spectroscopy: Principle and applications. 6h
NMR Spectroscopy of Inorganic Molecules
Proton NMR spectra of metal hydride complexes. NMR spectra of nuclei other than
hydrogen: 19F, 31P, 11B NMR spectra of simple compounds, proton/hydride interactions with
103
Rh, 183W, 195Pt and 207Pb in metal complexes/organometallic compounds, Solid State NMR.
8h
UNIT-III
Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy
Basic principles, the position of ESR absorption, significance of ‘g’ factor, determination of
‘g’ factor. Electron-nucleus coupling (hyperfine splitting). ESR spectrometer, electronelectron
coupling, double resonance in ESR, ENDOR, ELDOR. Interpretation of ESR spectra and
structure elucidation of organic radicals using ESR spectroscopy. Spin density and Mc
Connell relationship. Spin polarization for atoms and transition metal ions, spin-orbit
coupling and significance of g-tensors, zero/non-zero field splitting, Kramer’s degeneracy,
application to transition metal complexes (having one to five unpaired electrons) including
biological molecules and inorganic free radicals such as PH4, F2 and BH3. 10h

UNIT-IV
Mossbauer Spectroscopy
Basic principles, Doppler effect, isomer shift, quadrupole splitting and magnetic hyperfine
interactions, Relationship between isomer shift and s-electron density, Application to the
study of bonding and structures of Fe2+ and Fe3+ compounds, Sn2+ and Sn4+ compounds. 5h
NQR Spectroscopy
Basic principle of NQR, Fundamental requirements of NQR, NQR isotopes, electric field
gradients, Quadrupole effects, Nuclear Quadrupole coupling constants, Applications of NQR
spectroscopy. 4h

76
X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy
Absorption of X-rays, mass absorption coefficient, Critical absorption edge and its
occurrence. XANES; X-ray absorption near edge structure and EXAFS; Extended X-ray
absorption fine structure and its applications. 4h

SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Physical methods in Inorganic Chemistry, R. S. Drago, Affiliated East West Press Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi, (1965).
2. Infrared spectra of Inorganic and Coordination Compounds, K. Nakamoto, Wiley
Interscience, New York, (1970).
3. Vibrational Spectroscopy: Theory and Applications, D. N. Sathyanarayana, New Age
International Publishers, New Delhi, (2000).
4. Electronic Absorption Spectroscopy and Related Techniques, D. N. Sathyanarayana,
Universities Press, Bangalore, (2001).

77
 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS
(4 days a week, 4 hours a day)
C-405: Inorganic Chemistry Practicals-V
I. Analysis
1. Estimation of copper as copper salicylaldoximate
2. Estimation of chloride as AgCl (Analysis of hexamine cobalt (III) chloride complex)
3. Estimation of Silica and Manganese from pyrolusite ore.
4. Estimation of Aluminum and Silica from Bauxite ore.
5. Estimation of silica and iron from hematite ore.
6. Estimation of copper and iron from Chalcopyrite ore.
II. Synthesis of solid state materials
1. Synthesis of ZnO from zinc oxalate - precursor method and determine band gap by
absorption spectroscopy
2. Synthesis of Fe2O3 nanoparticles coprecipitation method
3. Synthesis of Colloidal silver nanoparticles and determine band gap by absorption
spectroscopy.

C-406: Inorganic Chemistry Practicals - VI

Instrumental methods of Analysis
1. Colorimetric estimation of Fe.
2. Colorimetric estimation of Ni.
3. Colorimetric estimation of Bi.
4. Electrogravimetric estimation of Cu.
5. Electrogravimetric estimation of Ni.
6. Flame photometric estimation of Na+.
7. Flame photometric estimation of K+.
8. Flame photometric estimation of Li+.
9. Determination of magnetic susceptibility (χg and χm) of mercury tetracyanato cobalt or
Fe(acac)3 or Ferrous ammonium sulfate by Faraday or Gouy method.
10. Determination of equilibrium constant of M-L systems Fe(III)–Sulphosalicylic acid or
Fe(III)-β-resorcilic acid by Job’s continuous variation method.

C-407: Inorganic Chemistry Practicals – VII

Spectral interpretation
Visible Absorption Spectra of metal complexes and their interpretation using Tanabe-Sugano
diagrams,* determination of the molar absorption coefficient of the following complexes:
1. [Co(NH3)6]Cl3
2. Cuprammine sulphate
3. Iron 1,10-phenanthroline
4. Ni3+-dimethylglyoximate complex
5. K[Cr(C2O4)2(H2O)2]
6. [Ni(NH3)6]2+
7. [CrCl(NH3)5]2+
8. Solution state preparation of [Ni(en)3]S2O3, [Ni(H2O)6]Cl2, [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2. Record
absorption spectra in solution of all three complexes and calculate 10 Dq. Arrange three
ligands according to their increasing strength depending on your observations.
*Provide UV-Vis spectra from the literature for d1-d9 ions in Oh and Td weak field complexes.

78
C-408: Inorganic Chemistry Practicals -VIII
Spectral identification
Spectral identification of coordination complexes based on spectroscopic and analytical data:
IR, NMR (1H and 13C), UV, Mossbauer, Mass spectroscopy etc.

SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Text book of Quantitative Analysis by A. I. Vogel, 3rd Edition. (1963).
2. Nanotechnology by S. K. Kulkarni.
3. Vogel’s text book of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 5th Edition, J. Bassett, G. H.
Jeffery and J. Mendham, and R. C. Denny, Longman Scientific and Technical, (1999).
4. Practical Inorganic Chemistry, G. Marr and B. W. Rockett, Von Nostrand Reinhold Co.,
London (1972).
5. Advanced Practical Inorganic Chemistry, Gurudeep Raj, (2013).
6. Spectroscopic Properties of Inorganic and Organometallic Compounds: Volume 1, N. N.
Greenwood, (1968).
7. Instrumental analysis manual-Modern Experiments for Laboratory –G. G. Guilbault and
L. G. Hargis, M. Dekker, (1970).
8. NMR, NQR, EPR, and Mössbauer spectroscopy in Inorganic chemistry, Richard Vernon
Parish, Publisher E. Horwood, (1990).
9. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Reverts John D., McGraw Hill, NewYork, (1959).
10. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, P. J. Horne, Oxford University Press, Oxford, (1995).
11. An Introduction to Mossbauer by May and Leopold, Springer, (2012).
12. Introduction to Modern EPR Spectroscopy, Graham Smith, David Keeble, CRC Press,
(2013).

79
 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS
(4 days a week, 4 hours a day)

C-405: Organic Chemistry Practicals-V

Preparations
1. Reduction of benzoin to trans-stilbene
2. Synthesis of diphenylurea by transamidation reaction from urea and aniline (on a hot
plate)
3. Oxidation of anthracene to anthraquinone and conversion to anthrone
4. Synthesis of p-aminobenzoic acid from p-nitrotoluene
5. Synthesis of luminol and its chemiluminescence properties
6. Synthesis of coumarin-3-carboxylic acid
7. Photochemical preparation of benzpinacolone from benzophenone
8. Diels-Alder cycloaddition of anthracene with maleic anhydride
9. Synthesis of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis (2,6-dichlorophenyl) porphyrin
10. Conversion of 2-naphthol to 1-bromo-2-naphthol
11. Synthesis of fluorescein
C-406: Organic Chemistry Practicals-VI
I. Isolation and Extraction
1. Soxhlet extraction of piperine from pepper and hydrolysis of piperine to piperic acid
2. Extraction of caffeine from tea leaves and separation of caffeine from tannins by
sublimation
3. Isolation of citral from lemon grass by steam distillation
4. Extraction of lycopene from tomatoes
5. Isolation and separation of lactose and casein from milk
6. Isolation of eugenol from cloves
7. Isolation of curcuminoids from turmeric powder
II. Green Synthesis
1. Green synthesis of acetanilide from aniline
2. Grignard-like reaction in water
3. Acetylation of sugar under microwave irradiation
4. Multicomponent reaction: One pot-green synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridine (Hantzsch
reaction)
C-407: Organic Chemistry Practicals-VII
I. Qualitative Analysis
1. Separation of a binary mixture of organic compounds and identification of the separated
component(s) by systematic qualitative organic analysis.
II. Column Separation
1. Separation of o- and p-nitroanilines by thin layer chromatography
2. Separation of p-rosaniline and methyl red by column chromatography
3. Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography (ascending)
4. Separation of amino acids by circular paper chromatography
5. Separation of carbohydrates by thin layer chromatography
6. Separation of anthracene from anthracene picrate
7. TLC of analgesic drugs (acetaminophen, aspirin, caffeine, ibuprofen and salicylamide)

80
C-408: Organic Chemistry Practicals-VIII
I. Synthesis and Use of Reagents
1. Preparation of N-bromosuccinimide from succinic acid and its application in
allylic/benzylic bromination
2. Synthesis of pyridinium chlorochromate and its application in the oxidation of alcohols
(benzyl alcohol)
3. Synthesis of benzotriazole and its applications

II. Synthesis of Intermediates and their Applications

1. Synthesis of oxime and conversion to oxadiazole
2. Synthesis of azide and conversion to urea
3. Preparation of phenylmagnesium bromide and its application in the synthesis of trityl
alcohol in dry ether

III. Structural Elucidation and Infographic Analysis

1. Recording/predicting/downloading from web sites the UV, IR, NMR and mass spectra
of the compounds prepared in the lab (during II, III, and IV semesters)
2. Structural elucidation of organic compounds with the help of spectra provided
3. Retrosynthetic analysis of organic compounds
4. Infographic planning and analysis of an organic compound

SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Comprehensive Organic Chemistry Experiments for the Laboratory Classroom RSC,
ISBN:978-1-84973-963-4, (2016).
2. Organic Synthesis collective Vol. I to X, (1956-1999), (Freely available online)
3. Semi-micro qualitative organic analysis, Cheronis, Entrikin & Hoanett
4. Preparation of organic intermediates, D. A. Hirley, John Wiley, (1951).
5. Text book of practical organic chemistry, A. I. Vogel, Pearson, 5th Edition, New Delhi,
(2004).
6. A laboratory manual of qualitative organic analysis, H. T. Openshaw, Univ. Press,
(1999).
7. Natural products, Laboratory manual, Ikan, (2000).
8. Organic experiments, L. F. Fieser, 2nd Edition, D. C. Heath & Co. USA, (1974-2000).
9. Practical organic chemistry F.G. Mann & B.C. Saunders 4th Edition. Longman, (2002).
10. Comprehensive practical organic chemistry: Preparation and quantitative Analysis,
V. K. Ahluwalia, R. Aggarwal, Universities Press (India), (2000).
11. Comprehensive practical organic chemistry : Qualitative analysis, V. K. Ahluwalia,
S. Dhingra, Universities Press (India), (2000).
12. An advanced course in practical chemistry, A. Ghoshal, B. Mahapatra and A. K. Nad,
New Central Book Agency, Calcutta, (2000).
13. Advanced practical organic chemistry, J. Mohan, Vol. I and II, Himalaya Publishing
House, (1992).
14. Practical organic chemistry (Quantitative analysis), B. B. Dey, M. V. Sitaraman and
T. R. Govindachari, Allied Publishers, New Delhi, (1992).
15. Laboratory Techniques in Organic Chemistry, V. K. Ahluwalia, Pooja Bhagat and Renu
Aggarwal, I. K. international Publishing House, New Delhi, (2005).

81
 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS
(4 days a week, 4 hours a day)
C-405: Physical Chemistry Practicals-V
1. Study of the effect of ionic strength on the rate of the reaction between K2S2O8 and KI
using a salt.
2. Determination of degree of hydrolysis of urea hydrochloride by studying acid
hydrolysis of methyl acetate.
3. Study of acetone-iodine reaction and determination of order with respect to each
reactant by ratio variation method.
4. Study of hydrolysis of t-butyl chloride by conductivity method and determination of Ea,
H, G and S.
5. Study of kinetics of the oxidation of Indigo carmine by NBS at two different
temperatures by spectrophotometric method and evaluation of Ea.
6. Simultaneous estimation of Mn2+ and Cr3+ ions in a solution of KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7
by colorimetric method.
7. Determination of the number average/weight average molecular weight of a polymer
by viscosity method.
8. Study of the kinetics of clock reaction between K2S2O8 and KI and determination of
order of the reaction.
9. Study of the kinetics of decomposition of H2O2 at two different temperatures and
evaluation of the energy of activation.
10. Interpretation of powder diffraction pattern of simple salts and determination of their
lattice type.
11. Spectral interpretation for structure elucidation of esters and aromatic compounds by
FT-IR.
12. Construction of matrix for ethylene using Huckel Molecular Orbital Theory and
calculation of eigen values and eigen vectors.

C- 406: Physical Chemistry Practicals –VI

1. Determination of the concentration of thorium nitrate by titrating it against sodium
tartrate conductometrically.
2. Determination of the concentration of KI by titrating it with mercury perchlorate
conductometrically.
3. Determination of the concentration of acetic acid, monochloro acetic acid and trichloro
acetic acid in the mixture by titrating with a strong base conductometrically.
4. Study of the formation of silver ammonia complex and determination of the stability
constant potentiometrically.
5. Determination of pKa values and dissociation constant of ortho- phosphoric acid using
pH-meter.
6. Potentiometric determination of solubility of silver halides in a mixture.
7. Potentiometric titration of FAS versus K2Cr2O7 using bimetallic electrode.
8. Displacement titrations by conductometric method: (i) salt of weak acid (sodium
acetate) versus strong acid (HCl) and (ii) salt of a weak base (NH4Cl) versus strong
base (NaOH).
9. Determination of pKa values and dissociation constant of ortho-phosphoric acid
potentiometrically.
10. Estimation of the amount of aspirin in the given tablet by pH metric measurements.
11. Determination of the corrosion rate of Zn in NaOH by weight loss method.
12. Electrochemical preparation of a thin film of a polymer and characterizing it using FT-
IR.

82
C- 407: Physical Chemistry Practicals-VII
1. Study of the kinetics of oxidation of glycine using N-bromo scuccinamide (NBS) and
determination of the order of the reaction with respect to glycine.
2. Study of the effect of dielectric constant on the oxidation-kinetics of the primary amine
with NBS using methanol solvent.
3. Study of the kinetics of autocatalytic reaction between KMnO4 and oxalic acid and
determination of order of the reaction.
4. Study of solvent effect on the rate of acid catalyzed hydrolysis of acetal by dilatometry.
5. Determination of the percentage of ions in a given mixture of two compounds
spectrophotometrically.
6. Study of the kinetics of saponification of C2H5COOCH3 by conductometric method and
determination of energy of activation.
7. Determination of catalytic efficiency of RuCl3 for the reaction between a primary
amine and NBS.
8. Study of the oxidation kinetics of an azo dye with NBS using UV-vis
spectrophotometer at two different temperatures and evaluation of Ea.
9. Decomposition of diacetone alcohol using dilatometer and evaluation of catalytic
coefficient of OH- ions.
10. Solving linear equations using excel sheet by the Cramer and Gauss Iteration methods.
11. Demonstration of fluorescence of solution of anthracene in benzene using UV-visible
spectrum.
12. Interpretation of i) Raman and ii) NMR spectrum of a simple organic molecule.

C-408: Physical Chemistry Practicals-VIII

1. Determination of hydrolysis constant of aniline hydrochloride conductometrically.
2. Determination of concentration of ZnSO4 by titrating it with NaOH
conductometrically.
3. Determination of equivalent conductance of weak electrolyte conductometrically.
4. Determination of pKa values of maleic acid potentiometrically using quinhydrone
electrode.
5. Potentiometric titration of KI versus KMnO4 and the determination of conc. and the
amount of KMnO4 and also the redox potential of the system.
6. Determination of degree of hydrolysis of aniline hydrochloride and calculation of
dissociation constant of the base by pH metry.
7. Determination of pKa values of maleic acid by pH metry method.
8. Determination of stability constant of copper-ethylene diamine complex
potentiometrically.
9. Potentiometric titration of halide mixture (KCl/KBr/KI) with AgNO3 and determination
of the composition of each component in the mixture.
10. Determination of fluoride content in drinking water spectrophotometrically (Zr-
Alizarin method).
11. Study of the correlation between the concentrations and scan rate in cyclic voltammetry
for given redox system.
12. Study of electro and electroless deposition of copper on steel substrate using a suitable
bath solution.

83
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Findlays Practical Physical Chemistry by P. B. Levitt, Longman’s London, (1966).
2. Experiments in Physical Chemistry by Shoemaker and Garland, Mc Graw Hill
International Edition, (1966).
3. Advanced Practical Physical Chemistry by J. B. Yadav, Goel Publications Meerut,
(1988).
4. Senior Practical Physical Chemistry by B. C. Kosla, Simla Printers New Delhi, (1987).
5. Experimental Physical Chemistry by Daniel etalic, Mc Graw Hill, New York, (1962).
6. Practical Physical Chemistry by A. M. James and P. E. Pritchard, Longman’s Group
Ltd, (1968).
7. Experimental Physical Chemistry by Wilson, Newcombe & others, Pergamon Press,
New York, (1962).
8. Experimental Physical Chemistry by R. C. Behra and B. Behra, Tata McGraw will, New
Delhi, (1983).
9. Experimental Physical Chemistry by V. D. Atavale and Parul Mathur, New Age
International, New York (2001).
10. Physical Chemistry Laboratory Principles and Experiments by H. W. Salberg J. I.
Morrow, S. R. Cohen and M. E. Green Macmillan publishing Co., New York (1978).
11. Practical’s in Physical Chemistry A. Modern Approach by P. S. Sindhu, Mac. Milan
Publishers Delhi, (2006).
12. Practical Physical Chemistry by Renu Gupta, New Age International Publishers, (2017).
13. Physical Chemistry: A Laboratory Manual, Shailendra K. Sinha, Narosa Publishers,
(2014).
14. Advanced Physical Chemistry Experiments by J. N. Gurthu and Amit Gurthu, Pragati
Prakashana, (2011).

*****
Feb. 2021

84