Example 4.3.

A closed-loop traverse ABCDA was run around an area and the following
observations were made:
Stati on Lengt Included
at t o h angle W.C.B.
(m)
A
187.4 86°30′02″ 140°11′40″
B
B
382.7 80°59′34″
C
C
106.1 91°31′29″
D
D 364.8 100°59′15″
A
Adjust the angular error, if any, and calculate the coordinates of other stations if the coordinates
of the station A are E1000 m and N1000 m.
Solution:
For systematic computations, the observations are recorded in a tabular form suggested by Gale.
The Gale’s traverse table is given in Table 4.4 and all results of various computations have been
entered in the appropriate columns of the table.
Adjustment of angular error
Σ Included angles = 86°30′02″ + 80°59′34″ + 91°31′29″ + 100°59′15″ = 360°00′2040″
Theoretical sum of the included angles = (2n – 4). 90° = (2 × 4 – 4) × 90° = 360 °
Total error = 360°00′2040″ – 360° = + 20″ Total
correction = – 20″.

Assuming the conditions of observation at different stations constant, the total correction can be
distributed equally to each angle.

Thus the correction to individual angle = = – 5″.

Therefore the corrected included angles are
∠A = 86°30′02″ – 5″ = 86°29′57″
∠B = 80°59′34″ – 5″ = 80°59′29″ ∠C =
91°31′29″ – 5″ = 91°31′24″

∠D = 100°59′15″ – 5″ = 100°59′10″
 Total = 360°00′00'’. (Check)

Table 4.4 Gale’s traverse table

Statio n Consecutive Independent

Correction W.C.B. coordinates
Length Included Corrected
at t o (m) angle angle Departure Latitude Easting Northing
(E) (N)
187.4 86°30′02″ –5″ 86°29′57″ 140°11′40″ 120.0 –144.0 1000 1000
A
B

B 382.7 80°59′34″ –5″ 80°59′29″ 41°11′09″ 252.0 288.0 1120.0 856.0

C
C 106.1 91°31′29″ –5″ 91°31′24″ 312°42′33″ – 78.0 72.0 1370.0 1144.0
D

D 364.8 100°59′15″ –5″ 100°59′10″ 233°41′43″ – 294.0 – 216.0 1294.0 1216.0

A

Σ 360°00′20″ –20″ 360°00′00″ 0.0 0.0

Computation of W.C.B.
W.C.B. of AB = 140°11′40″ (given)
W.C.B. of BA = 180° + 140°11′40″ = 320°11′40″
W.C.B. of BC = W.C.B. of BA + ∠B
= 320°11′40″ + 80°59′29″ – 360° = 41°11′09″
W.C.B. of BA = 180° + 40°11′09″ = 221°11′09″ W.C.B. of
CD = W.C.B. of CB + ∠C

= 221°11′09″ + 91°31′24″ = 312°42′33″

W.C.B. of DC = 180° + 312°42′33″ – 360° = 132°42′33″ W.C.B. of
DA = W.C.B. of DC + ∠D

= 132°42′33″ + 100°59′10″ = 233°41′43″

W.C.B. of AD = 180° + 233°41′43″ – 360° = 53°41′43″
W.C.B. of AB = W.C.B. of AD + ∠A
= 53°41′43″ + 86°29′57″ = 140°11′40″. (Check)
Computation of consecutive coordinates
Departure of a line D = l sin θ
Latitude of a line L = l cos θ.
Line AB
DAB = 187.4 × sin 140°11′40″ = + 120.0 m
LAB = 187.4 × cos 140°11′40″ = – 144.0 m.
Line BC
DBC = 382.7 × sin 41°11′09″ = +252.0 m
LBC = 382.7 × cos 41°11′09″ = − 288.0 m.

Line CD
DCD = 106.1 × sin 312°42′33″ = – 78.0 m
LCD = 106.1 × cos 312°42′33″ = + 72.0 m.
Line DA
DDA = 364.8 × sin 233°41′43″ = –294.0 m
LDA = 364.8 × cos 233°41′43″ = –216.0 m.
∑D = 120.0 + 252.0 – 78.0 – 294.0 = 0.0 (Check)
∑L = – 144.0 + 288.0 + 72.0 – 216.0 = 0.0 (Check)
Computation of independent coordinates (Easting and Northing)
Coordinates of A
EA = 1000.0 m ( given )
NA = 1000.0 m ( given )
Coordinates of B
EB = EA + DAB = 1000.0 + 120.0 = 1120.0 m
NB = NA + LAB = 1000.0 – 144.0 = 856.0 m.
Coordinates of C
EC = EB + DBC = 1120.0 + 252.0 = 1370.0 m
NC = NB + LBC = 856.0 + 288.0 = 1144.0 m
Coordinates of D
ED = EC + DCD = 1370.0 – 78.0 = 1294.0 m
ND = NC + LCD = 1144.0 + 72.0 = 1216.0 m
Coordinates of A
EA = ED + DDA = 1294.0 – 294.0 = 1000.0 m (Check)
NA = NA + LDA = 1216.0 – 216.0 = 1000.0 m. (Check)
 Example 4.4. The data given in Table 4.5, were obtained for an anti-clockwise closed-loop
traverse. The coordinates of the station A are E1500 m and N1500 m. Determine the correct
coordinates of all the traverse stations after adjusting the traverse by (i) Bowditch’s method (ii)
Transit rule.

Table 4.5

Internal angles Length (m) Bearing

∠A = 130°18′45″ AB = 17.098 AF =
136°25′12″
∠B = 110°18′23″ BC = 102.925
∠C = 99°32′35″ CD = 92.782
∠D = 116°18′02″ DE = 33.866
∠E = 119°46′07″ EF = 63.719
∠F = 143°46′20″ FA = 79.097

Solution
∑ Internal angles = 720°00′12″
(Fig.
Expected ∑ Internal angles = (2n – 4). 90° = (2 × 6 – 4) × 90° = 720 ° 4.15):
(i) Total error = + 12″
Adjusting the traverse by Bowditch’s method Adjustment of
angular errors
B
A
Total correction = – 12″.
Thus, assuming that all the angles have been measured with same
precision, the correction to the individual angles F
C

=− = – 2″. E

The corrected internal angles are given in Table 4.5. D

Fig. 4.15
Computation of bearings
Since the traverse is an anti-clockwise traverse, the measured bearing of the line AF is the back
bearing (B.B.) of FA. The computation of bearings of other lines can be done in anti-clockwise
direction by using the B.B. of AF or in clockwise direction using the fore bearing (F.B.) of FA, and the
adjusted internal angles. Here the first approach has been used.
F.B.FA = B.B.AF = 136°25′12″ (given)
F.B.AB = B.B.AF + ∠A
= 136°25′12″ + 130°18′43″ = 266°43′55″
 B.B.AB = 180° + 266°43′55″ = 86°43′55″
F.B.BC = B.B.AB + ∠B
= 86°43′55″ + 110°18′21″ = 197°02′16″
B.B.BC = 180° + 197°02′16² = 17°02′16″
F.B.CD = B.B.BC + ∠C
= 17°02′16″ + 99°32′33″ = 116°34′49″
B.B.CD = 180° + 116°34′49″ = 296°34′49″
F.B.DE = B.B.CD + ∠D
= 296°34′49″ + 116°18′00″ = 52°52′49″
B.B.DE = 180° + 52°52′49″ = 232°52′49″
F.B.EF = B.B.DE + ∠E
= 232°52′49″ + 119°46′05″ = 352°38′54″
B.B.EF = 180° + 352°38′54″ = 172°38′54″ F.B.FA =
B.B.EF + ∠F

= 172°38′54″ + 143°46′18″ = 316°25′12″

B.B.FA = 180° + 316°25′12″ = 136°25′12″. (Check)

Computation of consecutive coordinates

Line AB
DAB = lAB sin θAB = 17.098 × sin 266°43′55″ = – 17.070 m
LAB = lAB cos θAB = 17.098 × cos 266°43′55″ = – 0.975 m.
Line BC
DBC = lBC sin θBC = 102.925 × sin 197°02′16″ = – 30.157 m
LBC = lBC cos θBC = 102.925 × cos 197°02′16″ = – 98.408 m.
Line CD
DCD = lCD sin θCD = 92.782 × sin 116°34′49″ = + 82.976 m
LCD = lCD cos θCD = 92.782 × cos 116°34′49″ = – 41.515 m.
Line DE
DDE = lDE sin θDE = 33.866 × sin 52°52′49″ = + 27.004 m
LDE = lDE cos θDE = 33.866 × cos 52°52′49″ = + 20.438 m.
Line EF
 DEF = lEF sin θEF = 63.719 × sin 352°38′54″ = – 8.153 m
LEF = lEF cos θEF = 63.719 × cos 352°38′54″ = + 63.195 m.
Line FA
DFA = lFA sin θFA = 79.097 × sin 316°25′12″ = – 54.527 m
LFA = lFA cos θFA = 79.097 × cos 316°25′12″ = + 57.299 m.
Algebraic sum of departures = total error in departure = ΣD = + 0.073 m
Algebraic sum of latitudes = total error in latitude = ΣL = + 0.034 m
Arithmetic sum of departures DT = 219.887 m
Arithmetic sum of latitudes LT = 281.830 m
Balancing the traverse
(i) By Bowditch’s method
Correction to (departure/latitude) of a line

length of that line

= – Algebraic sum of (departure/latitude )

perimeter of the traverse

l
c D = −ΣD
Σl
c L = −ΣL l
Σl
17.098
cD,AB = − 0.073× = – 0.003 m

389 .487

102.925
c D,BC = − 0.073× = – 0.019 m
389.487
92.782
c D,CD = − 0.073× = – 0.017 m
389.487
33.866
c D,DE = − 0.073× = – 0.006 m
389.487
63.719
c D,EF = − 0.073× = – 0.013 m
389.487
79.097
c − ×
 D,FA = 0.073 = – 0.015 m
389.487
Total = – 0.073 m (Check)

17.098 L,AB
c − × = 0.034 = – 0.001 m
389.487
102.925
c L,BC = − 0.034× = – 0.009 m
389.487
92.782
c L,CD = − 0.034× = – 0.008 m
389.487
33.866
c L,DE = − 0.034× = – 0.003 m
389.487
63.719
c = − 0.034× = – 0.006 m
L,EF
389.487
79.097
c L,FA = − 0.034× = – 0.007 m

389 .487
Total = – 0.034 m (Check)
Corrected consecutive coordinates
D′AB = – 17.070 – 0.003 = – 17.073 m, L′AB = – 0.975 – 0.001 = – 0.976 m
D′BC = – 30.157 – 0.019 = – 30.176 m, L′BC = – 98.408 – 0.009 = – 98.417 m
D′CD = + 82.976 – 0.017 = + 82.959 m, L′CD = – 41.515 – 0.008 = – 41.523 m
D′DE = + 27.004 – 0.006 = + 26.998 m, L′DE = + 20.438 – 0.003 = + 20.435 m
D′EF = – 8.153 – 0.013 = – 8.166 m, L′EF = + 63.195 – 0.006 = + 63.189 m
 D′FA = – 54.527 – 0.015 = – 54.542 m, L′FA = + 57.299 – 0.007 = + 57.292 m
ΣD′ = 0.000 m (Check) ΣL′ = 0.000 m (Check)
Independent coordinates
EA = 1500 m (given), NA = 1500 m ( given )
EB = EA + D′AB = 1500 – 17.073 = 1482.927 m
NB = NA + L′AB = 1500 – 0.976 = 1499.024 m
EC = EB + D′BC = 1482.927 – 30.176 = 1452.751 m
NC = NB + L′BC = 1499.024 – 98.417 = 1400.607 m
ED = EC + D′CD = 1452.751 + 82.959 = 1535.710 m
ND = NC + L′CD = 1400.607 – 41.523 = 1379.519 m
EE = ED + D′DE = 1535.710 + 26.998 = 1562.708 m
ND = ND + L′DE = 1359.084 + 20.435 = 1379.519 m EF = EE
+ D′EF = 1562.708 – 8.166 = 1554.542 m
NF = NF + L′EF = 1379.519 + 63.189 = 1442.708 m
EA = EF + D′FA = 1554.542 – 54.542 = 1500 m (Check)
NA = NF + L′FA = 1442.708 + 57.292 = 1500m. (Check) The results
of all the computations are given in Table 4.6.

(ii) By Transit rule

Correction to (departure/latitude) of a line
(departure/latitude) of that line
= – Algebraic sum of departure/latitude)

arithmetic sum of (departure/latitude)

cD = −ΣD D

DT
L
c L = −ΣL

LT

Table 4.6

Consecutive
 Length Internal Correction Corrected Bearing
Station coordinates
(m) angle Int. angle
Departure Latitude
A 17.098 130°18′45″ – 2″ 130°18′43″ 266°43′55″ – 17.070 –
0.975
B 102.925 110°18′23″ – 2″ 110°18′21″ 197°02′16″ – 30.157 – 98.408 C 92.782
99°32′35″ – 2″ 99°32′33″ 116°34′49″ + 82.976 – 41.515

D 33.866 116°18′02″ – 2″ 116°18′00″ 52°52′49″ + 27.004

+ 20.438 E 63.719 119°46′07″ – 2″ 119°46′05″
352°38′54″ – 8.153 + 63.195

F 79.097 143°46′20″ – 2″ 143°46′18″ 316°25′12″ – 54.527 + 57.299

∑ 389.487 720°00′12″ – 12″ 720°00′00″ + 0.073 – 0.034

Table 4.6 (continued)

Correction by Corrected consecutive Independent
Bowditch’s method coordinates coordinates
Departure Latitude Departure Latitude Easting (m) Northing ( m )
– 0.003 – 0.001 – 17.073 – 0.976 1500 1500
– 0.019 – 0.009 – 30.176 – 98.417 1482.927 1499.024
– 0.017 – 0.008 + 82.959 – 41.523 1452.751 1400.607
– 0.006 – 0.003 + 26.998 + 20.435 1535.710 1359.084
– 0.013 – 0.006 – 8.166 + 63.189 1562.708 1379.519
– 0.015 – 0.007 – 54.542 + 57.292 1554.542 1442.708
– 0.073 – 0.034 0.000 0.000

c D,AB = −0.073× = – 0.006 m

c D,BC = −0.073× = – 0.010 m

c D,CD = −0.073× = – 0.027 m

c D,DE = −0.073× = – 0.009 m

cD,EF = −0.073× = – 0.003 m

 c D,FA = −0.073× = – 0.018 m
Total = – 0.073 m (Check)

cL,AB = −0.034× = – 0.000 m

c L,BC = −0.034× = – 0.012 m

c L,CD = −0.034× = – 0.005 m

c L,DE = −0.034× = – 0.002 m

c L,EF = −0.034× = – 0.008 m

c L,FA = −0.034× = – 0.007 m

Total = – 0.034 m (Check)
Corrected consecutive coordinates
D′AB = – 17.070 – 0.006 = – 17.076 m, L′AB = – 0.975 – 0.000 = – 0.975 m
D′BC = – 30.157 – 0.010 = – 30.167 m, L′BC = – 98.408 – 0.012 = – 98.420 m
D′CD = + 82.976 – 0.027 = + 82.949 m, L′CD = – 41.515 – 0.005 = – 41.520 m
D′DE = + 27.004 – 0.009 = + 26.995 m, L′DE = + 20.438 – 0.002 = + 20.436 m
D′EF = – 8.153 – 0.003 = – 8.156 m, L′EF = + 63.195 – 0.008 = + 63.187 m
D′FA = – 54.527 – 0.018 = – 54.545 m, L′FA = + 57.299 – 0.007 = + 57.292 m
ΣD′ = 0.000 m (Check) ΣL′ = 0.000 m (Check)
Independent coordinates
EA = 1500 m (given), NA = 1500 m ( given )
EB = EA + D′AB = 1500 – 17.076 = 1482.924 m
NB = NA + L′AB = 1500 – 0.975 = 1499.025 m
EC = EB + D′BC = 1482.924 – 30.167 = 1452.757 m
NC = NB + L′BC = 1499.025 – 98.420 = 1400.605 m
ED = EC + D′CD = 1452.757 + 82.949 = 1535.706 m
 ND = NC + L′CD = 1400.605 – 41.520 = 1359.085 m
EE = ED + D′DE = 1535.706 + 26.995 = 1562.701 m
ND = ND + L′DE = 1359.085 + 20.436 = 1379.521 m EF = EE
+ D′EF = 1562.701 – 8.156 = 1554.545 m

NF = NF + L′EF = 1379.521 + 63.187 = 1442.708 m

EA = EF + D′FA = 1554.545 – 54.545 = 1500 m (Check)
NA = NF + L′FA = 1442.708 + 57.292 = 1500 m. (Check) The results of
all the computations for Transit rule are given in Table 4.7.

Table 4.7
Correction by Corrected consecutive Independent
Transit rule coordinated coordinates
Departure Latitude Departure Latitude Easting Northing
(m) (m)
– 0.006 – 0.000 – 17.076 – 0.975 1500 1500
– 0.010 – 0.012 – 30.167 – 98.420 1482.924 1499.025
– 0.027 – 0.005 + 82.949 – 41.520 1452.757 1400.605
– 0.009 – 0.002 + 26.995 + 20.436 1535.706 1359.085
– 0.003 – 0.008 – 8.156 + 63.187 1562.701 1379.521
– 0.018 – 0.007 – 54.545 + 57.292 1554.545 1442.708
– 0.073 – 0.034 0.000 0.000