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BS 7th Spss Notes

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22 views4 pages

BS 7th Spss Notes

Uploaded by

wahabaslam0999
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Composed by Sir Shahbaz Haider

Introduction to Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS)

Definition:
SPSS stands for “Statistical Package for the Social Sciences.” It is an IBM tool. This tool was
first launched in 1968. This is one software package. This package is mainly used for
statistical analysis of the data.
SPSS stands for Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. It's software used for exploring
data and reporting analysis. It was designed for use in social sciences but useful for business
and other subjects. It has a lot of statistical techniques to help users answer questions in their
research. It also has graphics tools and allows users to organize data to understand it more
easily. Other features include writing code, accessing and importing data, and providing some
level of security.

Features of SPSS
1. The magic of SPSS begins once the data is in. We have no limit to what we can do with
this data.
2. SPSS also provides a unique approach to extracting data from critical data. SPSS has
several features, including trend analysis, assumptions, and prediction models.
3. You will find SPSS simple to learn, use, and apply.
4. It assists in the acquisition of a data management system and editing tools.
5. SPSS provides you with comprehensive statistical tools for examining the actual result.
6. For additional clarity, SPSS assists us with design, graphing, reporting, and presentation
features.
7. SPSS can easily retrieve data from a variety of various kinds. This variable data is simple
to comprehend. Because most of the procedure is automated, SPSS makes it simple for
researchers to set up models.

The Core Function Of SPSS


SPSS has four programs to help researchers with their complex data analysis requirements.
Statistics Program
The Statistics module in SPSS offers a variety of basic statistical functions, including
frequencies, cross-tabulation, and bivariate statistics, to name a few.
Modeler Program
Researchers can use the Modeler software in SPSS to create and validate predictive models
using advanced statistical processes.
Text Analytics for Surveys Program
The Text Analytics for Surveys program from SPSS assists survey administrators in gaining
valuable insights from open-ended survey responses.
Visual Designer
Researchers discovered that they could easily construct a range of graphics with this Visual
Designer data, including density charts and radial box plots.
Composed by Sir Shahbaz Haider

Advantages Of Using SPSS


1. The researcher does not need to exert much effort to use this software.
2. Even the time spent evaluating data with SPSS is far less than with any other statistical
tool.
3. It is useful for both quantitative and qualitative data.
4. Users can pick a preferred graph type that best suits their data dissemination needs.
5. When you use SPSS, making a mistake is slim to none.

Why Learn SPSS?


SPSS is a data analysis program used in over 80% of the top 50 universities worldwide. It is
worth learning how to use it, as it will help you in the future when you are debating on a
career. SPSS helps organize your data by allowing you to input, analyze, and visualize
outputs. It is very flexible in terms of what you are using it for. It can be used in many ways,
such as a marketing survey, academic research, or analyzing trends. You can also use SPSS to
publish parts of your work to make it easier for others to understand and reproduce your
results.
Types of SPSS
SPSS has two types of views:
1. Variable View
2. Data View

1. The variable view


The Data View in SPSS speaks almost for itself. Each row in the data view will show the
scores for one case.
In the Variable View however we need to specify various things for each variable, which
might not all immediately make sense.
Below is a short description for each of the options.
Name
The name should be a short and clear name for the variable. It cannot start with a number,
cannot contain a space, and some special characters (e.g. %) are also not allowed. The name
will be the shown as the column title for the variable in the Data View. For the question 'What
is your age?' one possible name might simply be age.
Type
At type you will indicate what you will type in. If the scores are numbers the type should be
numeric, if it is a date, the type should be date, etc. One small catch is that if you plan on
assigning a numeric code to your values (e.g. 1 = male and 2 = female), you will then be
typing in numbers so the type should be set to numeric. This is very often done, so the type
numeric might be the most frequently used (although I haven't done any research on this). For
text you can set the type to string.
Composed by Sir Shahbaz Haider

Width
This is NOT the width the column will be in the data view, but the number of characters you
can enter. For numeric variables this is not of any influence, but for string variables you will
need to guess how many characters you might need. For example if I ask for a pet name, the
pet name Fluffy Bun, would require 6 spaces for Fluffy, 1 for the space and 3 for Bun, so 9 in
total. There are longer pet names, so I might guess 30 to be a good start.
Decimals
As the name implies, this sets how many decimals will be shown when entering the data.
Note that when entering the data later you can actually type in more decimals and SPSS will
remember those, it will simply not display them on screen.
Label
Here you can enter a longer description of the variable and can use spaces. Some even simply
copy the entire question here.
Values
With values you can assign a value to the different options on multiple choice questions (e.g.
1 = Male, 2 = Female). You can only assign numbers if the type has been set to Numeric.
Missing
You can assign a value if someone skipped the question, incorrectly answered it, unreadable
answered it, etc. By typing in still a value you can distinguish if you forgot to enter
something (showing as an empty cell in the data view) or that the respondent really didn't
answer it (showing in the data view as your assigned missing value). I recommend to use the
same missing value for all variables, and it should not be a possible value for any of the
variables. Using for example 9 might be a problem if you ask children also for their age and
they might be 9. I often use 999, but that's just me.
Columns
This is actually the width the column for the variable will be in the data view. I normally
adjust it visually in the data view.
Align
The entered scores in the data view can either be shown to the left, center or right of the
column.
Measure
The measurement level of the variable. Note that SPSS combines interval and ratio to one
level called scale.
Role
This option came since SPSS 18 I think. With it you can assign what the variable might be
used for. This is only used in a few very specific analyses. Usually it is left at input.
Composed by Sir Shahbaz Haider

2. Data View
 Rows are cases. Each row represents a case or an observation. ...
 Columns are variables. Each column represents a variable or characteristic that is
being measured. ...
 Cells contain values. Each cell contains a single value of a variable for a case. ...
 The data file is rectangular.

The importance of Data visualization is –


analyzing complex data, identifying patterns, and extracting valuable insights. Simplifying
complex information and presenting it visually enables decision-makers to make informed
and effective decisions quickly and accurately.

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