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ELEC317 - Chapter 3 - Gain Errors

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18 views8 pages

ELEC317 - Chapter 3 - Gain Errors

Uploaded by

saiedali2005
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ELEC317

Electronics for Instrumentation


and Communication
Chapter 3 – Gain Errors
Errors
• Random Error: Statistical fluctuations of the measurant

• Systematic Error: Introduced due to poor calibration, offset, changes in environment etc.

• Accuracy of the measurement device relates to low systematic error

• Precision of the measurement device relates to low random error

ELEC317 Electronics for Instrumentation and Communication 2


Error Definitions
Let a be the actual value and b the measured value.

The absolute error:   ba


ba
The relative error (a ≠ 0):

a
ba
The relative percent error (a ≠ 0):   100%
a
ba
Full scale deflection (FSD) error: 
FSD

ELEC317 Electronics for Instrumentation and Communication 3


Gain Error due to Finite Gain
Consider the case where α no longer infinite

 
 
 1 1   T 
A    Aideal  
1     1  1   T 1
  
 
A  Aideal  1 
The gain error can be defined as:  ;    
Aideal 1 T 

1
Under the assumption that T is large this simplifies to 
T

ELEC317 Electronics for Instrumentation and Communication 4


Gain Error due to Input/Output Resistance

Vo  AVin 
 rin
rin   Vo  AVs
Vin  Vs  Rs  rin
Rs  rin 

Vo rin  Rs 
A  A
*
 A1  
Vs Rs  rin  rin 
Any input resistance will therefore reduce the actual gain of the amplifier

ELEC317 Electronics for Instrumentation and Communication 5


Gain Error due to Resistor Tolerance
Consider the case that the resistors are no
longer ideal i.e. R*  R(1   )

Maximum error occurs when the sign before


the error is opposite.

Under the assumption that the amplifier is


ideal

 R2*  R2 (1   )  R2   R2 
A  * 
*
  (1   )(1    ...)   (1  2 )
 
R1 R1 (1   )  R1   R1 

In other words: A*  A(1  2 )

ELEC317 Electronics for Instrumentation and Communication 6


Gain Error due to Finite Bandwidth
The corner frequency ω0 is defined as the
frequency at which the gain is reduced by
3dB or a factor 1.41 of the low frequency
gain.
A*  A0 A   A0 (1    )


A  
1

j 
1
0 

2
    1  A  
1
        *
0  2
  2
1 0
j

At low frequencies this simplifies to:   
0
ELEC317 Electronics for Instrumentation and Communication 7
Error of the AD Converter
The voltage resolution of a n-bit AD converter is defined as:
Vmax
V  n
2 1
The resolution of the ADC should not significantly exceed the
accuracy of the other components

For an instrumentation amplifier it is all about matching the ADC


error with the error in the amplifier

ELEC317 Electronics for Instrumentation and Communication 8

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