Academic Year: 2023-2024 & Even Semester

VEL TECH MULTI TECH DR.RANGARAJAN DR.SAKUNTHALA ENGINEERING

COLLEGE
Branch: Biomedical Engineering Year/Sem: III/VI
Subject Code: 191BMV76 Subject Name: Nanotechnology and its Applications
Question Bank

UNIT I INTRODUCTION
PART-B
1. Examine the distinctions between nanomaterials and bulk materials concerning their mechanical, electrical,
and optical properties.

Property Nanomaterials Bulk Materials

Mechanical Properties
Strength Often exhibit significantly higher Generally lower strength compared
strength due to increased surface to nanomaterials. Strength is more
area-to-volume ratio and reduced uniform but can be limited by
defect density. defects and imperfections.
Elasticity Can show enhanced elasticity or Typically follows classical models of
unique deformation behaviors due elasticity and deformation.
to quantum effects and high surface-
to-volume ratio.
Hardness Can be much harder; e.g., nanowires Hardness is generally lower and
or nanotubes are often harder than varies with material purity and
their bulk counterparts. processing.
Fracture Toughness Higher fracture toughness in some Lower toughness compared to
cases due to the small size and high nanomaterials; fracture toughness
surface area. often limited by internal defects.
Electrical Properties
Conductivity Can exhibit different electrical Conductivity is more predictable and
conductivities; e.g., nanowires can consistent, often following standard
have higher or lower conductivity models for metals, semiconductors,
compared to bulk materials etc.
depending on size and material.
Semiconducting Behavior Quantum effects can lead to size- Behavior is more stable and
dependent changes in electronic predictable based on classical
properties, which are different from semiconductor theories.
bulk behavior.
2. Identify the two factors which contribute the properties change of the materials at the nanoscale and give
explanation for the same.
1. Size Effects: At the nanoscale, materials exhibit quantum confinement, where the motion of electrons and
holes is restricted by the small dimensions, leading to discrete energy levels. This alters electronic and optical
properties, such as changes in fluorescence or electronic band structure.
 2. Surface-to-Volume Ratio: The ratio of surface area to volume increases as materials are scaled down. This
higher surface-to-volume ratio means a larger proportion of atoms are at the surface, which can lead to
increased surface energy and enhanced reactivity, affecting mechanical and chemical properties.

3. Surface Energy: Increased surface area results in higher surface energy, which can influence the material’s
mechanical strength and stability. For example, nanoparticles often show increased hardness or different
deformation behaviors compared to bulk materials.

4. Surface Interactions: A larger surface area allows for more interactions with the environment, impacting
properties like chemical reactivity and catalytic activity. Nanomaterials can exhibit unique behaviors due to
these enhanced surface interactions.

5. Quantum Effects: At the nanoscale, quantum effects become significant, affecting properties such as
electrical conductivity and optical absorption. These effects lead to different material behaviors compared to
their bulk forms, such as size-dependent changes in electronic and optical properties.

3. Analyze the relevance of nanotechnology in a range of industries and describe its inherent characteristics.
Nanotechnology plays a significant role across various industries due to its ability to manipulate materials at
the atomic or molecular scale. Its relevance and inherent characteristics include:
1. Medicine:
 Relevance: Nanotechnology is used to develop advanced drug delivery systems, improve imaging
techniques, and create new diagnostic tools. Nanoparticles can target specific cells or tissues,
enhancing the effectiveness of treatments while minimizing side effects.
 Inherent Characteristics: High precision in targeting and controlled release; ability to interact with
biological systems at the molecular level.
2. Electronics:
 Relevance: In electronics, nanotechnology enables the development of smaller, faster, and more
efficient components such as transistors and memory devices. It also contributes to the creation of
flexible electronics and advanced sensors.
 Inherent Characteristics: Miniaturization of components; enhanced electrical properties and
performance due to quantum effects and nanoscale engineering.
3. Energy:
 Relevance: Nanotechnology improves energy efficiency through the development of advanced
materials for batteries, fuel cells, and solar panels. It enhances energy storage and conversion
processes, leading to more sustainable energy solutions.
 Inherent Characteristics: Enhanced surface area and catalytic properties; improved performance and
efficiency in energy storage and conversion.
4. Materials Science:
 Relevance: Nanotechnology is used to create stronger, lighter, and more durable materials. It leads to
innovations in composites, coatings, and nanostructured materials with enhanced mechanical, thermal,
and chemical properties.
 Inherent Characteristics: Tailored material properties through nanoscale modifications; increased
strength and durability due to nanoscale reinforcement.
5. Environmental Science:
 Relevance: Nanotechnology aids in environmental monitoring, pollution control, and remediation.
Nanomaterials can be used to detect contaminants, clean up pollutants, and develop more efficient
 water purification systems.
 Inherent Characteristics: High surface area for adsorption and reaction; ability to interact with
environmental pollutants at the molecular level.
6. Agriculture:
 Relevance: In agriculture, nanotechnology is applied to develop smarter fertilizers, pesticides, and
herbicides. It also enhances crop monitoring and soil analysis through nanoscale sensors and imaging
techniques.
 Inherent Characteristics: Targeted delivery and controlled release of agricultural inputs; improved
precision and efficiency in crop management.
7. Textiles:
 Relevance: Nanotechnology enables the creation of advanced fabrics with properties such as water
resistance, stain resistance, and enhanced durability. It also contributes to the development of self-
cleaning and antibacterial textiles.
 Inherent Characteristics: Improved functionality and performance of textiles through nanoscale
treatments and coatings.

4. Highlight the transformative effects at the nanoscale and their significance in enhancing or modifying
material performance.
At the nanoscale, transformative effects significantly enhance or modify material performance. These effects
include:
1. Quantum Effects:
o Significance: Quantum effects arise when materials are reduced to nanoscale dimensions,
causing changes in electronic and optical properties. For example, quantum dots exhibit size-
dependent fluorescence and color emission due to discrete energy levels. This allows for the
development of highly efficient LEDs, advanced imaging techniques, and sensitive sensors.
2. Increased Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio:
o Significance: Nanomaterials have a much higher surface area relative to their volume
compared to bulk materials. This increased surface area enhances reactivity, adsorption, and
catalytic activity. For instance, nanoparticles used in catalysts can significantly improve
chemical reaction rates and efficiency, impacting areas such as industrial catalysis and
environmental remediation.
3. Enhanced Mechanical Properties:
o Significance: At the nanoscale, materials can exhibit superior mechanical properties such as
increased strength, hardness, and toughness. For example, carbon nanotubes and nanowires are
much stronger than their bulk counterparts, leading to applications in lightweight, high-
strength materials for aerospace, automotive, and construction industries.
4. Modified Optical Properties:
o Significance: Nanoscale materials can exhibit unique optical properties, such as altered
absorption and scattering, due to their size and shape. These properties enable innovations in
optoelectronics, including the creation of novel sensors, imaging devices, and photonic
materials that can control light in new ways.
5. Improved Thermal Properties:
o Significance: Nanomaterials can have enhanced thermal conductivity or thermal insulation
properties. For example, nanomaterials such as graphene exhibit exceptional thermal
conductivity, which can be utilized in heat dissipation technologies for electronics or in
thermal management systems for various applications.
 6. Size-Dependent Chemical Properties:
o Significance: The chemical reactivity of nanomaterials often differs from that of bulk
materials due to their increased surface area and unique surface interactions. This can lead to
more efficient chemical processes, such as improved selectivity in catalysis and more effective
drug delivery systems in medicine.

5. Categorize the nano structured materials based on both physical and chemical properties of the material.
Provide examples for each category

Nanostructured materials can be categorized based on their physical and chemical properties into several
categories. Here is a classification along with examples for each category:

1. Based on Physical Properties

A. Nanoparticles

 Physical Properties: Spherical or irregularly shaped particles with dimensions between 1 and 100
nanometers. They exhibit size-dependent properties such as altered optical, electronic, and magnetic
characteristics.
 Examples: Gold nanoparticles (used in imaging and drug delivery), silver nanoparticles (known for
antibacterial properties).

B. Nanowires

 Physical Properties: One-dimensional structures with diameters in the nanometer range and lengths
that can extend to micrometers. They often exhibit unique electrical and mechanical properties due to
their reduced dimensions.
 Examples: Silicon nanowires (used in high-performance transistors), zinc oxide nanowires (used in
sensors and solar cells).

C. Nanosheets

 Physical Properties: Two-dimensional materials with thicknesses in the nanometer range and lateral
dimensions that can be much larger. They display unique mechanical, electronic, and optical
properties due to their thin structure.
 Examples: Graphene (known for its exceptional strength and electrical conductivity), molybdenum
disulfide (used in electronics and optoelectronics).

D. Nanorods

 Physical Properties: Elongated nanoparticles with a rod-like shape, which can influence optical and
magnetic properties. Their aspect ratio (length to diameter) affects their behavior.
 Examples: Gold nanorods (used in photothermal therapy and imaging), silver nanorods (used in
biosensing and catalysis).
 2. Based on Chemical Properties

A. Metal Nanostructures

 Chemical Properties: Metals in nanostructured forms often exhibit different chemical reactivity and
stability compared to their bulk forms. They are used in catalysis and sensing due to their high surface
area and enhanced reactivity.
 Examples: Platinum nanoparticles (used as catalysts in fuel cells), copper nanoparticles (used in
antimicrobial applications).

B. Semiconductor Nanostructures

 Chemical Properties: These materials have tunable electronic and optical properties that depend on
their size and composition. They are widely used in electronic, optoelectronic, and photovoltaic
applications.
 Examples: Cadmium selenide quantum dots (used in fluorescent imaging), titanium dioxide
nanoparticles (used in photocatalysis and sunscreens).

C. Carbon-Based Nanostructures

 Chemical Properties: Carbon nanostructures exhibit unique chemical properties due to the
hybridization of carbon atoms and their arrangement. They are used in various applications from
electronics to energy storage.
 Examples: Carbon nanotubes (used in composites and electronics), graphene oxide (used in water
purification and drug delivery).

D. Polymeric Nanostructures

 Chemical Properties: Polymers at the nanoscale can have tailored chemical properties, such as
responsiveness to environmental stimuli or controlled release of drugs. They are used in drug delivery
and tissue engineering.
 Examples: Polystyrene nanospheres (used in drug delivery systems), biodegradable nanoparticles
(used in medical applications and environmental remediation).

These categories illustrate the diverse range of nanostructured materials and their varied applications based on
their physical and chemical properties.

6. In what ways do nanomaterials differ in size and optical properties?

Nanomaterials differ in size and optical properties in several key ways, which are largely due to the unique
effects and phenomena that emerge at the nanoscale:
Size Differences
1. Size Range:
o Nanomaterials: Typically have dimensions ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers. This small
scale can lead to distinct physical and chemical properties compared to bulk materials.
 o Bulk Materials: Have dimensions that are much larger than nanomaterials, usually in the
micrometer or millimeter range. Their properties are often well-characterized and follow
classical models.
2. Surface-to-Volume Ratio:
o Nanomaterials: Exhibit a high surface-to-volume ratio, meaning a greater proportion of their
atoms or molecules are on the surface. This affects their reactivity and interaction with their
environment.
o Bulk Materials: Have a lower surface-to-volume ratio, with most atoms or molecules located
in the bulk, leading to different reactivity and surface interactions.
3. Quantum Confinement:
o Nanomaterials: When dimensions approach the size of the material’s excitons, electrons, or
phonons, quantum confinement effects become significant. This results in discrete energy
levels and altered electronic properties.
o Bulk Materials: Do not exhibit quantum confinement effects because their dimensions are
much larger compared to the relevant quantum scales.
Optical Property Differences
1. Absorption and Emission:
o Nanomaterials: Show size-dependent absorption and emission characteristics. For example,
quantum dots exhibit size-tunable fluorescence, where the emission color changes with particle
size due to quantum confinement effects.
o Bulk Materials: Have more stable and predictable absorption and emission properties, which
are generally not size-dependent.
2. Surface Plasmon Resonance:
o Nanomaterials: Metallic nanoparticles, such as gold or silver nanospheres, exhibit surface
plasmon resonance (SPR), where conduction electrons oscillate in response to light, resulting
in strong and tunable optical absorption and scattering properties.
o Bulk Materials: Do not exhibit SPR in the same way as nanomaterials. Their optical
properties are more uniform and less sensitive to light wavelength variations.
3. Scattering and Transmission:
o Nanomaterials: Can exhibit unique scattering properties due to their small size and high
surface area. For example, nanowires and nanoparticles can scatter light differently compared
to bulk materials, which can be used in applications such as imaging and sensing.
o Bulk Materials: Generally scatter and transmit light in a more predictable manner based on
their larger, uniform structures.
4. Photoluminescence:
o Nanomaterials: Exhibit strong photoluminescence with size-dependent emission spectra. This
is due to the quantum confinement effect and surface modifications, which affect the light
emission efficiency and color.
o Bulk Materials: Photoluminescence properties are less sensitive to size and are generally
characterized by broader emission spectra and less tunable color.

7. Can copper be converted to the insulator? Apply the electronic properties of the material at nanoscale and
explain about the behavioral change of the copper material.
Copper is intrinsically a metal with excellent electrical conductivity due to its free-moving conduction
electrons. However, at the nanoscale, the electronic properties of materials, including copper, can be
significantly altered. Here’s how copper can exhibit insulating behavior at the nanoscale and the factors
 involved:
1. Quantum Confinement Effects
 Explanation: At the nanoscale, quantum confinement can significantly affect the electronic properties
of copper. When copper is reduced to extremely small dimensions, such as in nanowires or
nanoparticles, the energy levels become quantized. This can affect the density of states available for
electron conduction, potentially altering the material's conductivity.
 Behavioral Change: If the size of copper structures falls below a critical threshold (typically in the
range of a few nanometers), the quantum confinement effects can lead to a reduction in electronic
density of states at the Fermi level, which may diminish the material’s ability to conduct electricity.
2. Surface and Interface Effects
 Explanation: As copper is scaled down to nanometer sizes, surface and interface effects become
more prominent. The increased surface area-to-volume ratio means that a larger proportion of the
atoms are on the surface, where they may interact differently than in the bulk. Surface states can
introduce electronic traps or scatter electrons, reducing conductivity.
 Behavioral Change: Surface effects can lead to increased scattering and localization of electrons,
effectively reducing electrical conductivity. For very thin copper films or nanowires, these surface
effects can dominate, causing the material to behave more like an insulator in some cases.
3. Size-Dependent Electron Transport
 Explanation: In nanostructured copper, electron transport can be influenced by the material's size. In
particular, electron transport may become limited by the mean free path of electrons, which is often
much shorter in nanoscale structures than in bulk materials.
 Behavioral Change: Reduced electron mobility in very small copper structures can lead to increased
resistivity. In cases where the mean free path is extremely short, the material may show insulating
behavior due to the high scattering rates of conduction electrons.
4. Oxidation and Surface Coating
 Explanation: Copper at the nanoscale is more reactive than bulk copper, and surface oxidation or
coating with insulating materials can significantly alter its electrical properties. Thin copper layers or
nanoparticles can readily form copper oxide or be coated with dielectric materials.
 Behavioral Change: The formation of copper oxide (CuO or Cu2O) on the surface of nanoscale
copper or the application of insulating coatings can transform the material from a conductor to an
insulator. The insulating oxide layer or coating effectively prevents electron flow, rendering the
copper material non-conductive.
5. Structural Effects
 Explanation: The physical structure of nanoscale copper, such as the presence of defects, grain
boundaries, and surface roughness, can influence its electronic properties. These structural features
can impede electron flow and introduce localized states that trap electrons.
 Behavioral Change: In nanostructures with significant structural imperfections or high surface
roughness, the electrical conductivity can be greatly reduced, and the material may exhibit insulating
characteristics.

8. Recognize the property of the material which increases the ductility of the material and explain the
relationship between the band gap theory and quantum confinement effect.
Property: Grain Size Reduction
 Explanation: Ductility, the ability of a material to undergo significant plastic deformation before
rupture, is influenced by the size and distribution of grains within the material. Reducing the grain
size typically increases the material's ductility. This is because smaller grains can lead to a finer
 microstructure, which can improve the material’s ability to deform plastically without failure. In
nanomaterials, where grain sizes can be on the order of nanometers, this effect is particularly
pronounced.
Relationship Between Band Gap Theory and Quantum Confinement Effect
Band Gap Theory:
 Explanation: Band gap theory describes the electronic structure of materials by the energy difference
between the valence band (where electrons are normally present) and the conduction band (where
electrons can move freely). The size of the band gap determines a material's electrical and optical
properties. Materials with large band gaps are insulators, while those with small band gaps are
semiconductors or conductors.
Quantum Confinement Effect:
 Explanation: Quantum confinement occurs when the dimensions of a material are reduced to the
nanoscale, often to a size comparable to the wavelength of electrons. This confinement leads to the
quantization of energy levels within the material. As a result, the electronic and optical properties of
the material can be altered significantly.
Relationship:
1. Band Gap Expansion:
o In nanomaterials, quantum confinement leads to an increase in the band gap energy compared
to the bulk material. As the size of the nanomaterial decreases, the energy levels become more
discrete, and the band gap widens. This is due to the increased energy separation between the
quantized levels in a confined system.
2. Size Dependence:
o The band gap of nanomaterials is size-dependent. Smaller nanomaterials exhibit a larger band
gap, while larger ones approach the band gap of the bulk material. This size-dependent band
gap is a direct result of the quantum confinement effect.
3. Optical and Electronic Properties:
o The changes in the band gap due to quantum confinement affect the optical and electronic
properties of nanomaterials. For example, a semiconductor nanocrystal may emit light at
different wavelengths depending on its size, due to the size-dependent band gap. This
phenomenon is exploited in applications such as quantum dots for imaging and optoelectronic

9.
10. In what ways do nanoparticles improve ionic liquids' catalytic qualities?
Ways Nanoparticles Improve Ionic Liquids' Catalytic Qualities
 Increased Surface Area:
o Explanation: Nanoparticles have a high surface area-to-volume ratio, which provides more
active sites for catalytic reactions. This increased surface area enhances the interactions
between the ionic liquid and the catalytic material, improving the overall catalytic activity.
o Impact: This results in higher reaction rates and better performance in catalytic processes.
 Enhanced Reaction Kinetics:
o Explanation: The small size of nanoparticles allows for better dispersion and more uniform
interaction with the ionic liquid. This can reduce diffusion limitations and improve the kinetics
of the catalytic reaction.
o Impact: Accelerates the rate of reactions and enhances the efficiency of the catalytic process.
 Synergistic Effects:
o Explanation: Nanoparticles can interact synergistically with ionic liquids, which can enhance
 the stability and reactivity of the catalytic sites. Ionic liquids can stabilize nanoparticles,
prevent their aggregation, and enhance their interaction with reactants.
o Impact: Leads to more efficient and stable catalytic processes.
 Tunable Properties:
o Explanation: The size and shape of nanoparticles can be precisely controlled, which allows
for the tuning of their electronic and catalytic properties. This can be optimized for specific
reactions in ionic liquids.
o Impact: Allows customization of catalytic properties for specific applications, improving
reaction selectivity and efficiency.
 Improved Stability:
o Explanation: Nanoparticles often show improved stability in ionic liquids compared to bulk
catalysts. They are less prone to deactivation or leaching, and the ionic liquid can help
maintain their dispersion and prevent aggregation.
o Impact: Enhances the longevity and reusability of the catalyst, leading to more sustainable
catalytic processes.

UNIT II SYNTHESIS OF NANOMATERIALS

PART-B
1.  Explain the foundational principles underlying the Bottom-up approach in the synthesis of
nanomaterials.

he Bottom-up approach in nanomaterial synthesis focuses on assembling materials from atomic or

molecular units to form larger, nanostructured entities. Here are the foundational principles underlying
this method:

 Self-Assembly:
o Principle: Self-assembly involves the spontaneous organization of molecules or
nanoparticles into structured, functional units without external guidance. This process
relies on intermolecular forces, such as van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding, or
electrostatic interactions, to drive the formation of ordered structures.
o Example: The formation of micelles or lipid bilayers in aqueous solutions due to
hydrophobic interactions.
 Chemical Reactions:
o Principle: Nanomaterials are synthesized through chemical reactions that build up the
material from precursor molecules. This can involve reduction, oxidation, or other
chemical processes that result in the formation of nanoparticles, nanowires, or
nanocomposites.
o Example: Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or sol-gel processes where chemical
precursors react to form nanoscale structures.
 Controlled Nucleation and Growth:
o Principle: Nucleation is the initial step where small clusters of atoms or molecules form
stable nuclei. Growth involves the addition of more atoms or molecules to these nuclei,
leading to the formation of larger nanostructures. Precise control over conditions such as
temperature, concentration, and pressure allows for the regulation of size and shape of
the nanomaterials.
 o Example: In nanoparticle synthesis, controlling the rate of nucleation and growth can
tailor the size and morphology of the nanoparticles.
 Template-Assisted Synthesis:
o Principle: Templates are used to guide the formation of nanomaterials by providing a
structured surface or mold. The nanomaterials form around or within the template and
are later released, yielding structures with precise dimensions and shapes.
o Example: Nanowires or nanotubes grown inside porous templates or on patterned
surfaces.
 Molecular Engineering:
o Principle: Molecular engineering involves designing and synthesizing molecules or
molecular units that have specific properties or functionalities. These designed
molecules can then be assembled into nanostructures with tailored properties.
o Example: The synthesis of functionalized organic molecules that can self-assemble into
nanostructured films or devices.


2. Compare and contrast the top-down and bottom-up approaches in terms of their advantages and
disadvantages.
Aspect Top-Down Approach Bottom-Up Approach
Definition Reduces bulk materials to Assembles nanomaterials from
nanoscale structures using physical atomic or molecular units.
or mechanical methods.
Typical Methods Lithography, etching, milling, Chemical vapor deposition (CVD),
grinding. sol-gel, self-assembly.
Control Over Size and Shape Generally less precise control over Allows precise control over size,
size and shape. shape, and composition.
Scalability Well-established for large-scale Often used for small-scale
production but can be costly and production; scaling up can be
complex. challenging.
Material Utilization Can have high material wastage Generally higher material
due to etching or grinding. efficiency with minimal waste.
Complexity Can be complex due to the need Often simpler in terms of process
for advanced machinery and steps, but requires careful control
techniques. of conditions.
Surface Quality May result in surface defects or Can achieve high surface quality
roughness due to mechanical and uniformity.
processes.

3. Enumerate the steps integral to the precipitation method employed in the synthesis of nanomaterials.

Steps Integral to the Precipitation Method in Nanomaterial Synthesis

 Preparation of Precursor Solutions:

o Description: Dissolve the source materials (precursors) in a solvent to create a solution.
These precursors contain the elements or compounds needed to form the nanomaterial.
 o Example: Dissolving metal salts (e.g., silver nitrate for silver nanoparticles) in water or
organic solvents.
 Nucleation:
o Description: Introduce a precipitating agent to the precursor solution, causing the
dissolved ions to form nuclei. This is often achieved by adding a reagent that reacts with
the precursor to form a solid phase.
o Example: Adding sodium citrate to a silver nitrate solution to initiate the formation of
silver nanoparticles.
 Growth:
o Description: Allow the nuclei to grow into nanoparticles. This step involves
maintaining appropriate conditions (such as temperature and pH) to control the size and
shape of the particles.
o Example: Controlling the reaction time and temperature to achieve nanoparticles of
desired size.
 Separation:
o Description: Separate the precipitated nanoparticles from the solution. This can be done
through centrifugation, filtration, or decantation.
o Example: Centrifuging the reaction mixture to collect the solid nanoparticles at the
bottom of the tube.
 Washing:
o Description: Wash the separated nanoparticles to remove any residual chemicals,
impurities, or byproducts. This step is crucial for ensuring the purity of the final product.
o Example: Washing the nanoparticles with deionized water or ethanol.
 Drying:
o Description: Dry the washed nanoparticles to obtain them in a powder or solid form.
This can be achieved through evaporation, freeze-drying, or other drying techniques.
o Example: Placing the nanoparticles in an oven or using a freeze-dryer to remove
solvents.
 Characterization:
o Description: Analyze the size, shape, and properties of the synthesized nanoparticles
using techniques such as electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, or spectroscopy.
o Example: Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to examine the morphology
and size distribution of the nanoparticles.

4.  Provide examples of nanomaterials synthesized using both sol gel and precipitation method and
their applications.
 Examples of Nanomaterials Synthesized Using Sol-Gel and Precipitation Methods
 Sol-Gel Method
 Nanomaterial: Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Nanoparticles
 Application: Used in photocatalysis for environmental cleanup, solar cells, and self-cleaning coatings.
 Synthesis: TiO2 nanoparticles are synthesized by hydrolyzing titanium alkoxides (e.g., titanium
tetraisopropoxide) in a sol-gel process, where the resulting gel is then dried and calcined.
 Nanomaterial: Silica (SiO2) Nanoparticles
 Application: Used in drug delivery, as a filler in composites, and in optical devices.
 Synthesis: SiO2 nanoparticles are produced by hydrolyzing silicon alkoxides (e.g., tetraethyl
 orthosilicate) in the sol-gel process, resulting in a gel that is subsequently dried and heat-treated.
 Precipitation Method
 Nanomaterial: Silver Nanoparticles
 Application: Used in antimicrobial coatings, sensors, and as catalysts in chemical reactions.
 Synthesis: Silver nanoparticles are synthesized by reducing silver nitrate with a reducing agent (e.g.,
sodium citrate) in an aqueous solution, leading to the precipitation of silver nanoparticles.
 Nanomaterial: Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) Nanoparticles
 Application: Used in dielectric materials, capacitors, and piezoelectric devices.
 Synthesis: BaTiO3 nanoparticles are produced by co-precipitating barium and titanium salts (e.g.,
barium nitrate and titanium tetrachloride) in the presence of a precipitating agent, followed by
calcination to form the final ceramic nanoparticles.

5. Define the key principles behind High Energy Ball Milling, Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), and
Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) methods for nanomaterial synthesis.

High Energy Ball Milling: High Energy Ball Milling involves grinding powder materials using high-
energy ball mills. The process includes the mechanical impact of balls colliding with the powder, which
induces severe plastic deformation and facilitates particle size reduction. This method promotes the
formation of nanostructured materials through repeated fracturing and cold welding of particles. The
high energy leads to fine powders with increased surface area and potentially altered properties
compared to bulk materials.

Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD): CVD is a technique where gaseous precursors react on a
substrate's surface to form a solid material. In CVD, chemical reactions occur in the gas phase, and the
resulting products deposit as a thin film or nanostructure on a substrate. This method allows precise
control over the composition and thickness of the deposited material, making it ideal for fabricating
high-quality nanomaterials with uniform properties.

Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD): PVD involves vaporizing a solid material in a vacuum and
condensing it onto a substrate to form a thin film. Techniques like sputtering or evaporation are used to
deposit the vaporized material. PVD provides high-purity coatings and precise thickness control. It is
widely used for creating nanostructured films and coatings, including those with specific optical,
electrical, or mechanical properties.

6. Carbon nano tubes are compatible with nanoscale device topologies and show good electrical
characteristics. Identify the synthesis method and describe it.
The synthesis method for Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) that is compatible with nanoscale device topologies
and shows good electrical characteristics is Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD).

CVD is a widely used method for synthesizing CNTs, as it allows for:

 Controlled growth: Precise control over the growth parameters, such as temperature, pressure, and gas
flow rates.
 High yield: Large quantities of CNTs can be produced.
  Uniformity: CNTs with uniform diameter, length, and chirality can be synthesized.
 Purity: High-purity CNTs can be obtained by controlling the reaction conditions.

The CVD process involves:

 Substrate preparation: A substrate (e.g., silicon or quartz) is prepared and coated with a catalyst (e.g.,
iron or nickel).
 Reactor setup: The substrate is placed in a reactor, and a gas mixture (e.g., hydrocarbons, hydrogen, and
nitrogen) is introduced.
 Heating: The reactor is heated to a high temperature (e.g., 700-1000°C), causing the gas mixture to
decompose and form CNTs.
 Growth: CNTs grow from the catalyst particles, forming a network of tubes.
 Cooling: The reactor is cooled, and the CNTs are collected.

CVD-synthesized CNTs exhibit excellent electrical characteristics, making them suitable for nanoscale
device applications, such as:

 High conductivity
 High current-carrying capacity
 Low resistivity
 High aspect ratio

These properties make CVD-synthesized CNTs ideal for applications in nanoelectronics, energy storage, and
sensing devices..
7. Apply the Physical Vapor Deposition in gold nanoparticle synthesis and discuss the challenges
associated with the synthesis. Also discuss its usage in targetted drug delivery.
Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) is a technique used to synthesize gold nanoparticles by evaporating
gold metal in a vacuum chamber and depositing it onto a substrate. The process involves:

 Thermal evaporation: Gold metal is heated to its melting point, creating a vapor.
 Condensation: The vapor condenses onto a substrate, forming nanoparticles.
 Nucleation: Atoms aggregate to form clusters, which grow into nanoparticles.

1. Challenges associated with PVD gold nanoparticle synthesis:

 Control over particle size and distribution

 Aggregation and clustering
 Substrate interactions affecting particle shape and size
 Vacuum requirements and equipment costs
 Scalability and uniformity

2. Usage in targeted drug delivery:

3. Gold nanoparticles synthesized by PVD can be used in targeted drug delivery due to their:
  Biocompatibility
 High surface area-to-volume ratio
 Ability to conjugate with targeting ligands (e.g., antibodies, peptides)
 Enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect in tumors

 Applications:

 Cancer treatment: Targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic agents

 Imaging: Contrast agents for MRI, CT, and optical imaging
 Gene therapy: Delivery of genetic material
 Photothermal therapy: Gold nanoparticles absorb light, generating heat to destroy
cancer cells

 Advantages:

 Improved specificity and reduced side effects

 Enhanced drug loading and release
 Ability to target specific cells or tissues

4. However, challenges remain, such as:

5. Toxicity and biocompatibility
6. Regulatory approval and clinical translation
7. Particle stability and aggregation
8. Targeting efficiency and specificity
8. In what ways does gas-phase condensation differ from other methods of synthesizing nanomaterials?
Gas-Phase Condensation:
 Description: This method involves the condensation of vaporized materials in a controlled
environment to form nanoparticles. The material is evaporated or sublimated in a vacuum or
inert atmosphere, and then the vapor condenses into nanoparticles upon cooling or when
encountering a substrate.
 Differences: Unlike wet chemical methods (e.g., sol-gel, precipitation), gas-phase condensation
avoids the use of solvents and relies on physical processes like evaporation and condensation. It
typically provides high-purity nanoparticles and precise control over particle size and
distribution but requires sophisticated vacuum systems and control over vapor flux and substrate
temperature

9. Recognize the Synthesis method which can be combined with in situ monitoring techniques, such as
reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), to study the growth
process and optimize the film properties and discuss about the method with its advantages.
Synthesis Method with In Situ Monitoring:
Method: Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE)
 Description: MBE is a technique where materials are deposited on a substrate in ultra-high
vacuum conditions using directed molecular beams. It allows precise control over film thickness
 and composition at the atomic level.
 Advantages:
o In Situ Monitoring: MBE can be combined with reflection high-energy electron
diffraction (RHEED) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to monitor film growth in real-time.
RHEED provides information on surface structure and growth kinetics, while XRD
offers insights into film crystallinity and phase transitions.
o Precision: Offers exceptional control over film thickness, composition, and uniformity,
making it ideal for fabricating high-quality thin films and nanostructures.

10. PLD can be used to fabricate nanostructures, such as nanowires, nanoparticles, and nanocomposites,
with controlled size, shape, and composition. Analyze the importance and its challenges.
Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) for Nanostructures:
Importance:
Controlled Fabrication: PLD allows for the deposition of various nanostructures, including
nanowires, nanoparticles, and nanocomposites, with precise control over size, shape, and composition.
It utilizes a high-energy laser to ablate material from a target, which then condenses on a substrate to
form thin films or nanostructures.
Versatility: PLD can deposit a wide range of materials, including metals, semiconductors, and oxides,
enabling the creation of complex and multilayered nanostructures.
Challenges:
Uniformity: Achieving uniform deposition across large areas can be difficult, leading to variations in
nanostructure quality.
Complexity: Requires precise control over laser parameters, deposition conditions, and substrate
temperature. Managing these parameters to produce consistent and high-quality nanostructures can be
technically challenging.
Scalability: Scaling up from laboratory to industrial production can be problematic due to the
complexity and cost of maintaining optimal deposition conditions over larger areas

PREPARED BY VISHWANATHAN T BME 3RD YEAR

 UNIT III NANO STRUCTURES

CO Topics
CO3.1 Classifications of nanomaterial-Zero dimensional, one-dimensional, two-dimensional
nanostructures and three dimensional nanostructured materials
CO3.2 Kinetics in nanostructured materials
CO3.3 multilayer thin films and super lattice-clusters of metals, semiconductors and
nanocomposites
CO3.4 CNTs.

Q. QUESTION CO CL
NO LEVEL
PART-A
1. 1. Zero-dimensional nanomaterials typically have which of the following shapes? CO3.1 CL1
2. a) Long and thin b) Sheet-like c) Spherical or quantum dot d) Layered structure
2. One-dimensional nanomaterials are characterized by their: CO3.1 CL1
a) Spherical shape b) Sheet-like structure c) Length being much greater than the other
dimensions d) Layered arrangement
3. Which of the following is an example of a one-dimensional nanomaterial? CO3.1 CL1
a) Quantum dot b) Fullerene c) Carbon nanotube d) Graphene oxide
4. 5. Two-dimensional nanomaterials exhibit properties: CO3.1 CL1
6. a) Uniform in all directions b) Predominantly in one dimension c) Over a large area with
thickness at the nanoscale d) With high aspect ratios
5. Zero-dimensional nanomaterials are often used in applications requiring: CO3.1 CL1
a) High electrical conductivity b) Large surface area-to-volume ratio
 c) Mechanical strength d) Flexible properties
6. 11. Two-dimensional nanomaterials like graphene have exceptional properties such as: CO3.1 CL2
12. a) High mechanical strength b) Low electrical conductivity c) Low surface area d) Brittle
nature
7. 15. Two-dimensional nanomaterials like graphene can be synthesized using: CO3.1 CL1
16. a) Chemical vapor deposition b) Sol-gel method c) Electrochemical deposition d) Laser
ablation
8. 1. Kinetics in nanostructured materials refers to the study of: CO3.2 CL1
2. a) Particle size distribution b) Reaction rates and mechanisms c) Mechanical properties d)
Surface morphology
9. In nanostructured materials, smaller particle sizes typically result in: CO3.2 CL2
a) Slower reaction rates b) Faster reaction rates c) Unchanged reaction rates d) Irrelevant
to reaction rates
10.7. The Langmuir-Hinshelwood model is often used to describe: CO3.2 CL1
8. a) Adsorption-desorption processes b) Homogeneous gas-phase reactions
9. c) Polymerization reactions d) Hydrogenation reactions
11.8. Which of the following factors can influence the reaction kinetics in nanostructured CO3.2 CL1
materials?
9. a) Catalyst concentration only b) Temperature only c) Catalyst concentration and
temperature d) Particle size only
12. The concept of surface diffusion is particularly important in understanding the kinetics of CO3.2 CL1
reactions in nanostructured materials because:
a) It determines the bulk diffusion rate b) It controls the rate of nucleation c) It affects the
efficiency of catalysts d) It influences the stability of nanoparticles
13. Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing the kinetics of reactions in CO3.2 CL1
nanostructured materials?
a) Particle size b) Surface area c) Pressure d) Catalyst concentration
14. The Langmuir-Hinshelwood model is based on the assumption of: CO3.2 CL1
a) Single-step reactions b) Multiple-step reactions c) Equilibrium reactions d) Irreversible
reactions
15. The kinetics of reactions in nanostructured materials play a crucial role in various CO3.2 CL1
applications such as:
a) Energy storage b) Water purification c) Biomedical imaging d) Structural reinforcement
16.1. What is a multilayer thin film? CO3.3 CL1
2. a) A single layer of material deposited on a substrate
3. b) Multiple layers of different materials deposited on top of each other
4. c) A thick film with a uniform composition
5. d) A thin film composed of a single material
17. Superlattices are characterized by: CO3.3 CL2
a) Random arrangement of layers
b) Alternating layers of different materials
c) A single continuous layer
d) Homogeneous composition throughout
18. Clusters of metals, semiconductors, and nanocomposites often exhibit unique properties CO3.3 CL1
due to:
a) Their large size
 b) Their uniform composition
c) Quantum confinement effects
d) Their amorphous structure
19.6. Superlattices are commonly used in which of the following applications? CO3.3 CL1
7. a) Structural reinforcement
8. b) Photovoltaic devices
9. c) Optical lenses
10. d) Water purification
20. Clusters of metals, semiconductors, and nanocomposites exhibit properties that are: CO3.3 CL1
a) Uniform throughout b) Inconsistent across the cluster c) Dependent on temperature
only d) Independent of size
21. Superlattices are utilized in electronic devices to: CO3.3 CL1
a) Reduce efficiency b) Enhance thermal insulation c) Control electron transport properties
d) Increase manufacturing costs
22. Multilayer thin films are used in the production of: CO3.3 CL2
a) Household cleaning products b) Solar panels c) Agricultural machinery d) Paper
manufacturing
23. What is the structure of a carbon nanotube (CNT)? CO3.4 CL2
a) Planar sheet b) Spherical cluster c) Hollow cylinder d) Solid sphere
24. How many types of carbon nanotubes are there based on their structure? CO3.4 CL1
a) One b) Two c) Three d) Four
25. What is the typical diameter range of single-walled carbon nanotubes? CO3.4 CL1
a) 1-10 nanometers b) 10-100 nanometers c) 100-1000 nanometers d) 1000-10000
nanometers
26. Carbon nanotubes are classified as: CO3.4 CL1
a) Metals b) Semiconductors c) Insulators d) Superconductors
27. Carbon nanotubes exhibit which type of crystal structure? CO3.4 CL1
a) Hexagonal b) Cubic c) Tetragonal d) Orthorhombic
28. What is the primary factor determining the electrical properties of carbon nanotubes? CO3.4 CL1
a) Diameter b) Length c) Chirality d) Number of layers
29. Which type of carbon nanotube has a zigzag arrangement of carbon atoms along its axis? CO3.4 CL1
a) Armchair nanotube b) Chiral nanotube c) Zigzag nanotube d) Helical nanotube
30. Which of the following properties contributes to the exceptional mechanical strength of CO3.4 CL1
carbon nanotubes?
a) Low density b) High aspect ratio c) Low electrical conductivity d) Low thermal
stability
PART-B
1. Based on their size, which four major categories of nanomaterials exist? CO3.1 CL1
2. How do three-dimensional nanostructured materials differ from lower-dimensional CO3.1 CL2
counterparts? Provide an example of a three-dimensional nanostructure and its application.
3. Compare and contrast the properties and characteristics of inorganic, carbon-based, and CO3.1 CL2
organic nanomaterials, highlighting their unique features
4. “3D nanomaterials have shown potential in biomedical applications”- Justify the statement CO3.1 CL4
with any one application
5. Assess the impact of nanostructured material kinetics on their applications, contrasting CO3.2 CL2
 them with bulk materials.
6. Recognize the mechanism which helps understand the processes and mechanisms involved CO3.2 CL2
in the formation, growth, and transformation of these materials and discuss about its
significance.
7. Define multilayer thin films and super lattice-clusters, and elucidate their distinctions from CO3.3 CL1
single-layer thin films.
8. Identify key obstacles encountered during the fabrication and characterization processes of CO3.3 CL2
multilayer thin films and super lattice-clusters.
9. Highlight the specific features and characteristics of carbon nano tubes that contribute to CO3.4 CL2
their utility in a variety of applications.
10. Assume some industrial applications like aerospace components, sports equipment, and CO3.4 CL3
automotive parts. Relate the benefits of carbon nano tubes into the composite materials to
enhance mechanical strength, durability, and thermal conductivity.
PART-C
1. Explore the unique characteristics and properties of each classification of nanomaterials: CO3.1 CL2
zero-dimensional,one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional
nanostructured materials. How do these properties influence their behavior and
applications in various fields? Illustrate your answer with relevant examples.
2. Provide an overview of one-dimensional nanostructures and illustrate their significance in CO3.1 CL2
nanotechnology. Compare and contrast carbon nanotubes and nanowires as examples of
one-dimensional nanomaterials. Evaluate their structural and electronic properties and
applications.
3. Investigate the kinetics of drug release from nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery CO3.2 CL2
applications also interpret how factors like nanoparticle size, morphology, and surface
chemistry affect drug release rates and release profiles.
4. Analyze how the smaller size and increased surface area of nanostructured materials affect CO3.3 CL4
their kinetic behavior compared to bulk materials, considering factors such as diffusion
rates and surface reactions
5. Create a comparative framework illustrating the structural, mechanical, and optical CO3.3 CL4
differences between multilayer thin films, superlattice-clusters, and single-layer thin films.
6. Explore the role of metal clusters in the formation of superlattices. Discuss the methods CO3.3 CL2
used to create superlattices with metal clusters and highlight the unique properties that
arise from their arrangement.
7. Imagine a wing structure for an aircraft that incorporates a composite material reinforced CO3.4 CL3
with carbon nano tubes. Relate the properties of CNTs to the enhanced strength of the
material that would improve the overall structural integrity.
8. Consider a startup is developing a sports equipment line and is considering incorporating CO3.4 CL2
Carbon Nano tubes for improved performance. Discuss the potential benefits and
challenges associated with implementing CNTs in this context.

UNIT IV PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS AND CHARACTERIZATION

TECHNIQUES
CO Topics
CO4.1 Optical Properties: Absorption, Fluorescence, and Resonance
 CO4.2 Methods for the measurement of nanomaterials-Microscopy measurements: SEM, TEM,
AFM and STM
CO4.3 Confocal and TIRF imaging, Spectroscopic techniques
CO4.4 Diffraction methods, thermal analysis method
CO4.5 BET analysis method

Q. QUESTION CO CL
NO LEVEL
PART-A
1. Which of the following phenomena refers to the absorption of light by nanomaterials? CO4.1 CL1
a) Fluorescence b) Resonance c) Absorption d) Scattering
2. Fluorescence occurs when an electron in an excited state returns to its ground state, CO4.1 CL1
emitting a photon of:
a) Higher energy b) Lower energy c) Same energy d) No energy
3. The absorption spectrum of a material typically shows peaks corresponding to: of CO4.1 CL1
a) Absorption of light b) Reflection of light c) Transmission of light d) Scattering of light
4. In fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), energy is transferred from a donor CO4.1 CL1
fluorophore to an acceptor fluorophore via:
a) Absorption b) Emission c) Scattering d) Reflection
5. Which of the following phenomena describes the scattering of light by nanomaterials? CO4.1 CL1
a) Absorption b) Fluorescence c) Resonance d) Rayleigh scattering
6. What property of nanomaterials allows them to enhance the scattering of light, making CO4.1 CL2
them useful in applications like biosensing?
a) Large size b) Narrow size distribution c) Surface plasmon resonance
d) High aspect ratio
7. Which microscopy technique is best suited for imaging the surface morphology of CO4.2 CL1
nanomaterials at high resolution?
a) SEM b) TEM c) AFM d) STM
8. 1. What is the primary imaging mode used in AFM? CO4.2 CL1
2. a) Transmission b) Reflection c) Scanning d) Emission
9. 1. Which microscopy technique is capable of imaging individual atoms on a surface? CO4.2 CL2
2. a) SEM b) TEM c) AFM d) STM
10. Which microscopy technique is commonly used for imaging biological samples at CO4.2 CL1
nanometer resolution?
a) SEM b) TEM c) AFM d) STM
11. Which microscopy technique is based on the tunneling of electrons between the sample CO4.2 CL1
and a conductive tip?
a) SEM b) TEM c) AFM d) STM
12. In STM, what property of the sample surface affects the tunneling current between the tip CO4.2 CL1
and the sample?
a) Topography b) Electrical conductivity c) Magnetic susceptibility d) Density
13. Which imaging technique provides optical sectioning capability, allowing three- CO4.3 CL1
dimensional reconstruction of biological specimens?
a) Confocal microscopy b) Transmission electron microscopy
c) Scanning electron microscopy d) Atomic force microscopy
14. What does TIRF stand for in TIRF microscopy? CO4.3 CL1
a) Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence b) Transmitted Infrared Fluorescence
c) Tuned Infrared Reflection Fluorescence d) Transverse Infrared Fluorescence
15. Which of the following imaging techniques relies on the phenomenon of total internal CO4.3 CL1
reflection to selectively illuminate fluorophores near the sample surface?
a) Confocal microscopy b) TIRF microscopy c) Atomic force microscopy
d) Scanning electron microscopy
16.1. Which of the following microscopy techniques is well-suited for live-cell imaging due to CO4.3 CL1
its minimal photodamage and high axial resolution?
2. a) Confocal microscopy b) TIRF microscopy c) Atomic force microscopy d) Transmission
electron microscopy
17. Which spectroscopic technique is commonly used for analyzing the elemental composition CO4.3 CL2
of nanomaterials?
a) X-ray diffraction b) Nuclear magnetic resonance c) Energy-dispersive X-ray
spectroscopy d) Raman spectroscopy
18. Which of the following is NOT a common application of Raman spectroscopy? CO4.3 CL1
a) Chemical analysis b) Structural characterization of nanomaterials c) Biological imaging
d) Semiconductor device testing
19. Which diffraction technique is commonly used to study the crystal structure of materials? CO4.4 CL1
a) X-ray diffraction b) Electron diffraction c) Neutron diffraction d) Optical diffraction
20. In powder X-ray diffraction, the diffraction pattern results from: CO4.4 CL1
a) Interactions of X-rays with individual atoms b) Interactions of X-rays with the crystal
lattice c) Refraction of X-rays through the sample d) Absorption of X-rays by the sample
21. Which diffraction technique is particularly sensitive to light elements such as hydrogen CO4.4 CL1
and helium?
a) X-ray diffraction b) Electron diffraction c) Neutron diffraction d) Optical diffraction
22.1. Laue diffraction pattern is obtained using: CO4.4 CL2
2. a) X-rays b) Neutrons c) Electrons d) Photons
23. Which thermal analysis technique is particularly useful for characterizing the curing CO4.4 CL2
behavior of thermosetting polymers?
a) Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) b) Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
c) Differential thermal analysis (DTA) d) Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)
24. Which thermal analysis technique is commonly used to determine the melting and CO4.4 CL1
crystallization behavior of materials?
a) Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) b) Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
c) Differential thermal analysis (DTA) d) Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)
25.1. In BET analysis, what does a steep increase in the adsorption curve at low pressures CO4.5 CL1
indicate?
2. a) Pore blockage b) Multilayer adsorption c) Surface saturation d) Sample contamination
26.1. Which type of adsorption process does BET analysis assume? a) Monolayer adsorption b) CO4.5 CL1
Multilayer adsorption c) Condensation d) Desorption
27. What does BET stand for in the context of nanotechnology? CO4.5 CL1
a) Basic Element Test b) Brunauer-Emmett-Teller c) Binary Elemental Titration
d) Broadband Electron Transmission
28.1. BET analysis is primarily used for measuring which property of nanomaterials? CO4.5 CL1
2. a) Thermal conductivity b) Surface area c) Electrical resistance d) Magnetic susceptibility
29.1. Which instrument is commonly used to perform BET analysis? CO4.5 CL1
2. a) Scanning electron microscope (SEM) b) Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
3. c) Gas adsorption analyzer d) Atomic force microscope (AFM)
30. Which type of gas is typically used in BET analysis? CO4.5 CL1
a) Oxygen b) Nitrogen c) Hydrogen d) Carbon dioxide
PART-B
1. Some photo physical phenomena in photonics have an impact on how light travels through CO4.1 CL1
biological tissue. Identify the metrics that are used for quantifying the processes and how
they are used as diagnostic tools.
2. In biological tissues, scattering interactions often dominate light propagation. Based on the CO4.1 CL1
sizes of scatterers, classify the photophysical process in tissues that is dependent on their
shapes and sizes
3. Compare and contrast absorption, fluorescence, and resonance as optical phenomena. CO4.1 CL2
4. In what ways does measurement technique affect nanoparticle size characterization CO4.2 CL2
accuracy and precision?
5. Does the hydrophobicity and surface charge of nanomaterials affect the measurement CO4.2 CL4
method selected for characterization?
6. A materials science company is developing thin films for electronic applications, aiming CO4.2 CL2
to enhance their performance by optimizing surface properties. The research team needs
to characterize the nanoscale roughness and mechanical properties of these thin films to
ensure their suitability for specific electronic devices. Identify the scanning mechanism
and discuss about the same.
7. When compared to other fluorescence microscopy methods, how does total internal CO4.3 CL2
reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy improve the imaging of events near a surface?
8. List out the key considerations for sample preparation and data interpretation when using CO4.4 CL1
diffraction methods for the characterization of materials?
9. Interpret how the BET analysis technique leverage gas adsorption to ascertain the surface CO4.5 CL2
area of nanostructured materials with pores, and what are the fundamental principles that
govern the utilization of this method?
10. In the field of pharmaceutical research, it is essential to assess the surface area of drug CO4.5 CL3
particles and comprehend drug release kinetics for enhanced efficacy. Relate the
application of BET analysis in addressing these requirements in pharmaceutical studies?
PART-C
1. Justify the application of Absorption and Fluorescence in the field of photonics in CO4.1 CL2
medicine.
2. Assume the laser treatment is given or the laser surgery is going on, how the absorption CO4.1 CL2
properties of the biological tissues helpful for the successful laser surgery.
3. Provide a detailed comparison of SEM, TEM, AFM, and STM as microscopy techniques CO4.2 CL4
for imaging nanomaterials. Discuss the principles, advantages, and limitations of each
method.
4. Use techniques like electron diffraction in a TEM and energy-dispersive X-ray CO4.2 CL3
spectroscopy (EDS) in a SEM to describe their uses.
5. Interpret How the selection of a thermal analysis technique, such as differential thermal CO4.3 CL3
analysis (DTA) or differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), influence the assessment of
thermal properties in nanomaterials? Provide an example to illustrate the impact of this
choice on the characterization of nanomaterials' thermal behavior.
6. When compared to other spectroscopic techniques, how does Raman spectroscopy shed CO4.3 CL2
light on molecular vibrations and rotational levels? Provide rationale for your answer.
7. In order to identify crystal phases and characterize crystal flaws, how do diffraction CO4.4 CL2
contrast techniques, such as selected-area diffraction (SAD), play a role?
8. Identify and discuss the challenges associated with applying BET analysis to complex CO4.5 CL2
materials, such as heterogeneous or porous structures. Explore strategies or modifications
that researchers may employ to overcome these challenges and obtain meaningful results.

UNIT V BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS

CO Topics
CO5.1 Nanoparticles in diagnostics nuclear imaging, optical imaging
CO5.2 PET, Micro PET, cardio vascular disease studies, imaging and therapy of thrombosis
CO5.3 nanoparticles as carriers in drug delivery - nanotechnology in cancer therapy
CO5.4 lung infectious disease, bone treatment, nano particles for oral vaccination and skin disease.

Q. QUESTION CO CL
NO LEVEL
PART-A
1. Which nanoparticle is commonly used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for CO5.1 CL1
diagnostic purposes?
a) Gold nanoparticles b) Iron oxide nanoparticles c) Quantum dots d) Liposomes
2. In nuclear imaging, which of the following isotopes is often used for labeling CO5.1 CL1
nanoparticles?
a) Carbon-14 b) Technetium-99m c) Uranium-238 d) Radon-222
3. Which optical imaging technique utilizes nanoparticles as contrast agents for visualizing CO5.1 CL1
biological structures at the cellular and molecular levels?
a) Fluorescence imaging b) Confocal microscopy c) Surface-enhanced Raman scattering
(SERS) d) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
4. Gold nanoparticles are often employed in diagnostics due to their: CO5.1 CL1
a) High radioactivity b) Magnetic properties c) Fluorescence properties d) Surface
plasmon resonance
5. Which nanoparticle-based diagnostic imaging technique involves the injection of CO5.1 CL1
radioactive nanoparticles into the body and the detection of emitted gamma rays?
a) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) b) Positron emission tomography (PET)
c) Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
d) Optical coherence tomography (OCT)
6. What type of nanoparticles are commonly used as contrast agents in optical imaging due to CO5.1 CL2
 their strong and tunable fluorescence properties?
a) Quantum dots b) Iron oxide nanoparticles c) Liposomes d) Carbon nanotubes
7. In nanoparticle-based nuclear imaging, which of the following techniques allows for the CO5.1 CL1
visualization of metabolic processes in living organisms?
a) Positron emission tomography (PET) b) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
c) Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
d) X-ray computed tomography (CT)
8. What does PET stand for in the context of medical imaging? CO5.2 CL1
a) Positron Electron Tomography
b) Photon Emission Tomography
c) Positron Emission Tomography
d) Proton Excitation Tomography
9. Which radiotracer is commonly used in PET imaging for cardiovascular disease studies? CO5.2 CL2
a) Fluorine-18 b) Carbon-14 c) Technetium-99m d) Iodine-131
10. What does micro PET specifically refer to in medical imaging? CO5.2 CL1
a) PET imaging with a smaller scanner size b) PET imaging with higher spatial resolution
c) PET imaging with lower sensitivity d) PET imaging with lower temporal resolution
11. Which of the following is a primary application of microPET in cardiovascular disease CO5.2 CL1
studies?
a) Detection of bone fractures b) Monitoring myocardial perfusion
c) Assessment of lung function d) Evaluation of liver function
12.1. In the context of thrombosis imaging and therapy, what does PET imaging primarily CO5.2 CL1
enable?
2. a) Visualizing blood flow patterns b) Monitoring the size of blood clots
3. c) Assessing tissue oxygenation levels d) Tracking the location and activity of targeted
nanoparticles
13. Which imaging modality is commonly used for assessing the effectiveness of thrombosis CO5.2 CL2
therapy?
a) MRI b) PET c) CT d) Ultrasound
14.1. How can PET imaging contribute to the evaluation of thrombosis therapy? CO5.2 CL1
2. a) By directly dissolving blood clots b) By visualizing changes in metabolic activity
associated with clot resolution c) By measuring blood pressure in affected vessels
3. d) By detecting changes in blood viscosity
15. Which of the following nanoparticles is commonly employed for targeted imaging and CO5.2 CL1
therapy of thrombosis?
a) Gold nanoparticles b) Liposomes c) Iron oxide nanoparticles d) Quantum dots
16. What role do nanoparticles primarily play in drug delivery in cancer therapy? CO5.3 CL1
a) They act as therapeutic agents. b) They facilitate targeted drug delivery to cancer cells.
c) They induce apoptosis in cancer cells. d) They stimulate angiogenesis.
17. Which characteristic of nanoparticles is crucial for their effectiveness as drug carriers in CO5.3 CL2
cancer therapy?
a) Large size b) High toxicity c) Surface functionalization d) Low stability
18. How do nanoparticles enhance the targeting of anticancer drugs to tumor tissues? CO5.3 CL1
a) By reducing drug absorption in healthy tissues
b) By increasing drug solubility in the bloodstream
c) By releasing drugs only when triggered by specific conditions in tumor cells
 d) By inhibiting drug metabolism in the liver
19. Which type of nanoparticles is commonly used to encapsulate chemotherapy drugs for CO5.3 CL2
targeted delivery to cancer cells?
a) Gold nanoparticles b) Liposomes c) Iron oxide nanoparticles d) Carbon nanotubes
20.1. How do nanoparticles improve the therapeutic index of anticancer drugs? CO5.3 CL1
2. a) By reducing drug potency b) By increasing drug resistance in cancer cells c) By
minimizing off-target effects in healthy tissues d) By accelerating drug clearance from the
body
21. Which imaging technique can be used to track the distribution and accumulation of drug- CO5.3 CL1
loaded nanoparticles in tumor tissues?
a) X-ray computed tomography (CT)
b) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
c) Positron emission tomography (PET)
d) All of the above
22. In cancer therapy, nanoparticles can be engineered to deliver therapeutic payloads CO5.3 CL2
selectively to cancer cells while minimizing damage to healthy tissues. This approach is
known as:
a) Angiogenesis inhibition
b) Targeted drug delivery
c) Chemoprevention
d) Tumor excision
23. How can nanoparticles be utilized in the treatment of lung infectious diseases? CO5.4 CL1
a) By acting as antibiotics
b) By enhancing lung tissue regeneration
c) By facilitating targeted drug delivery to the lungs
d) By inducing inflammation in the lung tissue
24. Which type of nanoparticles is commonly used in bone treatment for enhancing bone CO5.4 CL1
regeneration?
a) Gold nanoparticles
b) Iron oxide nanoparticles
c) Calcium phosphate nanoparticles
d) Liposomes
25. How do nanoparticles contribute to oral vaccination? CO5.4 CL1
a) By directly stimulating the immune system
b) By protecting antigens from degradation in the gastrointestinal tract
c) By inducing inflammation in the oral mucosa
d) By inhibiting the production of antibodies
26. What role do nanoparticles play in the treatment of skin diseases? CO5.4 CL1
a) They act as moisturizers.
b) They stimulate hair growth.
c) They facilitate targeted drug delivery to skin tissues.
d) They induce skin pigmentation.
27. In the context of lung infectious diseases, how do nanoparticles aid in targeted drug CO5.4 CL1
delivery?
a) By binding to viruses and bacteria
b) By bypassing lung tissues and directly entering the bloodstream
 c) By enhancing drug absorption in the gastrointestinal tract
d) By encapsulating drugs and releasing them specifically in the lungs
28. Which type of nanoparticles is commonly used to deliver antimicrobial agents for treating CO5.4 CL1
lung infections?
a) Carbon nanotubes
b) Silver nanoparticles
c) Liposomes
d) Quantum dots
29. How do nanoparticles contribute to enhancing bone regeneration in bone treatment? CO5.4 CL1
a) By directly stimulating bone growth
b) By protecting bones from fractures
c) By delivering growth factors and drugs to the bone tissue
d) By inducing bone resorption
30. In oral vaccination, nanoparticles can protect antigens from degradation in the CO5.4 CL1
gastrointestinal tract by:
a) Preventing their absorption
b) Enhancing their solubility
c) Encapsulating them within protective coatings
d) Promoting their breakdown by stomach acid
PART-B
1. Identify the factors that cause the use of nanoparticle-based imaging agents to gradually CO5.1 CL2
but steadily advance from general smart nanomaterials to more specialized uses based on
tissue/cell accumulation characteristics and pharmacokinetics in disease diagnostics and
clinical decision-making.
2. List out the challenges are faced in nuclear imaging, and how do nanomaterials address CO5.1 CL2
these challenges by providing biocompatible, easily extractable imaging probes with
robust signal sensitivity and site-specific targeting capabilities?
3. How does PET imaging contribute to the assessment of coronary micro vascular CO5.2 CL4
dysfunction (CMD) by quantifying reductions in hyperemic myocardial blood flow, and
what standardized diagnostic and reporting criteria have been established for CMD using
PET technology?
4. In what way PET technology quantify reductions in hyperemic myocardial blood flow to CO5.2 CL2
identify CMD noninvasively?
5. Investigate the role played by nanoparticles in overcoming multidrug resistance observed CO5.3 CL4
in cancers such as breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and prostate cancer. Specifically, explore
their function in targeted drug delivery systems aimed at inhibiting mechanisms like efflux
transporters on cell membranes.
6. Address the issue of biocompatibility and toxicity associated with nanoparticle-based drug CO5.3 CL2
delivery systems.
7. Discuss the challenges and potential solutions associated with delivering nanoparticles to CO5.4 CL2
the lungs for the treatment of infectious diseases.
8. Interpret how nanoparticles play in detecting viruses and pathogens, treating CO5.4 CL2
inflammation, monitoring drug delivery in vivo, and improving the sensitivity and
specificity of pathogen detection for skin disease management?
9. To increase the safety of nanomedicines, what unfavorable interactions exist between the CO5.2 CL1
coagulation system and nanoparticles?
10. Is it possible to create tailored cancer treatments by taking advantage of the characteristics CO5.3 CL2
of smart nanoparticles, and how are they possible?
PART-C
1. Analyse the effectiveness of nanomaterial-based imaging agents in improving the overall CO5.1 CL4
efficiency of disease management and personalized treatment strategies. Provide any case
study.
2. A hospital is implementing a cutting-edge approach for cancer diagnosis and treatment CO5.1 CL3
personalization using nanomaterial-based imaging agents. Patients with suspected tumors
undergo imaging with these agents, providing detailed information about tumor
characteristics. Implement the nanomaterial-based imaging approach allows oncologists to
precisely characterize tumors
3. Through advancements in molecular imaging technologies like PET, PET imaging CO5.2 CL4
contributes to noninvasive imaging of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) by offering safe and
sensitive means of early identification, tailored treatment, and customized therapy based
on metabolic profile- Justify with example.
4. In the evaluation of a patient experiencing persistent chest pain and diagnosed with non- CO5.2 CL2
obstructive coronary artery disease, a referral is made to investigate potential coronary
micro vascular dysfunction (CMD). The application of PET imaging is initiated to assess
myocardial blood flow during hyperemia. Explore the utilization of nanomaterial-based
PET imaging in this specific case, considering both its advantages and limitations.
5. Explore emerging nanotechnologies and innovations in nanoparticle-based drug delivery CO5.3 CL2
for cancer therapy. How are researchers pushing the boundaries to improve the efficiency
and effectiveness of these systems?
6. Exemplify the tangible implementation of nanoparticles in administering drugs for the CO5.3 CL3
therapeutic management of cancer.
7. Rotavirus is a common cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants. Traditional injectable CO5.4 CL4
vaccines face challenges in reaching infants in resource-limited settings. Researchers
explore the use of nanoparticle-based oral vaccines for rotavirus. Analyze the usage and
efficacy of nanoparticles for the same.
8. Orthopedic implants, particularly joint replacements, encounter issues associated with CO5.4 CL3
biocompatibility and durability. Establish a connection between the advantages of
nanoparticles and their role in overcoming these challenges.